Sri Mulyani Indrawati

Sri Mulyani Indrawati ꦯꦿꦲꦶ꧈ꦩꦸꦭꦾꦟꦶ꧈ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦮꦠꦶ
Minister of Finance
Incumbent
Assumed office 27 July 2016
President	Joko Widodo
Preceded by	Bambang Brodjonegoro
In office 7 December 2005 – 20 May 2010
President	Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Preceded by	Jusuf Anwar
Succeeded by	Agus Martowardojo
Managing Director of the World Bank Group
In office 1 June 2010 – 27 July 2016
President	Robert Zoellick Jim Yong Kim
Preceded by	Juan José Daboub
Succeeded by	Kyle Peters (Acting)
Personal details
Born	26 August 1962 Tanjungkarang, Indonesia (now Bandar Lampung)
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Tony Sumartono
Alma mater	University of Indonesia University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Religion	Islam
Signature

Sri Mulyani Indrawati (Javanese: ꦯꦿꦲꦶ꧈ꦩꦸꦭꦾꦟꦶ꧈ꦆꦤ꧀ꦢꦿꦮꦠꦶ;^[1] Gêdrìk: Sri Mùlyani Indråwati; O-Javanese: Sri Mulyani Indrawati; born 26 August 1962) is an Indonesian economist who has been Minister of Finance of Indonesia since 2016; previously she served in the same post from 2005 to 2010. In June 2010 she was appointed as Managing Director of the World Bank Group and resigned as Minister of Finance. On July 27, 2016, Sri Mulyani was reappointed as Minister of Finance in a cabinet reshuffle by President Joko Widodo, replacing Bambang Permadi Soemantri Brodjonegoro.^[2]

As finance minister from 2005 to 2010, Sri Mulyani was known as a tough reformist^[3][4] and was largely credited with strengthening Indonesia's economy, increasing investments and steering Southeast Asia's largest economy through the 2007–10 financial crisis.^[5][6] In 2014, she was ranked as the 38th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine.^[7]

Early life

Sri Mulyani was born in Tanjung Karang (now called Bandar Lampung) in Lampung, Sumatra, on August 26, 1962. She is the seventh child of university lecturers Prof. Satmoko and Retno Sriningsih. Her name is of Javanese origin, with Sanskrit roots.^[8] Sri has the meaning of radiance, or diffusing light,^[9] and is common as both honorific and part of female names among Javanese. Mulyani comes from the word mulya which is used to describe the concept value, valuable.^[10] Indrawati come from Indra and feminine suffix -vati.

She obtained her degree from Universitas Indonesia in 1986. Sri Mulyani received her master and doctorate in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1992. In 2001, Mulyani left for Atlanta, Georgia, to serve as a consultant with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) for programs to strengthen Indonesia’s autonomy. She also lectured on the Indonesian economy as visiting professor at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies at the Georgia State University.^[11] From 2002 to 2004 she was an executive director on the board of the International Monetary Fund representing 12 economies in Southeast Asia.

She is married to economist Tony Sumartono, with whom she has three children.^[12][13] She is a professional economist and has no political affiliation.^[14]

As finance minister

Sri Mulyani was selected as Indonesian Finance Minister in 2005 by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. One of her first acts was to fire corrupt tax and custom officers in the department. She successfully tackled corruption and initiated reforms in Indonesia's tax and customs office^[6][15] and enjoys a reputation for integrity.^[16] She succeeded in increasing direct investment in Indonesia. In 2004, the year President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono took office, Indonesia received $4.6 billion in foreign direct investment. The next year, it attracted $8.9 billion.^[17]

In 2006, just one year after selected, she was named Euromoney Finance Minister of the Year by Euromoney magazine.^[18]

During her tenure in 2007, Indonesia recorded 6.6% economic growth, its highest rate since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, growth is down in 2008 to 6%^[6] due to the global economic slowdown. In July 2008, Sri Mulyani Indrawati was inaugurated as the Coordinating Minister for the economy, replacing Boediono, who was to head the central bank.^[19]

In August 2008, Mulyani was ranked by Forbes magazine as the 23rd most powerful woman in the world^[20] and the most powerful woman in Indonesia. During her tenure as Finance Minister, the country's foreign exchange reserves reached an all-time high of $50 billion.^[20] She oversaw a reduction in public debt to about 30% of gross domestic product from 60%,^[6] making it easier for Indonesia to sell debt to foreign institutional investors. She also revised incentive structures for civil servants in her ministry and began paying higher salaries to tax officials deemed to be "clean" so they would have less temptation to accept bribes.^[21]

