King in the mountain

A king in the mountain, king under the mountain, or sleeping hero is a prominent motif in folklore and mythology that is found in many folktales and legends. The Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktale motifs classifies these stories as number 766, relating them to the tale of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus.

General features

Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.

King in the mountain stories involve legendary heroes, often accompanied by armed retainers, sleeping in remote dwellings, including caves on high mountaintops, remote islands, or supernatural worlds. The hero is frequently a historical figure of some military consequence in the history of the nation where the mountain is located.

The stories gathered by the Brothers Grimm concerning Frederick Barbarossa and Charlemagne are typical of the stories told, and have been influential on many told variants and subsequent adaptations. The presence of the hero is unsuspected, until some herdsman wanders into the cave, typically looking for a lost animal, and sees the hero. The stories almost always mention the detail that the hero has grown a long beard, indicative of the long time he has slept beneath the mountain.

In the Brothers Grimm version, the hero speaks with the herdsman. Their conversation typically involves the hero asking, "Do the eagles (or ravens) still circle the mountaintop?" The herdsman, or a mysterious voice, replies, "Yes, they still circle the mountaintop." "Then begone! My time has not yet come."

The herdsman in this story was then supernaturally harmed by the experience: he ages rapidly, he emerges with his hair turned white, and often he dies after repeating the tale. The story goes on to say that the king sleeps in the mountain, awaiting a summons to arise with his knights and defend the nation in a time of deadly peril. The omen that presages his rising will be the extinction of the birds that trigger his awakening.^[1][2]

Examples

A number of kings, rulers, fictional characters and religious figures have become attached to this story. They include the following:

Religions

Christianity

• St. John the Evangelist - according to the Golden Legend, he is only sleeping in his grave at Ephesus until the coming of Antichrist, when he would be needed as a witness.^[3][4]

Islam

• Muhammad al-Mahdi (Islamic mysticism, especially Shi'a)

Asia (w/o Middle East)

Japan

• Kōbō-Daishi (Japan), founder of the Shingon sect of Buddhism. He is said to be in deep meditation in a temple on Mount Koya, Wakayama Prefecture, awaiting the coming of the next Buddha.

Philippines

• Bernardo Carpio the "King of the Tagalogs" said to reside in the mountains of Montalban, Philippines.

Europe

Baltic states

• Lāčplēsis, the eponymous hero of the Latvian epic poem. It is said that he will rise out of the Daugava River when his country needs him to again take on her attackers and invaders. Alternatively, he will rise out of the Daugava at the end of the world.
• Vytautas the Great (Lithuania) He is believed to rise from its grave when the worst danger will threaten Lithuania to defend the motherland at the last battle.

British Isles

• King Arthur (Great Britain and Brittany), perhaps most famous of the king under the mountain examples. Arthur according to legend was taken away to the Isle of Avalon to sleep until he was needed by the people of Britain, but several legends talk of a herdsman who stumbles across a cave on mainland Britain in which he finds Arthur sleeping, often with his knights and Excalibur by his side. In a variation on this, sometimes the exploring herdsman finds instead just Arthur's knights, or Sir Lancelot, Guinevere and the knights sleeping in wait on the return of the "Once and Future King".
• Merlin of the Arthurian legend, who is imprisoned in an oak tree by Nimue.
• Thomas the Rhymer is found under a hill with a retinue of knights in a tale from Anglo-Scottish border. Likewise, Harry Hotspur was said to have been hunting in the Cheviots when he and his hounds got holed-up in the Hen Hole (or "Hell-hole") awaiting the sound of a hunting horn to awaken them from their slumber. Another border variant concerns a party of huntsmen who chase a roebuck into the Cheviots when they heard the sweetest music playing from the Henhole, however when they entered they became lost and are trapped to this day.^[5]

Wales

• Bran the Blessed (Wales)
• Owain Lawgoch, Welsh soldier and nobleman (14th century)
• Owain Glyndŵr (Wales) The Last native born Welshman to hold the title "Prince of Wales"; he disappeared after a long but ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against the English. He was never captured or betrayed and refused all Royal pardons.
• An unnamed giant is supposed to sleep in Plynlimon in Wales.

