SilkAir Flight 185

SilkAir Flight 185

Parts of the wreckage of 9V-TRF, recovered from the Indonesian Musi River.
Occurrence summary
Date 19 December 1997
Summary
  • Deliberate crash by pilot (NTSB)
  • Inconclusive evidence to determine cause (NTSC)
  • Rudder malfunction (Los Angeles Court)
Site Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia
2°27′30″S 104°56′12″E / 2.45833°S 104.93667°E / -2.45833; 104.93667Coordinates: 2°27′30″S 104°56′12″E / 2.45833°S 104.93667°E / -2.45833; 104.93667
Passengers 97
Crew 7
Fatalities 104 (all)
Survivors 0
Aircraft type Boeing 737-36N
Operator SilkAir
Registration 9V-TRF
Flight origin Soekarno–Hatta Int'l Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia
Destination Singapore Changi Airport, Singapore

SilkAir Flight 185 was a scheduled SilkAir passenger flight operated by a Boeing 737-300 from Jakarta, Indonesia, to Singapore, that crashed into the Musi River near Palembang in southern Sumatra, on 19 December 1997, killing all 97 passengers and seven crew on board.[1]

The cause of the crash was independently investigated by two agencies in two countries: the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC).[2] The NTSB, which had jurisdiction based on Boeing's manufacture of the aircraft in the United States, investigated the crash under lead investigator Greg Feith. Its investigation concluded that the crash was the result of deliberate flight control inputs, most likely by the captain.[3][4] The Indonesian NTSC, led by Engineering Professor Oetarjo Diran, was unable to determine a cause of the crash.[5]

Another potential factor that led to the crash of the 737 aircraft was the power control unit (PCU) that controlled the aircraft's rudder. The cause of some 737 crashes such as USAir Flight 427 had been attributed to the 737's rudder issues. Although the NTSB and PCU manufacturer Parker Hannifin had already determined that the PCU was properly working, and thus not the cause of the crash, a private investigation into the crash for a civil lawsuit tried by jury in a California state court in Los Angeles, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's and Parker Hannifin's conclusions, decided that the crash was caused by a defective servo valve inside the PCU, based on forensic findings from an electron microscope which determined that minute defects within the PCU had caused the rudder hard-over and a subsequent uncontrollable flight and crash.[5] The manufacturer of the aircraft's rudder controls and the families later reached an out-of-court settlement.[6]

Flight history

A Boeing 737-300 similar to the aircraft involved in the incident

The aircraft operating flight 185 was a Boeing 737-300 with manufacturer serial number 28556, registered as 9V-TRF and was powered by two CFM56-3B2 engines.[7] Having completed its maiden flight in January 1997, the aircraft was delivered to SilkAir in February 1997, 10 months before the crash.[8] At the time of the accident, it was the newest aircraft in SilkAir's fleet and had accumulated 2,238 flight hours in 1,306 cycles.[9][10]

Carrying 97 passengers and a crew of seven, the Boeing 737 departed Jakarta's Soekarno-Hatta International Airport's runway 25R at 15:37 local time (08:37 UTC) for a planned 80-minute flight to Singapore Changi Airport, with captain Tsu Way Ming (朱卫民), 41, of Singapore, a former A-4 Skyhawk pilot, at the controls along with first officer Duncan Ward, 23, of New Zealand.[3][4] Generally fair weather was expected for the route, except for some thunderstorms near Singkep Island, 120 km (75 mi) south of Singapore.[9]

The aircraft was cleared to climb to flight level 350 (FL350), about 35,000 ft (11,000 m), and to head directly to Palembang.[9] At 15:47:06, while climbing through 24,500 ft (7,468 m), the crew requested clearance to proceed directly to waypoint PARDI (0°34′S 104°13′E / 0.567°S 104.217°E / -0.567; 104.217).[note 1][11] At 15:53, the crew reported reaching the cruise altitude of FL350 and was cleared to proceed directly to PARDI, and to report abeam Palembang. At 16:05, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) ceased recording. According to the TV series Mayday, Captain Tsu took the opportunity of leaving the cockpit to trip the circuit breaker.[5] At 16:10, the air traffic controller informed the flight that it was abeam Palembang and instructed the aircraft to maintain FL350 and to contact Singapore Control upon reaching PARDI. First Officer Ward acknowledged this call. At 16:11, nearly six minutes after the CVR ceased recording, the flight data recorder (FDR) ceased recording.

