Sinotaia aeruginosa

Sinotaia aeruginosa
Shell
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Caenogastropoda

informal group Architaenioglossa

Superfamily: Viviparoidea
Family: Viviparidae
Subfamily: Bellamyinae
Genus: Sinotaia
Species: S. aeruginosa
Binomial name
Sinotaia aeruginosa
(Reeve, 1863)[2]
Distribution map showing known records (actual range may be larger).[1]
Synonyms

Paludina aeruginosa Reeve, 1863
Paludina quadrata var. aeruginosa Reeve, 1863
Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve, 1863)

Sinotaia aeruginosa (synonym: Bellamya aeruginosa) is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae. It is widely distributed and common species in China and in northern Vietnam inhabiting various shallow freshwater habitats, where it can reach high densities. It is a keystone species in its habitat and can significantly affect water quality and phytoplankton communities. It is commonly used in Chinese cuisine.

Taxonomy

This species was described under the name Paludina aeruginosa by English conchologist Lovell Augustus Reeve in 1863. He noted that it he thought it "very closely allied to Paludina quadrata".[2] Reeve's original text (the type description) reads as follows:

“ The Bronze Paludina Shell rather narrowly pyramidally conical, dark blue-green, whorls slopingly convex, sometimes obtusely keeled towards the base, everywhere obliquely plicately striated, beneath the lens spirally obsoletely very minutely punctured; aperture pyriformly ovate.

Hab. China.
Very closely allied to P. quadrata, from the same locality, the specimens are uniformly lighter, and of a peculiar bronze blue-green colour.

 ”

The specific name aeruginosa derives from Latin aerūgō ("copper rust" or "bronze rust"), referring to the green color of the shell.

Later authors considered this taxon as a subspecies[3] or form[4] of Bellamya quadrata.[1] It is generally classified as a species Sinotaia aeruginosa within the genus Sinotaia,[1] although Chinese malacologists use the name Bellamya aeruginosa within the genus Bellamya.

Distribution

The species is found throughout China and Vietnam;[1] indeed, S. aeruginosa is one of the most common species in China.[5] It is common in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins.[6] The distribution of S. aeruginosa includes East China (Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang), Northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), North China (Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Tianjin), Northwest China (Ningxia, Shaanxi), Central China (Henan, Hubei, Hunan), Southwest China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) and South China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan).[1] In Vietnam it is also common, but rarely reaches very high population densities.[7] The type locality is "China".[2] The species' distribution appears to have shrunk from the Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene, while a range expansion occurred in the Holocene.[6]

Description

The height of the shell is 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in), with both sexes having identical shell dimensions. Adults snails have shell of greater height than width. The shells of newborn snails are 2.93–3.70 mm (0.115–0.146 in) long, and differ from those of adults in being wider than high.[8] The snail including the shell has a weight of about 2.8 g.[9]

Drawing from the type description, apertural view.
Drawing from the type description, abapertural view.
Drawing of an apertural view with operculum.
 
Drawing of an abapertural view of a shell.

S. aeruginosa breathes with gills. The right tentacle is thickened in the male but not the female.[8] The dry weight of composition of this species is as follows: 28.6% foot, 23.06% intestine, 9.78% gonad, 8.58% hepatopancreas, 29.98% other tissue.[10] The diploid chromosome number of Sinotaia aeruginosa is 2n=16.[11]

Ecology

Habitat

S. aeruginosa inhabits rice paddies, lakes, pools, slow flowing rivers, streams, ditches, ponds, and canals called khlongs in Vietnam.[1][8] It has a benthic lifestyle and lives mainly in shallow littoral areas,[12] usually in soft mud rich in organic matter.[8] It can actively glide over the sediment or bury into it.[13] This species is not actively migrating, rather its dispersal appears to be caused passively by floods, animals (zoochory), and accidentally by humans.[6] The species prefers water temperatures typical of subtropical habitats, e.g., 6 to 30.1 °C (42.8 to 86.2 °F) in Lake Tai.[13]