In 2007 and 2008, Emerging Markets newspaper selected Sri Mulyani as Asia's Finance Minister of The Year.^[22][23]

After Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was re-elected in 2009, she was re-appointed in her post of Finance Minister. In 2009 the Indonesian economy grew up by 4.5% while many part of the world is in recession. Indonesia is one of just three major emerging economies to grow faster than 4% in 2009. The other two are China and India.^[6] Under her supervision, government has managed to increase the number of income taxpayers from 4.35 million individuals to nearly 16 million in the last five years, and tax receipts grew by around 20% each year to more than Rp 600 trillion in 2010.^[24]

Alleged hacking by Australian intelligence

In November 2013, British newspaper The Guardian published article with report from leaks by Edward Snowden, showing that Australian intelligence had allegedly hacked into mobile phones of top Indonesian leaders in 2009. This included Sri Mulyani which at that was the minister of finance. .^[25] Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbot defended it by saying that the activities were not so much “spying” as “research” and that its intention would always be to use any information “for good”.

Move to World Bank

On May 5, 2010 Mulyani was appointed as one of three Managing Directors of the World Bank Group.^[26][27] She replaced Juan Jose Daboub, who completed his four-year term June 30, overseeing 74 nations in Latin America, Caribbean, East Asia and Pacific, Middle East and North Africa.^[28]

Her resignation was viewed negatively and caused financial turmoil in Indonesia, with the stock exchange closing down 3.8% after the news, amid a broad sell off in Asia, while the Indonesian rupiah fell nearly 1% against the dollar.^[21] The drop in Indonesian stock exchange was the sharpest in 17 months.^[29] The move has been called as "Indonesia’s loss, and the World’s gain".^[30][31][32]

There was widespread speculation that her resignation was due to political pressure,^[14][33][34] especially from powerful tycoon and chairman of Golkar Party, Aburizal Bakrie.^[35][36] Bakrie is known to have enmity toward Mulyani^[37] due to her investigation into massive tax fraud in the Bakrie Group, her refusal to prop up Bakrie's coal interests with government funds,^[14] and her refusal to state that the Sidoarjo mud flow, which is widely believed to have been caused by drilling of Bakrie's company, was a "natural disaster".

On May 20, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono named as her replacement Agus Martowardojo, CEO of Bank Mandiri, the largest bank in Indonesia.^[38]

In 2014, she was ranked as the 38th most powerful woman in the world by Forbes.^[7]

Bank Century scandal

Right before her resignation, The Legislature, spearheaded by Golkar Party,^[39][40][41] accused Sri Mulyani of a crime with the bailout of medium scale Bank Century in 2008. Critics of the bailout claim it was done without legal authority and without proving a capital injection was needed to prevent a run on other banks, Bank Century bailout cost the state to suffer a financial lost amounting to 6.7 trillion rupiah ($710 million).^[42] Sri Mulyani has defended the bailout as necessary given the uncertainties in the global economy at the time and denied any wrongdoing.^[21]

However, criticism about Sri Mulyani's policy also came from ex vice president Jusuf Kalla. In his harshest comments yet on the controversial PT Bank Century bailout, former Vice President Jusuf Kalla denied claims by former Bank Indonesia officials that if the lender had been allowed to fail it would have had a systemic impact on the country’s banking system and economy.

“The Bank Century scandal is a robbery, anyone who supports Bank Century, supports a robber.” Kalla said.^[43]

Furthermore, all of the nine factions on the House of Representatives special committee agreed that there were suspicious and possibly fraudulent transactions during the bailout period beginning in November 2008 and evidence of money laundering. They all then said they lacked the expertise to do more and called on the National Police and Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) to take over.^[44]

