Stanley, Falkland Islands

"Port Stanley" redirects here. For the town in Canada, see Port Stanley, Ontario.
For the legislative constituency, see Stanley (constituency).
Stanley

Aerial view of Stanley, Falkland Islands

Map showing the Port Stanley area
Stanley

Stanley within the Falkland Islands

Coordinates: 51°41′40″S 57°51′10″W / 51.69444°S 57.85278°W / -51.69444; -57.85278Coordinates: 51°41′40″S 57°51′10″W / 51.69444°S 57.85278°W / -51.69444; -57.85278
Country  United Kingdom
British Overseas Territory  Falkland Islands
Population (2012)[1]
 • Total 2,121
Time zone FKST[a] (UTC−4)
Website http://www.falklandislands.com/
^ The Falklands has been on FKST year-round since September 2010.[2]

Stanley (/ˈstænli/; also known as Port Stanley) is the capital of the Falkland Islands. It is located on the island of East Falkland, on a north-facing slope in one of the wettest parts of the islands. At the 2012 census, the town had a population of 2,121;[1] the entire population of the Falkland Islands was 2,841 on Census Day on 15 April 2012.

Stanley is represented by five members of the Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands, currently Jan Cheek, Barry Elsby, Michael Poole, Gavin Short and Mike Summers.

Facilities and infrastructure

The Port Stanley post office, with British red post and telephone boxes.

Stanley is the main shopping centre on the islands and the hub of East Falkland's road network. Attractions include the Falkland Islands Museum, Government House – built in 1845 and home to the Governor of the Falkland Islands – and a golf course, as well as a whalebone arch, a totem pole, several war memorials and the shipwrecks in its harbour. The Falkland Islands Company owns several shops and a hotel. Stanley has four pubs, eleven hotels and guesthouses, three restaurants, a fish and chip shop and the main tourist office. There are three churches, including the Anglican Christ Church Cathedral, the southernmost Anglican cathedral in the world, and the Roman Catholic St. Mary's Church. A bomb disposal unit in the town is a legacy of the Falklands War.

The town hall serves as a post office, philatelic bureau, law court and dance hall. The police station also contains the islands' only prison, with a capacity of thirteen in the cells.

The cathedral and whalebone arch

The community centre includes a swimming pool (the only public one in the islands), a sports centre, library, and school. A grass football pitch is located by the community centre and hosts regular games.

Stanley Racecourse, located on the west side of Stanley, holds a two-day horse racing meeting every year on 26 and 27 December. The Christmas races have been held here for over one hundred years.

Stanley Golf Course has an 18-hole course and a club house. It is also located to the west of Stanley.

King Edward VII Memorial Hospital is the islands' main hospital, with doctors' practice and surgery, radiology department, dental surgery and emergency facilities.

Several bus and taxi companies operate out of Stanley.

Stanley is also home to the Falkland Islands Radio Station (FIRS), the Stanley office of the British Antarctic Survey, and the office of the weekly Penguin News newspaper.

A nursery and garden centre is also here, in whose greenhouses some of the islands' vegetables are grown.

History

The original capital of the islands was at Port Louis to the north of the present site of Stanley, on Berkeley Sound. Captains Francis Crozier and James Clark Ross were recruited by Governor Richard Moody in his quest to find a new capital for The Falklands. Both Crozier and Ross (who are remembered in Crozier Place and Ross Road in Stanley) were among the Royal Navy's most distinguished seafarers. They spent 5 months in the islands with their ships Terror and Erebus. Governor Moody (after whom Moody Brook is named) however, decided to move the capital to Port Jackson, which was renamed "Stanley Harbour", after a survey. Stanley Harbour was considered to have a deeper anchorage for visiting ships. Not all the inhabitants were happy with the change, notably one JW Whitington is recorded as saying, "Of all the miserable bog holes, I believe that Mr Moody has selected one of the worst for the site of his town."

Work on the settlement began in 1843 and it became the capital in July 1845. It was named after Lord Stanley, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies at the time.

In 1849, thirty married Chelsea Pensioners were settled there to help with the defence of the islands and to develop the new settlement.