Populations can reach densities of up to 400 snails/m2.[8] In Chao Lake, it is the dominant gastropod species with an abundance 2-128 snails/m2 and an average biomass of 87.5 g/m2.[14] It is similarly dominant in Lake Tai.[15]

S. aeruginosa has been found to respond well to laboratory conditions with a water temperature of 24 °C, pH 8 and a 1:4 ratio of sediment to water.[8]

Populations of S. aeruginosa at high densities are able to alter the physicochemical features of water. They decrease the concentration of chlorophyll a and thus directly increase water transparency. This indirectly decreases the concentration of dissolved oxygen through consumption of oxygen-producing algae.[12] The species affects the composition of the phytoplankton community by decreasing the biomass of mostly toxic cyanobacteria and flagellates and promoting the biomass of mostly colonial green algae.[9][12] Nitrogen concentrations may also be decreased.[9] Its pronounced effect on water chemistry and community composition makes S. aeruginosa a keystone species in its habitat.[5]

Feeding habits

S. aeruginosa is a herbivorous deposit feeder.[8][16] It consumes mainly epiphytic algae,[17] but its diet also includes detritus, bacteria,[8] aquatic plants,[16] sand grains, diatoms, green algae,[18] and cyanobacteria such as Microcystis.[19] Its consumption of cyanobacteria during algal blooms may result in bioaccumulation of toxic microcystins (microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR) from Microcystis in the gonads, the hepatopancreas and the digestive tract.[19] Adult snails feeding ad libitum under ideal laboratory conditions eat 16.0 mg of fish food daily.[8]

Life cycle

S. aeruginosa is gonochoristic, which means that each individual animal is distinctly male or female.[6] The species is ovoviviparous.[16] Newborn snails attach to non-sediment substrates (shells of adults or other material) in their the first 2–3 days.[8]

The shell length of juvenile snails starts at about 3 mm and grows rapidly by about 190 μm daily. Juveniles become adults at the age of nine weeks, when they reach a shell height of 12.15–16.09 mm; from then on, they grow more slowly at about 30 μm daily. Snails can be reliably sexed at this age.[8]

Individuals start mating and reproducing in at water temperatures of 16–18 °C, although a temperature of 24–26 °C is optimal. Females start to give birth to the first newborn snails at the age of 18 weeks, when they reach a shell height of 15–16 mm and a body weight of 0.81–0.94 g.[8][16] Gravidity of adult females lasts the entire year.[8] The average number of newborn snails in the wild is 0.24 snails per day (50 per year)[8][16] or up to 0.55 snails per day in the laboratory.[8] Each gravid female carries 19–21 embryos inside her.[8]

Generation time is quite short at about four months.[6][8] The species can have three generations per year in the aquarium.[8] The reproductive cycle is about six months.[16]

Environmental sensitivity

S. aeruginosa has been the subject of various aquatic toxicology studies into the effects of copper,[8][20] cadmium,[21] lead,[22] ethylbenzene,[23] 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether,[21][24] tributyltin,[25] microcystin,[26] multi-walled carbon nanotubes,[27] and 17β-estradiol.[28] The species has a high sensitivity to copper exposure and could thus be used for monitoring of sediment toxicity caused by environmental copper pollution.[8]

Sinotaia aeruginosa snails from West Lake in Hanoi, Vietnam were found to be contaminated with copper, lead and zinc.[29] The concentration of these elements in these snails exceeded standards of Food and Drug Administration and of Food Standards Australia New Zealand.[29]

Distribution of rare earth elements was studied in a labolatory. Results shown bioaccumulation of lanthanum, samarium, gadolinium and yttrium in Sinotaia aeruginosa and there was found no bioaccumulation of cerium in this snail.[30]

Conservation

The species' population trend is unknown,[1] but population sizes are mostly large.[6] Water pollution and sedimentation are threats to local populations,[1] while more general threats include habitat fragmentation by damming and habitat destruction.[6] The genetic diversity of this species was found to be high in China.[6] S. aeruginosa is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[1]

Parasites and predators

S. aeruginosa serves as an intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis[31][32] and for Echinochasmus fujianensis.[33]

Predators of the species include the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus; S. aeruginosa is one of the main food sources for this fish, making it important in the freshwater food chain.[8]

