Sign-on and sign-off

A sign-on (or startup) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station, generally at the start of each day. It is the opposite of a sign-off (or closedown), which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period; generally this occurs during the overnight hours.

Sign-on

Sign-ons, like sign-offs, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign-off sequence at the close of the day. It is common for sign-ons to be followed by a network's early morning newscast, or their morning or breakfast show.

While both sign-ons and sign-offs have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty-four-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week broadcasting, they are still conducted by a number of stations around the world. For broadcasters that do still close for a period each day, this station close is most often during the early hours of the morning, with the daily sign-on typically occurring between 5:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. However, in some countries with more limited broadcast coverage, such as North Korea, sign-on may be as late as 5:00 p.m. A particular type of AM radio station known as daytimers usually only operate during daytime hours, and will therefore run a sign-on sequence each day.

Sign-on sequence

The sign-on sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order:

  1. For television stations or radio stations that cut-off their signal during off-broadcast hours, a test pattern and/or 1000 Hz tone/music/radio station may be broadcast fifteen to twenty minutes before the actual sign-on.
  2. A signal to turn on remote transmitters may be played—this is usually a series of touch tones.
  3. On radio stations, especially international stations on shortwave, an interval signal may be played, usually for 3 to 5 minutes before the actual broadcast starts.
  4. Technical information provided, such as the call sign, transmitter power, translators used, transmitter locations, list of engineers (in the Philippines), and studio/transmitter links (STL).
  5. On television stations, a video and/or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played; on radio stations this would just consist of the music, usually the national anthem. The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag, head of state, military, national symbols, or other nationalistic imagery, particularly on state owned broadcasters.
  6. Ownership information about the station, and a list of related organizations.
  7. A "good morning" greeting to viewers or listeners.
  8. Contact information, such as street and mailing addresses, telephone number, email, and website details.
  9. A prayer or other religious acknowledgement, particularly in countries with a state religion, in theocracies, and on religious broadcasters. For example, sign-ons in Cambodia, Thailand, Sri Lanka and Vietnam typically include a quote from Gautama Buddha, and those in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia generally include an Islamic reading from the Quran, a Muslim quote, or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer, those in the Philippines (except in Muslim-populated areas), Russia, Canada and the United States include a Christian prayer, responsorial psalm or hymn of some type and stations in India and China have a prayer of any religion depending on the day.
  10. A program guide for the upcoming programs, or the day's programs.
  11. A disclaimer that station programming is taped, aired live, or originates from a television or radio network.
  12. Another disclaimer that programs are for personal use only (sometimes with information on copyright restrictions), and a statement that businesses cannot profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing.
  13. A statement of commitment to quality; this may be in the form of a recognized standard, such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters' "Seal of Good Practice".
  14. A station identification, including some or all of the television channel, AM or FM frequency, call sign, branding, and a clock ident.
  15. Generally a station jingle or slogan will be played, accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities.

While most of these sign-on steps are done as a service to the public, or for advertising reasons, some of them may be required by the government of the country.

Sign-off

Sign-offs, like sign-ons, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign-on sequence at the start of the day. Sign-off messages can be initiated by a broadcast automation system just as for other television programming, and automatic transmission systems can cut off the carrier signal and trigger the actual shutdown of the transmitter by remote control. Generally, after the carrier signal is cut, the viewer only sees or hears static after an analog television station signs off. Digital stations will likely display a message after the sign off; however, they may simply cut to a black screen with no sound. Occasionally, the signal is cut off entirely, causing digital broadcast receivers (cable/satellite boxes, digital TVs/converter boxes) to display error messages.

Both sign-offs and sign-ons have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week broadcasting. They are, however, still conducted by a number of stations around the world, often by stations catering to small-markets or those in less developed countries, or when stations need to shut down for transmitter maintenance. Another consideration for whether providers shutdown is power consumption; aerial signals, such as those for UHF analog TV transmissions, can require tens of thousands of watts of power, making electricity a major expense, while power consumption would usually be considerably lower for cable and satellite providers. In relation to costs, viewer numbers are also a consideration. Another consideration is the licence issued by the government which indicates when their transmitters can be operated.

For broadcasters which do still close for a period each day, the station close most often takes place overnight or during the early hours of the morning. The daily sign-off typically occurs between around 11:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. and the station will remain closed until about 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m., although in countries with limited broadcast coverage, sign-off may occur at earlier times, and sign-on later. Sign-off may also vary depending on the day of the week; for example some broadcasters may run for 24 hours on Saturday nights, but sign-off and close during the week when there are lower viewer numbers. Seasonality is also a consideration where some stations/networks stay open for 24 hours, while rarely few go off the air completely during peak times of religious observances.

Many stations, while no longer conducting a sign-off and being off air for a period of time each day, instead run low cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers. This may include infomercials, movies, television shows, simple weather forecasts, low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers, or feeds of local cable TV companies' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend. Other broadcasters that are part of a radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network's overnight programming from a central location, without local advertising. Some stations, after doing a sign-off, nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off-air period on cable/satellite; this transmission may involve a test pattern or static image that is accompanied by music or a local weather radio service.