The settlement soon grew as a deep-water port, specialising at first in ship repairs; indeed, before the construction of the Panama Canal, Port Stanley was a major repair stop for boats travelling through the Straits of Magellan. The rough waters and intense storms found at the tip of the continent forced many ships to Stanley Harbour, and the ship repair industry helped to drive the island economy. Later it became a base for whaling and sealing in the South Atlantic and Antarctic.

Later still it was an important coaling station for the Royal Navy. This led to ships based here being involved in the Battle of the Falkland Islands in the First World War, and the Battle of the River Plate in the Second World War.

Landslides (peatslips), caused by excessive peat cutting, destroyed part of the town in 1879 and 1886, the second landslide killing two people. At about midnight on 29 November 1878 a black moving mass, several feet high, was moving forwards at a rate of four or five mph. The next morning the town was cut in two; the only way to travel between the two parts was by boat.[3]

During the Second World War, a hulk in Stanley Harbour was used for interning the British Fascist and Mosleyite Jeffrey Hamm.[4] Something of a minor player in the BUF due to his youth, Hamm moved to the Falkland Islands in 1939 to work as a teacher. He was arrested there in 1940 for his BUF membership (under Defence Regulation 18B) and later transferred to a camp in South Africa. Released in 1941 he was later called up to the Royal Armoured Corps and served until his discharge in 1944.

The Falklands War Memorial, Stanley

Stanley Airport is used by internal flights and provides connections to British bases in Antarctica. It was opened by the Argentine Air Force on 15 November 1972 (previously, international flights were by seaplane from Comodoro Rivadavia). Flights to Argentina ended after the 1982 conflict. A weekly flight to Punta Arenas in Chile commenced in 1993, which now operates out of Mount Pleasant Airbase (RAF Mount Pleasant). Scheduled passenger flights between the Mount Pleasant airfield and the U.K. are also operated twice a week by a civilian airline contractor on behalf of the Royal Air Force.

Stanley was occupied by Argentine troops for about ten weeks during the Falklands War in 1982. The Argentines renamed the town Puerto Argentino, and although Spanish names for places in the Falklands were historically accepted as alternatives, this one is considered to be extremely offensive by many islanders. It has however gained some support in Spanish-speaking countries, though its acceptance is far from unanimous. Stanley suffered considerable damage during the war, from both the Argentine occupation and the British naval shelling of the town, which killed three civilians. After the British secured the high ground around the town the Argentines surrendered with no fighting in the town itself. The beaches and land around it were heavily mined and some areas remain marked minefields.

Since the Falklands War, Stanley has benefited from the growth of the fishing and tourism industries in the Islands. Stanley itself has developed greatly in that time, with the building of a large amount of residential housing, particularly to the east of the town centre. Stanley is now more than a third bigger than it was in 1982.

Name

Stanley is named after Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, who never actually visited the islands

A number of variants of the town's name have appeared in both English and Spanish. Stanley Harbour was originally known as "Port Jackson", and this name would have applied to the area before the town was built, although it could just as easily have been called Sapper Hill. Although the town is officially known as "Stanley", one frequently hears it still referred to as "Port Stanley", especially in British reports about the Falklands War. This is in line with various other settlements around the islands, e.g. Port Howard and Port Stephens. However, "Stanley" without the "Port" prefix was established long before the war, and on 2 August 1956, the Officer Administering the Government of the Falkland Islands reported to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London as follows:

There is some difficulty over the correct name of the capital. Early despatches contain reference to both Port Stanley and Stanley. Port Stanley was accepted by the Naming Commission set up in 1943 to consider the names then being included on the War Office maps. Local opinion differs on the matter, but there is no doubt that Stanley is now common usage and has been for some considerable time. The capital is defined as Stanley in the Interpretation and General Law Ordinance. In the circumstances I would advise that the correct name for the capital is Stanley.[5]

Falklanders often refer to it simply as "Town".

Spanish and Argentine names

A message issued by the Argentine Military Governor during the occupation in which the capital is referred to as "Puerto Argentino (ex-Stanley)".