Crash

Flight 185 remained level at FL350 until it started a rapid and nearly vertical dive around 16:12. While descending through 12,000 ft (3,700 m), parts of the aircraft, including a great extent of the tail section, started to separate from the aircraft's fuselage due to high forces arising from the nearly supersonic dive.[4] Seconds later, the aircraft impacted the Musi River, near Palembang, Sumatra, killing all 104 people on board. The time it took the aircraft to dive from cruise altitude to the river was less than one minute. The plane was travelling faster than the speed of sound for a few seconds before impact.[4] Parts of the wreckage were embedded 15 feet into the riverbed.[12]

The aircraft broke into pieces before impact, with the debris spread over several kilometres, though most of the wreckage was concentrated in a single 60-metre (200 ft) by 80-metre (260 ft) area at the river bottom.[9] No complete body, body part or limb was found, as the entire aircraft and passengers disintegrated upon impact. Only six positive identifications were later obtained from the few recovered human remains.[3][9]

Passengers and crew

Silk Air issued a press release on 19 December 1997 with a passenger count by nationality,[10] and another the following day with crew details and a complete passenger manifest.[13]

Victims' nationalities
Nationality Passengers Crew Total
 Singapore 40 6 46
 Indonesia 23 0 23
 Malaysia 10 0 10
 United States 5 0 5
 France 5 0 5
 Germany 4 0 4
 United Kingdom 3 0 3
 Japan 2 0 2
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 0 1
 Austria 1 0 1
 India 1 0 1
 Taiwan 1 0 1
 Australia 1 0 1
 New Zealand 0 1 1
Total 97 7 104

Among those killed in the crash was Singaporean model and author Bonny Hicks.[14]

Investigation and final report

The accident was investigated by the Indonesian NTSC, which was assisted by expert groups from the US, Singapore, and Australia, and the American NTSB.

Around 73% of the wreckage (by weight) was recovered, partially reconstructed, and examined. Both of the aircraft recorders, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and the FDR (flight data recorder) were retrieved from the river and their data were extracted and analysed.

According to the Canadian television series Mayday, at 16:00, the CVR showed that Captain Tsu left the cockpit; five seconds later, the CVR stopped recording. Tests indicated that a click would be heard on the CVR recording if the CVR circuit breaker had tripped normally, but not if it had been pulled out manually. As there was no click, Captain Tsu was speculated to have pulled out the CVR circuit breaker before leaving the cockpit. NTSC and NTSB investigators postulated that if Captain Tsu was responsible for the crash, he returned to his seat and then concocted a pretence for First Officer Ward to leave the cockpit before pulling the FDR circuit breaker which would have been noticed by Ward had he remained, as disconnection would have triggered warning lights on the console.[5] Several minutes later, as recorded by Indonesian ground radar, the aircraft entered a rapid descent, disintegrated, and crashed into the Musi River.

On 14 December 2000, after three years of investigation, the Indonesian NTSC issued its final report, in which it stated that the evidence was inconclusive and that the cause of the accident could not be determined:[9]

The US NTSB, which also participated in the investigation, concluded that the evidence was consistent with a deliberate manipulation of the flight controls, most likely by the captain.

In a letter to the NTSC dated 11 December 2000, the NTSB wrote:

The examination of all of the factual evidence is consistent with the conclusions that: 1) no airplane-related mechanical malfunctions or failures caused or contributed to the accident, and 2) the accident can be explained by intentional pilot action. Specifically, a) the accident airplane’s flight profile is consistent with sustained manual nose-down flight control inputs; b) the evidence suggests that the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was intentionally disconnected; c) recovery of the airplane was possible but not attempted; and d) it is more likely that the nose-down flight control inputs were made by the captain than by the first officer.

Geoffrey Thomas of The Sydney Morning Herald said that "a secret report confirmed that the Indonesian authorities would not issue a public verdict because they feared it would make their own people too frightened to fly."[15] Santoso Sayogo, an NTSC investigator who worked on the SilkAir 185 case, said that the NTSB opinion was shared by some Indonesian investigators, who were over-ruled by their boss.[5]

Potential motives

In the aftermath of the crash, several potential motives for the captain's alleged suicide/homicide were suggested, including recent financial losses of $1.2 million[12] (his share-trading showed trading of more than one million shares and his securities-trading privileges had been suspended 10 days before the accident due to nonpayment),[4] his obtaining a $600,000 life insurance policy the previous week which was to have gone into effect on the day of the accident[12] (though it later emerged that this was a routine policy taken out as part of a mortgage requirement),[4][16] his receipt of several recent disciplinary actions on the part of the airline (including one that related to improper manipulation of the CVR circuit breaker),[4] and the loss of four squadron mates during his military flight training, 18 years earlier on the exact date of the crash.[9] He had also had several conflicts with Ward and other copilots who had questioned his command suitability.[17] Investigations later revealed that his total assets were greater than his liabilities, although his liquid assets could not cover his immediate debts; his monthly income was less than his family's monthly expenditure; and he had some outstanding credit card debts.[4]

An official investigation by the Singapore Police Force into evidence of criminal offence leading to the crash found "no evidence that the pilot, copilot or any crew member had suicidal tendencies or a motive to deliberately cause the crash of [the aircraft]."[18]

Tsu was formerly a Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot and had over 20 years of flying experience in the older T/A-4S Skyhawks, as well as the newer T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks. His last appointment was instructor pilot of a Skyhawk squadron.