Human use

Sinotaia aeruginosa

Chinese food from Guangxi with Sinotaia aeruginosa.
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2.07 g[34]
 
Threonine 3.416 g[34]
Isoleucine 2.447 g
Leucine 5.910 g
Lysine 4.201 g
Methionine 1.293 g
Cystine 1.477 g
Phenylalanine 2.401 g
Tyrosine 3.232 g
Valine 2.262 g
Arginine 5.171 g
Histidine 1.339 g
Alanine 3.970 g
Aspartic acid 7.387 g
Glutamic acid 11.588 g
Glycine 3.878 g
Proline 2.170 g
Serine 3.186 g
Other constituents
Water 78.34 g[34]
Crude fat 0.78 g[34]
Crude protein 14.43 g[34]
Crude ash 4.38 g[34]
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

S. aeruginosa is commonly sold in markets and restaurants in China[35] and constitutes one of the three predominant freshwater snails found in Chinese markets,[32] where it is considered a delicacy.[10] The species is also used as feed in crab culture[19] as well as fish, poultry and livestock raising.[1] The annual production of S. aeruginosa in Chao Lake in 2002 amounted to 28 084 t.[19] Although harvesting pressure in China is high, the high genetic diversity suggests that the species is currently not negatively affected by it.[6]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference[2]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Köhler, F., Sri-aroon, P. & Richter, K. (2012). "Sinotaia aeruginosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012: e.T167038A1164990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T167038A1164990.en. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Reeve L. A. (1863). "Paludina". Plate VII. In: Reeve L. A. (1864). Conchologia iconica, or, Illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals. London.
  3. ↑ (French) Dautzenberg P. & Fischer H. (1905). "Liste des mollusques recoltes par M. H. Mansuy en Indo Chine et au Yunnan et description d'especes nouvelles". Journal de Conchyliologie 53: 343-471, page 419.
  4. ↑ (German) Kobelt W. (1909). "Die Gattung Paludina Lam. (Vivipara Montfort): Neue Folge. In: Abbildungen Nach de Natur mit Beschreibungen". Systematisches Conchylien–Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz 1(21a): 97-380, plates 15–77, pages 123-124, plate 21, figures 1–3, 10–11, 18.
  5. 1 2 Zheng, Zhongming; Lv, Jing; Lu, Kaihong; Jin, Chunhua; Zhu, Jinyong; Liu, Xiasong (2011). "The Impact of Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) Bioturbation on Sediment Characteristics and Organic Carbon Fluxes in an Eutrophic Pond". CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water. 39 (6): 566–571. doi:10.1002/clen.201000212.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gu, Qian H.; Husemann, Martin; Ding, Baoqing; Luo, Zhi; Xiong, Bang X. (2015). "Population genetic structure of Bellamya aeruginosa(Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) in China: Weak divergence across large geographic distances". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (21): 4906–4919. doi:10.1002/ece3.1673. PMC 4662307Freely accessible. PMID 26640670.
  7. ↑ Madsen, H.; Hung, N.M. (2015). "Reprint of "An overview of freshwater snails in Asia with main focus on Vietnam"". Acta Tropica. 141 (Pt B): 372–384. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.014. PMID 25446169.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ma, Taowu; Gong, Shuangjiao; Zhou, Ke; Zhu, Cheng; Deng, Kaidong; Luo, Qinghua; Wang, Zijian (2010). "Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve) and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity". Journal of Environmental Sciences. 22 (2): 304–313. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60109-1.
  9. 1 2 3 Han, Shiqun; Yan, Shaohua; Chen, Kaining; Zhang, Zhenhua; Zed, Rengel; Zhang, Jianqiu; Song, Wei; Liu, Haiqin (2010). "15N isotope fractionation in an aquatic food chain: Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve) as an algal control agent". Journal of Environmental Sciences. 22 (2): 242–247. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60100-5.