Sign-off sequence

The sign-off sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order:

  1. An announcement made about the upcoming sign-off to inform the viewers that the station is about to go off-air.
  2. A station jingle or slogan may be played, accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities. A series of program trailers may also be played.
  3. A prayer, hymn, or other religious acknowledgement, particularly in countries with a state religion or theocracies, and on religious broadcasters. For example, closedowns in Malaysia, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, and the United Arab Emirates generally include a fifteen-minute reading from the Qur'an and a call for the midnight salat; stations in Hong Kong, Macau, Sri Lanka and Thailand typically have a quote from the Buddha; stations in Israel have a Jewish prayer; stations in Germany, the Philippines (except in the ARMM), Russia, South Korea, the United Kingdom and in the Southern United States include a Christian prayer, psalm or hymn; while stations in China and India have a prayer of any religion depending on the day.
  4. A short weather forecast, newscast, or a pre-taped inspirational message known as a sermonette.
  5. A "goodnight" message to viewers or listeners thanking them for their patronage, along with an announcement of the time when the station is scheduled to sign on again.
  6. A program guide for the following day's programs.
  7. Ownership information about the station and a list of related organizations.
  8. Contact information, such as street and mailing addresses, telephone number, e-mail, and website details.
  9. Technical information provided, such as the call sign, transmitter power, translators used, transmitter locations, a list of engineers (Philippines only), and studio/transmitter links (STL).
  10. A disclaimer that station programming is taped, aired live, or originates from a television or radio network.
  11. A disclaimer that programs are for personal use only (sometimes with information on copyright restrictions), and a statement that businesses cannot profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing.
  12. A statement of commitment to quality; this may be in the form of a recognized standard, such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters' "Seal of Good Practice". (Before 1982)
  13. An invitation to tune into alternate services hosted by their sister/affiliate stations (for example, radio station). In the U.K. for example, when BBC1 or BBC2 closed down for the day, the announcer invited the outgoing viewers to tune into BBC radio services during the TV station's off-hours.
  14. On television stations, a video and/or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played; on radio stations, this would just consist of the music, usually the national anthem. The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag, head of state, military, national symbols, or other nationalistic imagery, particularly on state owned broadcasters.
  15. The station may display some type of novelty item, such as an animated character, particular to that station or its locale.
  16. The display of a test pattern, a variation on the station logo, or a black signal, often accompanied by a monotone sound for a short period of time; radio stations may just play a monotone.
  17. Viewers may be warned to remember to turn off their television sets just prior to the transmitter being switched off; these announcements were particularly common in the early days of television, but are still in regular practice in some places; in Russia this was common until the mid nineties, and in Japan this was also common in some prefectures when there is no 24-hour service available (Toyama, Nagano, etc.)
  18. A signal to turn off remote transmitters may be played; is usually a series of touch tones. Once the transmission has been cut off there will usually only be video static on television stations or radio static on radio stations. In the digital age, a black screen is displayed as no transmission is able to be decoded, with sets not able to receive a signal turning off automatically if the feature is enabled, and audibly for television and radio, the audio is completely silent.
  19. A loud tone may be played on the audio to encourage sleeping viewers to turn their television sets off.

While most of these sign-off steps are done as a service to the public, or for advertising reasons, some of them may be required by the government of the country. For example, in the U.S. or in the Philippines, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations, or the National Telecommunications Commission require stations to identify themselves before leaving the air, which usually means they must announce their calls, city of license, and broadcast frequency or channel number.

For those stations that now operate 24 hours daily, some broadcast an abbreviated version of the sign-on/off information, usually around 6:00 am local time. (In the USA, the broadcast logging day begins at 0600 local time.)

Special cases

2000 Today

During the start of the new millennium 2000 in the Philippines, the GMA Network, due to its corporate affiliation with 2000 Today, continued broadcasting while other networks signed off immediately after the new year countdown.

Historical

In a number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight. In the United Kingdom this was initially due to Government-imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours, and later, due to budgetary constraints. The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on the ITV network in October 1972, but the BBC maintained the practice until Friday 24 October 1986, before commencing a full daytime service on the following Monday. Afternoon closedowns continued in South Korea until December 2005. Hong Kong's broadcasting networks (particularly the English-speaking channels) also practiced this until mid 2008. In these cases, the station's transmitters later did not actually shut-down for the afternoon break; either a test-card was played or a static schedule was posted telling viewers of the programming line-up once broadcasting resumes.

Religious

Holy Week in the Philippines

During Holy Week in the Philippines, stations follow regular broadcast schedules from Palm Sunday until Holy Wednesday. From Holy Thursday until Black Saturday, most terrestrial television and radio stations go off-the-air and resume operations on Easter Sunday. Other smaller networks during this time commence transmission much later in the morning or at midday and go off-air at an earlier time. Catholic Media Network member stations remain on the air, broadcasting Easter Triduum services and other similar programming, but follows truncated broadcast operations.

Malaysia

During Ramadan, Malaysian public broadcaster RTM operates TV1 24 hours a day instead of signing off, but TV1 becomes 24 hours during the London Olympics in 2012, but later became permanent in August 2012, to coincide with their sister channel, TV2 by showing reruns of their old programmes shown on this broadcaster and telemovies on early-mornings before start-up.


See also

External links

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