PA announcement

Captain Tsu made what appeared to be a routine public address announcement about the flight at 15:44:37, about 7 min after takeoff, which was recorded by the CVR and transcribed by the NTSC:[9][19] Tsu's announcement ended at 15:46. At 16:05, 19 minutes later, the CVR stopped recording. Six minutes later, at 16:11, the FDR stopped recording, and at 16:12 the aircraft plunged into its fatal dive.

CVR and FDR deactivation

The cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder stopped recording minutes before the abrupt descent, but not at the same time.[9] A technical analysis of the sound signature of a CVR circuit breaker trip, as recorded by the CVR, was carried out by investigators and the evidence showed that the CVR stoppage was consistent with being manually initiated.[20] The radio continued to work after the failure of the CVR, which indicates that power failure was not the cause.[3][4] Subsequent investigations, including a National Geographic Channel documentary, revealed that this FDR had previously failed, for periods lasting between ten seconds and ten minutes. Testing of the unit by NTSC found no evidence that a malfunction or failure caused either recorder to stop recording data.[21]

Servo valve issue

Starting in 1991, several accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737 were the result of uncommanded movement of their rudders. On 3 March 1991, United Airlines Flight 585, a 737-200, crashed in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing 25 people. On 8 September 1994, USAir Flight 427, a 737-300, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, killing 132 people. There were four more incidents where a 737 rudder power control unit (PCU) malfunction was suspected.

The Seattle Times devoted a series of 37 articles to Boeing 737 loss of control malfunctions.[22] The accident occurred in the middle of a controversy over the NTSB's role in accidents caused by the rudder control unit.[23]

During the investigation of Flight 427, the NTSB discovered that the PCU's dual servo valve could jam, as well, and deflect the rudder in the opposite direction of the pilots' input, due to thermal shock, caused when cold PCUs are injected with hot hydraulic fluid. As a result of this finding, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ordered the servo valves to be replaced and new training protocol for pilots to handle unexpected movement of flight controls to be developed.[24] The FAA ordered an upgrade of all Boeing 737 rudder control systems by 12 November 2002.[25]

According to the series Mayday, the rudder issue had been corrected before construction started on the accident aircraft. Nevertheless, the theory of a rudder malfunction was investigated with the possibility of corrosion of and/or debris getting stuck in the power control unit, and was disproved.[5]

Aftermath

Lawsuits

SilkAir paid US$10,000 compensation to each victim's family, the maximum under the Warsaw Convention. Boeing also paid an undisclosed amount of compensation.[26] In 2001, six families who had sued SilkAir for damages based on the allegation that the crash was caused by the pilot were turned down by a Singapore High Court judge, who ruled, "the onus of proving that flight MI185 was intentionally crashed has not been discharged."[4]

Despite the fact that the NTSB and Parker Hannifin had already ruled out the possibility of mechanical failure as a cause to the crash of Flight 185 due to a defective PCU servo valve-unit (manufactured by Parker Hannifin), an independent and private investigation refocused on and further examined the recovered PCU device whose malfunctioning has been pointed out in other sudden Boeing 737 crashes. The manufacturer's records relating to this particular unit revealed that it had failed some routine tests, but they claimed to have corrected these problems. A metals expert, with the use of images from a scanning electron microscope, concluded that the servo valve had 'chip-outs' and numerous burrs "that could easily have interfered with the smooth operation of the valve."[27] After this investigation was complete, in 2004, a Los Angeles Superior Court jury in the United States, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's conclusions about the accident, found that the crash was caused by a defective servo valve in the plane's rudder.[27] The hydraulic PCU device manufacturer, Parker Hannifin, was ordered to pay the three families of victims involved in that case US$43.6 million.[26] After threatening to appeal the verdict, Parker Hannifin later compensated all families involved (although it did not accept liability).[4][6]

Dramatisation

The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series Mayday (also called Air Crash Investigation or Air Disasters) dramatised the accident in a 2012 episode titled Pushed to the Limit (broadcast in some countries as Pilot Under Pressure).[5]

In popular culture

Singaporean singer JJ Lin (林俊杰)'s 2013 song Practice Love (修煉愛情) from the album Stories Untold (因你而在) is based on this accident,[28] as a close friend of the artist was killed on the flight.[29]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ ATC reporting point north of Palembang.