  10. 1 2 Zhang, Dawen; Xie, Ping; Liu, Yaqin; Chen, Jun; Liang, Gaodao (2007). "Bioaccumulation of the Hepatotoxic Microcystins in Various Organs of a Freshwater Snail from a Subtropical Chinese Lake, Taihu Lake, with Dense Toxic Microcystis Blooms". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26 (1): 171–176. doi:10.1897/06-222R.1. PMID 17269475.
  11. ↑ Zhou D., Zhou M. & Wu Z. (1988). "The karyotype of five species of freshwater snails of the family Viviparidae". Acta Zoologica Sinica 34: 364–370. abstract.
  12. 1 2 3 Zhu, Jinyong; Lu, Kaihong; Liu, Xiasong (2013). "Can the freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa (Mollusca) affect phytoplankton community and water quality?". Hydrobiologia. 707: 147–157. doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1417-1.
  13. 1 2 Zhang, Lei; Liao, Qianjiahua; He, Wei; Shang, Jingge; Fan, Chengxin (2013). "The effects of temperature on oxygen uptake and nutrient flux in sediment inhabited by molluscs". Journal of Limnology. 72: e2–e2. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2013.e2.
  14. ↑ Gao F., Deng J. C., Xu Z. B., Ning Y., Yin H. B. & Gao J. F. (2011). "Ecological characteristics of macrobenthic communities in the Chaohu Lake Basin and their relationship with environmental factors". Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10(5): 627–634. PDF.
  15. ↑ YongJiu, C.; ZhiJun, G.; BoQiang, Q. (2010). "Community structure and diversity of macrozoobenthos in Lake Taihu, a large shallow eutrophic lake in China". Biodiversity Science. 18 (1): 50–59. doi:10.3724/sp.j.1003.2010.050.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xu, Meng; Mu, Xidong; Dick, Jaimie T. A.; Fang, Miao; Gu, Dangen; Luo, Du; Zhang, Jiaen; Luo, Jianren; Hu, Yinchang (2016). "Comparative Functional Responses Predict the Invasiveness and Ecological Impacts of Alien Herbivorous Snails". PLoS ONE. 11 (1): e0147017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147017. PMC 4714930Freely accessible. PMID 26771658.
  17. ↑ Xu, Jun; Zhang, Min; Xie, Ping (2007). "Size-related shifts in reliance on benthic and pelagic food webs by lake anchovy". Ecoscience. 14 (2): 170–177. doi:10.2980/1195-6860(2007)14[170:SSIROB]2.0.CO;2.
  18. ↑ Xu, J; Wen, Z; Ke, Z; Zhang, M; Zhang, M; Guo, N; Hansson, L. A.; Xie, P (2014). "Contrasting energy pathways at the community level as a consequence of regime shifts". Oecologia. 175 (1): 231–241. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2878-2. PMC 3992223Freely accessible. PMID 24414311.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Chen, Jun; Xie, Ping; Guo, Longgen; Zheng, Li; Ni, Leyi (2005). "Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in a freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China". Environmental Pollution. 134 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.014. PMID 15620587.
  20. ↑ Li, Zi-Cheng; An, Li-Hui; Fu, Qing; Liu, Ying; Zhang, Lei; Chen, Hao; Zhao, Xing-Ru; Wang, Li-Jing; Zheng, Bing-Hui; Zhang, Lin-Bo (2011). "Construction and characterization of a normalized cDNA library from the river snail Bellamya aeruginosa after exposure to copper". Ecotoxicology. 21 (1): 260–7. doi:10.1007/s10646-011-0786-y. PMID 21915736.
  21. 1 2 "铜锈环棱螺HSP70对Cd和BDE-47胁迫的响应敏感性" [Response Sensitivity of HSP70 in Bellamya aeruginosa Exposed to Cadmium and BDE-47]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (in Chinese): 22–28. doi:10.11721/cqnuj20140605.
  22. ↑ (Chinese) Ma T. W., Zhu C., Zhou K. et al. (2010). Cd Pb单一及复合污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏SOD和MT的影响 "Effects of Cd, Pb, and combined contaminated sediments on hepatopancreatic SOD and MT in Bellamya aeruginosa". Journal of Agro-Environment Science 29(1): 30–37. abstract.
