Specific surface area

Scratches, represented by triangular-shaped grooves, make the surface area greater.

Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area of a material per unit of mass,[1] (with units of m²/kg or m²/g) or solid or bulk volume[2][3] (units of m²/m³ or m−1).

It is a derived scientific value that can be used to determine the type and properties of a material (e.g. soil or snow). It has a particular importance for adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and reactions on surfaces.

Measurement

Values obtained for specific surface area depend on the method of measurement. In adsorption based methods, the size of the adsorbate molecule (the probe molecule), the exposed crystallographic planes at the surface and measurement temperature all affect the obtained specific surface area.[4] For this reason, in addition to the most commonly used Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (N2-BET) adsorption method, several techniques have been developed to measure the specific surface area of particulate materials at ambient temperatures and at controllable scales, including methylene blue (MB) staining, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) adsorption,[5] electrokinetic analysis of complex-ion adsorption [4] and a Protein Retention (PR) method.[6]

Calculation

The SSA can be simply calculated from a particle size distribution, making some assumption about the particle shape. This method, however, fails to account for surface associated with the surface texture of the particles.

Adsorption

The SSA can be measured by adsorption using the BET isotherm. This has the advantage of measuring the surface of fine structures and deep texture on the particles. However, the results can differ markedly depending on the substance adsorbed.

Gas permeability

This depends upon a relationship between the specific surface area and the resistance to gas-flow of a porous bed of powder. The method is simple and quick, and yields a result that often correlates well with the chemical reactivity of a powder. However, it fails to measure much of the deep surface texture.

See also

References

  1. ↑ A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson, ed. (1997). IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (pdf). 2.3.3 (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05806. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8.
  2. ↑ http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng402/Hirasaki/CHAP3D.pdf
  3. ↑ http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/lc/b8/b812301b/b812301b.pdf
  4. 1 2 Hanaor, D.A.H.; Ghadiri, M.; Chrzanowski, W.; Gan, Y. (2014). "Scalable Surface Area Characterization by Electrokinetic Analysis of Complex Anion Adsorption" (PDF). Langmuir. 30 (50): 15143–15152. doi:10.1021/la503581e.
  5. ↑ Cerato, A.; Lutenegger, A. (1 September 2002). "Determination of surface area of fine-grained soils by the ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) method.". Geotechnical Testing Journal. ASTM. 25 (3): 1–7. doi:10.1520/GTJ11087J.
  6. ↑ Paykov, O.; Hawley, H. (1 July 2013). "A Protein-Retention Method for Specific Surface Area Determination in Swelling Clays.". Geotechnical Testing Journal. ASTM. 36 (4). doi:10.1520/GTJ20120197.


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