Ireland

• Fionn mac Cumhaill (Ireland), is said to sleep in a cave/mountain surrounded by the Fianna (he is differentiated from them because of his large stature). It is told that the day will come when the Dord Fiann is sounded three times and Fionn and the Fianna will rise up again, as strong and well as they ever were. In other accounts he will return to glory as a great hero of Ireland.^[6]
• Gearóid Iarla, who dozes under Lough Gur with his silver-shod horse (Ireland)
• Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, who is at temporary rest under the Curragh of Kildare (Ireland)

England

• King Harold (England). Said to have not been slain at Senlac by Anglo-Saxon legends, to come one day to liberate the English from the Norman yoke^[7]
• Sir Francis Drake (Great Britain) – In this legend, it is stated that when England is in deadly peril, if Drake's Drum is beaten, then Sir Francis Drake will arise to defend England from the sea. According to legend, it can be heard to beat at times when England is at war or significant national events take place.

German-speaking realm

• Charlemagne, Emperor of future Germany, France, and the Low Countries, rests in the Untersberg near Salzburg. (Austria)
• Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, sleeps in the Kyffhäuser mountain and will rise to save the Empire. (Germany)
• Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
• Henry the Fowler, king. (Germany)

Greek, Hellenistic and Byzantine

-Ancient Greece-

• Theseus (Athens)
• Typhon and Enceladus in Mount Etna

-Byzantine Empire-

• Constantine I, said to have been turned into a stone statue, although not resting within a mountain
• Constantine XI Palaiologos, the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, said to have been turned into marble and thus was known as "Marmaromenos", "the Marble King". He was said to be hidden somewhere underground until his glorious return as the Immortal Emperor.
• John III Doukas Vatatzes (also known as "Kaloyannis III'") of the Eastern Roman Empire, due to his kindness and ability, also known as "Marmaromenos" – although this title might also be due to the post-mortem discovery of his intact body, the peculiar appearance of which was caused by a lifetime of medical treatment for epilepsy. Greece, Cyprus.

Hungarians

• Csaba, the son of Attila the Hun (Hungary) who is supposed to ride down the Milky Way when the Székelys are threatened.
• King St. Stephen, King St. Ladislaus, King Matthias Corvinus (Hungary)

Iberia

• Boabdil, last Islamic prince of Granada. (Spain)^[8]
• King Pelayo, Visigothic king of Asturia, credited with beginning the Reconquista. (Spain)
• King Rodrigo (Spain). Said to escape from the Moorish invasion and await for "the time of maximum need" to save his people.

Sebastian I, with whose death the house of Aviz lost its throne. Sebastianists hold that he will return to rule Portugal's Fifth Empire.

• Sebastian I of Portugal. It is said by Sebastianists that the king will return in a hazy morning in time of need.

Jewish Ashkenazi

• Golem of Prague, whose remains are said to be in the attic of the Old New Synagogue in Prague, and that it can be brought back to defend the Jewish people. (Jewish mysticism)
• King David is depicted in Haim Nachman Bialik's tale "King David in the Cave" as sleeping along with his warriors deep inside a cave, waiting for the blast of the ram's horn that will awaken them from their millennia of slumber and arouse them to redeem Israel.^[9][10] This role was not attributed to King David in earlier Jewish tradition.

Romania

• Vlad III the Impaler (Romania)

Scandinavia

Statue of Ogier the Dane, Kronborg Castle

• Ogier the Dane (Danish: Holger Danske, Denmark)
• King Olaf I (Norway)
• Väinämöinen, the protagonist of the Finnish national epic Kalevala. At the end of Kalevala, he leaves on a boat, promising to return when he is most needed.

Slavic nations

-East Slavic-

• Alexander Suvorov (Russia), Russian generalissimo, sleeps in a deep cave where prayer is heard and icon lamp burns. The legend says Suvorov will come back to save his country from a mortal danger.^[11]
• Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet and painter (Ukraine), believed to be a supernatural hero (charakternik), is said to sleep under his grave mound in Kanev or even in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.