  23. ↑ Zheng, Shimei; Zhou, Qixing; Gao, Jie; Xiong, Hongxia; Chen, Cuihong (2012). "Behavioral alteration and DNA damage of freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa stressed by ethylbenzene and its tissue residue". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 81: 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.04.016. PMID 22591725.
  24. ↑ (Chinese) Zhou K., Ma T. W., Zhu C. et al. (2010). 2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)污染沉积物对铜锈环棱螺肝胰脏的SOD、CAT和EROD活性的影响 "Effect of 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47)-contaminated sediments on SOD, CAT, and EROD activities in the hepatopancreas of Bellamya aeruginosa". Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae 30(8): 1666–1673. abstract, PDF.
  25. ↑ (Chinese) Peng J. Y., Liu J., Ma T. W. et al. (2012). "Effects of sediment associated tributyltin (TBT) on the hepatopancreatic antioxidant defense system of Bellamya aeruginosa". Shanghai Envinmental Sciences 31(3): 97–101. abstract.
  26. ↑ Zhu, Jinyong; Lu, Kaihong; Zhang, Chunjing; Liang, Jingjing; Hu, Zhiyong (2011). "Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in the Hepatopancreas of Bellamya aeruginosa(Gastropoda) Fed with Toxic Cyanobacteria". The Scientific World Journal. 11: 2091–2105. doi:10.1100/2011/402326.
  27. ↑ (Chinese) Liu S.-S., Long Y., Wang M., Ma T.-W. (2015). 沉积物 底栖动物体系中多壁碳纳米管对镉生态毒性的影响 "Effects of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Ecotoxicity of Cd in Sediment⁃Zoobenthos System". Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment 31(3): 414–419. PDF.
  28. ↑ Lei, Kun; Liu, Ruizhi; An, Li-hui; Luo, Ying-Feng; Leblanc, Gerald A. (2014). "Estrogen alters the profile of the transcriptome in river snail Bellamya aeruginosa". Ecotoxicology. 24 (2): 330–338. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1381-9. PMID 25398503.
  29. 1 2 Pham, Nga Thi Thu; Pulkownik, Alexandra; Buckney, Rodney T. (2007). "Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic organisms in West Lake (Ho Tay), Hanoi, Vietnam". Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management. 12 (4): 285–294. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1770.2007.00343.x.
  30. ↑ Yang, Xingye; Yin, Daqiang; Sun, Hao; Wang, Xiaorong; Dai, Lemei; Chen, Yijun; Cao, Mi (1999). "Distribution and bioavailability of rare earth elements in aquatic microcosm". Chemosphere. 39 (14): 2443–2450. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00172-1.
  31. ↑ (Chinese) Lin J. X., Zhou X. N., Li L. S., Zhang Y., Cheng Y. Z. & Zhang R. Y. (2005). 铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）作为广州管圆线虫中间宿主的发现 "Bellamya aeruginosa acts as the intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis". Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 21(1): 24–26. abstract.
  32. 1 2 Lv S., Zhang Y., Steinmann P. &, Zhou X.-N. (2008). "Emerging angiostrongyliasis in mainland China". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(1): 161–164. HTM.
  33. ↑ Chai, Jong-Yil; Shin, Eun-Hee; Lee, Soon-Hyung; Rim, Han-Jong (2009). "Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia". The Korean Journal of Parasitology. 47: S69–S102. doi:10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69. PMC 2769220Freely accessible. PMID 19885337.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (Chinese) Hanfeng Z. & Jiale L. (2012). 浙江地区 3 种淡水经济贝类的营养成分分析与评价 "Analysis and Evaluation on Nutritional Components of Three Freshwater Mussels from Zhejiang Province". Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin 28(2): 78–82. abstract.
  35. ↑ Lv, Shan; Zhang, Yi; Liu, He-Xiang; Hu, Ling; Yang, Kun; Steinmann, Peter; Chen, Zhao; Wang, Li-Ying; Utzinger, Jürg; Zhou, Xiao-Nong (2009). "Invasive Snails and an Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (2): e368. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000368. PMC 2631131Freely accessible. PMID 19190771.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinotaia aeruginosa.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/20/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.