References

1. Kamus Pepak Basa Jawa,Sudaryanto/Pranowo, 2001, #1359
2. "Sri Mulyani returns". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. July 27, 2016.
3. "Editorial: The Indonesian 'tragedy'". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. May 5, 2010.
4. Colebatch, Tim (August 5, 2008). "Asia's shining example". The Age (Australia).
5. "Indonesia finance minister resigns for World Bank post". BBC News. May 5, 2010.
6. Honorine, Solenn; George Wehrfritz (January 10, 2009). "'As Good As It Gets'". Newsweek.
7. "The World's 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes. Forbes. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
8. "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit". Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon project. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
9. Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley; Dorothy Rivers Turner (January 2006) [1962]. A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. (Accompanied by three supplementary volumes: indexes, compiled by Dorothy Rivers Turner: 1969. – Phonetic analysis: 1971. – Addenda et corrigenda: 1985. ed.). London: Oxford University Press,. p. 736. Retrieved 22 Apr 2010.
10. Das, Dr. Srivaishnav Ayodhya (June 30, 2005), Contemplation on the structure and meaning of ‘Mulya’ (Value), Lucknow Journal of Humanities
11. "Who's Who". Jakarta: The Jakarta Post. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
12. "Sri Mulyani Ekonom Pasar Yang Kian Mapan". Berita Sore. October 22, 2009.
13. "Keluarga Menkeu Sri Mulyani di Tengah Terpaan Kasus Century". Jawa Pos. Surabaya. December 15, 2009.
14. Allard, Tom (May 6, 2010). "Indonesia reels from corruption fighter's departure for World Bank". Sidney Morning Herald.
15. Budi, Chandra (May 6, 2010). "Sri Mulyani dan Modernisasi Pajak". Jawa Pos. Surabaya.
16. "United Indonesia Cabinet 2009–2014". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 2009-10-22. p. 3.
17. "A Reformer Leaves Jakarta". Wall Street Journal. May 13, 2010.
18. Leahy, Christ (September 2006). "Minister of Finance of the year 2006: Dr Sri Mulyani Indrawati". Euromoney.
19. "Sri Mulyani named coordinating minister". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. July 6, 2008.
20. "The 100 Most Powerful Women – #23 Sri Mulyani Indrawati". Forbes. August 27, 2008.
21. Barta, Patrick (May 6, 2010). "Reformer Resigns, Rattling Indonesia". Wall Street Journal.
22. "Mulyani, Asia's best finance minister two years in a row". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. October 14, 2009.
23. Parson, Nick (October 10, 2008). "Finance Minister of The Year, Asia 2008". Emerging Markets.
24. Bayuni, Endy M. (May 14, 2010). "Commentary: Wanted: Big Foot for finance minister". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
25. Revealed: Australia tried to monitor Indonesian president's phone, The Guardian, 18 November 2013
26. Unditu, Aloysius; Sandrine Rastello (May 5, 2010). "Indonesia's Sri Mulyani Given Top World Bank Role". BusinessWeek.
27. Mealey, Elizabeth; Carl Hanlon (May 4, 2010). "World Bank Group President Zoellick Appoints Indonesian Finance Minister, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, as Managing Director". World Bank Group – Press Release.
28. "World Bank appoints Sri Mulyani managing director". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. May 5, 2010.
29. Moestafa, Berni (May 5, 2010). "Indonesia Stocks Slump Most in 17 Months as Minister Resigns". Bloomberg.
30. "Editorial: Indonesia's Loss, the World Bank's Gain". The Jakarta Globe. May 5, 2010.
31. Rieffel, Lex (May 13, 2010). "Sri Mulyani: Indonesia's Loss, the World's Gain". The Brookings Institution.
32. McBeth, John (May 8, 2010). "Sri Mulyani: World's gain, Jakarta's loss". Asia News Network.
33. Suharmoko, Aditya (May 5, 2010). "Politics makes Mulyani move". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
34. Siahaan, Armando; Irvan Tisnabudi; Anita Rachman (May 21, 2010). "Indonesia's Ruthless Politics Dog Sri Mulyani to End". Jakarta Globe. Jakarta.
35. Witular, Rendi A.; Arghea Desafti Hapsari (May 5, 2010). "SBY political deal may be behind Mulyani's exit". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
36. Gelling, Peter (March 2, 2010). "Fight Erupts Over Inquiry Into Jakarta Bank Bailout". The New York Times.
37. "Indonesia Loses Its Stellar Reformer". Asia Sentinel. May 5, 2010.
38. "President names Agus Martowardojo new finance minister". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. January 9, 2010.
39. "Golkar-PKS Tolak Selamatkan Boediono-Sri Mulyani". Jawa Pos. Surabaya. February 10, 2010.
40. "Golkar-PDIP Serukan Sri Mulyani di Nonaktifkan". Jawa Pos. Surabaya. April 1, 2010.
41. "Pernyataan Sri Mulyani di Wall Street Journal Lecehkan Pansus". Jawa Pos. Surabaya. December 11, 2009.
42. "KPK Investigate Two of Nine Criminal Indications on Bank Century Case". Hukumonline English. November 29, 2010.
43. "Ex-Indonesian Vice President Kalla Calls Century Scandal 'Robbery'". The Jakarta Globe. Jakarta. May 19, 2010.
44. "Suspicion but No Smoking Gun in Bank Century Probe". The Jakarta Globe. Jakarta. February 18, 2010.

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