-South Slavic-

• Marko Kraljević (Serbia)
• Matija Gubec (Croatia)
• Kralj Matjaž (Slovenia)
• Napoleon Bonaparte was considered to be also not dead but in Irkutsk and to come back by a sect from Slavonia, Croatia^[12]

-West Slavic-

• Ječmínek, legendary Moravian king will, according to a prophecy, return to save his country from enemies.^[13]
• Giewont massif which is said to be a sleeping knight (Poland)
• St. Wenceslas (Václav) of Bohemia (Czech Republic). He sleeps in the Blaník mountain (with a huge army of Czech knights) and will emerge to protect his country at its worst time, riding on his white horse and wielding the legendary hero Bruncvík's sword.^[13]
• Knights of Sitno in Slovak mythology are a legion of knights supposedly sleeping inside the mountain Sitno in Central Slovakia, waiting to be called upon in times when the Slovaks are in danger. It is said that every seven years, the oldest of them climbs up the hill and shouts the question: "Is it time yet?" in every world direction. If nobody answers, he climbs back inside.^[14]

Switzerland

• William Tell (Switzerland, in some legends accompanied by two other Tells^[15])

Middle East

Persia

• Key-Khosrow legendary shah of Persia

North America

• The Pueblo hero-god Montezuma — believed to have been a divine king in prehistoric times, and suspended in an Arizona mountain that bears his image.
• The Sleeping Ute mountain in Colorado is said to have been a "Great Warrior God" who fell asleep while recovering from wounds received in a great battle with "the Evil Ones" (there are many other variants of this legend)
• Tecumseh of the Shawnee
• Emperor Norton is claimed by several defunct civil rights groups to have been destined to return to the USA when the unity of the Republic is at its nadir.^[16]

Sleeping anti-hero and villain

Sometimes this type of story or archetype is also attached to not-so-heroic figures, who are either simple anti-heroes or fully villains, whose return would mean the end of the world, or whose sleep represents something positive. This kind of archetype is known as the "Chained Satan" archetype.^[17] Among examples of this are:

• The Sleeping Giant mountain in Connecticut, United States was said by the local Quinnipiac Indians to be the demon Hobbomock, sealed by the Great Spirit. One day he would supposedly awaken and destroy the world
• Mher (Armenia)^[18]
• Artavasdes II of Armenia, who according to Moses of Chorene was chained and cursed to stay eternally chained by his father Artaxias II.^[17]
• Loki in Norse mythology was bound by the gods after he engineered the death of Baldr. With the onset of Ragnarök, Loki is foretold to slip free and fight alongside the forces of the jötnar against the gods.
• Dukljan