References

  1. ↑ Shreeya Sinha (26 March 2015). "A History of Crashes Caused by Pilots' Intentional Acts". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2015. A Boeing 737 belonging to the Singapore-based airline SilkAir was cruising at 35,000 feet in clear weather when it suddenly dove into a mangrove swamp near Palembang, Indonesia, on Dec. 19, 1997, killing all 104 people on board. Indonesian investigators said, that in the last seconds of the flight, there were indications that the pilot, Tsu Way Ming, "was in the process of, or intending to, leave the cockpit." He had recently been demoted and disciplined by the airline, and had large gambling debts. The government of Indonesia has yet to officially accept the findings.
  2. ↑ "SilkAir Flight 185: Controversial Crash". AviationKnowledge. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Job, Macarthur. "Final Flight: SilkAir." Flight Safety Australia. January–February 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Pushed to the Limit". Mayday. Season 12. 2012. Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic Channel.
  6. 1 2 "SilkAir crash families finally receive answers with court verdict", Channel NewsAsia, 15 July 2004.
  7. ↑ "Accident information: Boeing 737 Silkair 9V-TRF". airfleets.net. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  8. ↑ "9V-TRF SilkAir Boeing 737-36N – cn 28556 / ln 2851". planespotters.net. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NTSC report
  10. 1 2 Report No. 3, Friday 19 December 1997, 2145hrs (Singapore time), SilkAir.
  11. ↑ "Waypoint PARDI ID". fallingrain.com. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 Richard C. Paddock (5 September 2001). "A Jet Crash That Defies Resolution". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  13. ↑ Report No. 7, Saturday 20 December 1997, 1100 hrs (Singapore time), SilkAir.
  14. ↑ Grieving relatives recall SilkAir crash victims, CNN, 20 December 1997, archived from the original on 15 September 2008
  15. ↑ The pilot who wanted to die, article by Geoffrey Thomas in The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1999. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  16. ↑ National Geographic Channel, Air Crash Investigation, Episode 4: "Pushed to the Limit"
  17. ↑ Laurinda Keys, Suicide is possible cause of jet crash, officials say pilot had history of troublesome behavior Associated Press, 11 March 1998.
  18. ↑ Singapore Police Force, Investigation into the Police Report lodged on 25 August 1999 by the Singapore-Accredited Representative to the National Transportation Safety Committee, 14 December 2000. (from archive.org)
  19. ↑ Minor punctuation and typos have been fixed, refer to original transcript in Appendix A, p. A-12 of official NSTC report.
  20. ↑ Overload and short circuit tests show that a distinctive 400-Hz tone is recorded by the CVR when the circuit breaker trips. No such sound was found on Flight 185's CVR, indicating that the breaker was manually pulled out.
  21. ↑ Griffioen, Hans. Air Crash Investigations: Mechanical Failure or Suicide the crash of SilkAir Flight 185. Lulu. pp. 243–246. ISBN 9780557673063.
  22. ↑ "What is the status of the solution to the B-737 rudder design defect? Is the problem solved?". AirlineSafety.com. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  23. ↑ "Expert Panel May Have Key To Which 737S Are Most at Risk". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  24. ↑ "Aircraft Accident Report for USAir Flight 427" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  25. ↑ "02-28111 Airworthiness Directives; Boeing Model 737 Series Airplanes". e-Regulations. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  26. 1 2 Olson, Walter. "NTSB says no defect, jury says $44 million". Oulawyered. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  27. 1 2 Quek, Tracy (11 July 2004). "3 families got $75m. Now 29 others are going to court". The Straits Times.
  28. ↑ 中国浙江卫视官方频道 China Zhejiang TV Official Channel 【欢迎订阅】 (2016-03-20), 《谁是大歌神》第3期 20160320完整版: 林俊杰首曝二十年情感历程【浙江卫视官方超清1080P】苏有朋、宁静、薛之谦、黄国伦, retrieved 2016-03-27
  29. ↑ "Stories from his heart: A decade on, JJ Lin finds his identity as a musician and is ready to share of himself on a deeper level". Straits Times. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2016.

Further reading

External links

External image
Picture of the SilkAir Boeing 737-36N aircraft which crashed (From www.airliners.net)
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