The sleeping hero in popular culture

• A version of the sleeping hero legend is included in several entries in the Nintendo game franchise 'The Legend of Zelda', most explicitly in the Gamecube game The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and the most iconic of the series The Legend of Zelda: The Ocarina of Time.
• A version of the sleeping hero legend is also present in the Cartoon Network series Adventure Time. Finn and Jake stumble upon an aged hero named Billy who has been resting for many years inside a cave surrounded by his treasure waiting for when he will be needed once again.
• American comic book icon Captain America fell into suspended animation at the end of World War II, only to be awakened later.
• American comic book super hero Captain Marvel from Fawcett Comics, after having been cancelled in 1953, was given a story where he (and most of his friends and his arch foes) was trapped in suspended animation for 20 years to explain his revival in 1973 by DC Comics.
• In the Final Crisis: Superman Beyond comic series, a mysterious statue, resembling Superman, is left behind by the original Monitor, to activate only when the DC Multiverse is endangered.
• British author Susan Cooper makes use of the return of King Arthur and the awakening of sleeping heroes as plot elements in The Dark Is Rising Sequence.
• At the end of the video game Halo 3 the protagonist, the Master Chief, is placed into suspended animation with the words "Wake me, when you need me".
• In a similar way, protagonist Gordon Freeman is put in stasis by G-Man after offering him a "job" by his employers in the end of Half-Life, the series' first title. He is then set free from the stasis in the beginning of Half-Life 2
• In music, a single by Kate Bush released on 24 October 2005 is named "King of the Mountain". This song connects popular beliefs about Elvis Presley's death, with references to Citizen Kane also, to the "King in the Mountain" motif.
• In The Books of Magic, Timothy Hunter sees the mystical King in the mountain and talks to a minstrel who is guarding his grave.
• In Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time, heroes from ages past reside in the world of dreams until they are called forth to fight the Dark One.
• In the Transformers Marvel Comics series, the Last Autobot, a final repository of some of the power of the Transformers' god Primus, waits at the center of Cybertron.
• The plot of the book The Weirdstone of Brisingamen by Alan Garner revolves around a Cheshire variant of the legend.
• The main character in the 2006 science fiction series The Lost Fleet by John G. Hemry (writing as Jack Campbell) is a mythical hero to his people. He is rediscovered on the eve of a large calamity and must return the remnants of his nations military from being trapped deep behind enemy lines. The author was inspired by the King Arthur myth.
• In That Hideous Strength by C. S. Lewis, which was the third book in a trilogy preceded by Out of the Silent Planet and Perelandra, the main character in the series (a philologist named Elwin Ransom) summons Merlin.
• J. R. R. Tolkien uses the king in the mountain in various places in his legendarium: the form of the Dead Men of Dunharrow, the armies and king of Númenor who are trapped by the Valar when Númenor is destroyed, and in the Second Prophecy of Mandos which states that the dead heroes Túrin and Beren would return to help to defeat Morgoth at the end of times. The Dwarf-lords of Erebor are formally known as the Kings under the Mountain.
• In the table-top roleplaying game GURPS Technomancer, Joseph Stalin acted in similar role for the Soviet Union; in this alternative history setting, he didn't die in 1953, but rather was put in a magical sleep under the Moscow Kremlin. In 1996, after the fall of the USSR, he awoke and led a rebellion against the Russian Federation.
• Cthulhu is a famous literary example of the Sleeping Anti-Hero/Villain variant. In The Call of Cthulhu and several other Cthulhu Mythos stories he is said to "wait dreaming" in a sunken city until "the stars are right" when he will wake up and destroy human civilization.
• The video game Skyrim contains many antagonists, called Draugr, that follow the King in the Mountain motif, in that they wake up as the Dragonborn approaches.
• The video game Undertale contains the character Asgore, the king of monsters. Sealed away in the underground for many years, he is called to action by the death of his children to help his people escape, and so follows the King in The Mountain motif. Not only this, but the introduction to his battle theme is called Bergentrückung, which is the name of the trope in German.

See also

• Seven Sleepers
• Rip Van Winkle
• Honi HaM'agel
• Sidhe
• King Arthur's messianic return

References

1. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsche Sagen (1816/1818), no. 23.
2. Kaiser Karl im Untersberg (German)
3. Isidore of Seville – De ortu et obitu patrum (5th century)
4. Jacobus de Voragine – The Golden Legend
5. Henry Tegner; Ghosts of The North Country, 1991 Butler Publishing, ISBN 0-946928-40-1. p.13
6. Augusta, Lady Gregory – Gods and Fighting Men (1904)
7. The Science of Fairy Tales: An Enquiry Into Fairy Mythology, Edwin Sidney Hartland, 1925 edition, p. 143
8. Ellen M. Dolan, Sue D. Royals, Building Comprehension - Grade 5, p. 29. Milliken Publishing, 1999, ISBN 978-0787703943
9. "Canaanism:" Solutions and Problems, Boas Evron, Alabaster's Archive
10. הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּוִד בַּמְּעָרָה ח"נ ביאליק
11. Русский архистратиг (Russian archistratege)
12. The Science of Fairy Tales: An Enquiry Into Fairy Mythology, Edwin Sidney Hartland, 1925 edition, p. 144
13. Alois Jirásek, Old Bohemian Legends (1894, Staré pověsti české)
14. http://sitnoholding.sitnobusiness.com/en/the-legend/
15. The Three Tells
16. A gay court pays homage to its queer emperor / Group attends 31st-annual memorial service
17. Mher in the Carved Rock, J. A. Boyle, p. 11, at the Library of the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
18. Mher in the Carved Rock, J. A. Boyle, at the Library of the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

External links

• a list of other sleeping hero legends