The situation with the Spanish version of the name is far more complicated. Stanley, unlike Port Louis, the former capital of the islands, was a new settlement founded by the British, and therefore did not have a Spanish name of its own. Many Spanish speakers use "Puerto Stanley", as a neutral translation of the British name, but it is not liked by supporters of Argentine sovereignty, because it refers to a British politician. Supporters of the Argentine claim have used several different names, none of which are accepted by the islanders themselves –

During the 1982 occupation, Patrick Watts of the islands' radio station used circumlocutions to avoid using Argentine names –

"It hurt me greatly to call it [the radio station] Radio Nacional Islas Malvinas, and I used to try to avoid referring to Port Stanley as Puerto Argentino. I called it 'the capital' or the 'largest settlement on the island'" (from Eyewitness Falklands: A personal account of the Falklands campaign)

Climate

The climate of Stanley is classified as a tundra climate (ET), due to cool summer temperatures (the mean temperature is less than 10 °C (50 °F) in the warmest month) and closely borders on a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc).[6] It is characterised, like the rest of the archipelago, by more or less even temperatures through the year and strong westerlies. Precipitation, averaging 544 mm (21.417 in) a year, is nonetheless relatively low, and evenly spread throughout the year. Typically, at least 1 mm (0.039 in) of rain will be recorded on 125.2 days of the year. The islands receive 36.3% of possible sunshine, or around 1500–1600 hours a year, a level similar to Southern parts of England. Daytime temperatures are similar to the Northern Isles of Scotland, though nights tend to be somewhat colder, with frost occurring on more than 1 in 3 nights (128.4 nights). Snow occurs in the winter.

Stanley is located at a similar distance from the equator as British warm-summer marine areas Cardiff and Bristol, illustrating the relative chilliness of the climate. In the northern hemisphere, lowland tundra areas are located at latitudes further from the tropics. Many European capitals are also located much farther from the tropics than Stanley is. The nearest larger city of Río Gallegos in Argentina has slightly milder climate (annual mean temperature being 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) higher) due to its position on the South American mainland, although summers everywhere on this latitude in the Southern hemisphere are very cool due to great marine effects.

Temperature extremes at Stanley vary from −11.1 °C (12.0 °F) to 26.1 °C (79.0 °F) for the period 1961-90.[7] More recently, on 23 January 1992, nearby Mount Pleasant Airport recorded 29.2 °C (84.6 °F).[8]

The Falkland Islands have displayed a warming trend in recent years. The mean daily January maximum for Mount Pleasant for the years 1991–2011 is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) compared to Stanley's 1961–90 average of 14.1 °C (57.4 °F).[9] Recent climate data shows the warmest months in the Falkland Islands having an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F), which places it in the subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) zone.

Climate data for Stanley, 1961-1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24
(75)		 23
(73)		 21
(70)		 17
(63)		 14
(57)		 11
(52)		 10
(50)		 11
(52)		 15
(59)		 18
(64)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 24
(75)
Average high °C (°F) 14.1
(57.4)		 14.0
(57.2)		 12.8
(55)		 10.3
(50.5)		 7.4
(45.3)		 5.6
(42.1)		 5.1
(41.2)		 6.0
(42.8)		 7.7
(45.9)		 9.9
(49.8)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.4
(56.1)		 9.8
(49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3)		 9.7
(49.5)		 8.6
(47.5)		 6.5
(43.7)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.5
(36.5)		 2.0
(35.6)		 2.5
(36.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 5.7
(42.3)		 7.3
(45.1)		 8.8
(47.8)		 5.9
(42.6)
Average low °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)		 5.4
(41.7)		 4.5
(40.1)		 2.7
(36.9)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 1.5
(34.7)		 2.7
(36.9)		 4.4
(39.9)		 2.0
(35.6)
Record low °C (°F) −1
(30)		 −1
(30)		 −3
(27)		 −6
(21)		 −7
(19)		 −11
(12)		 −9
(16)		 −11
(12)		 −11
(12)		 −6
(21)		 −3
(27)		 −2
(28)		 −11
(12)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63
(2.48)		 45
(1.77)		 52
(2.05)		 50
(1.97)		 48
(1.89)		 45
(1.77)		 41
(1.61)		 38
(1.5)		 34
(1.34)		 36
(1.42)		 39
(1.54)		 52
(2.05)		 544
(21.42)
Average rainy days 17 12 15 14 15 13 13 13 12 11 12 15 162
Average relative humidity (%) 78 79 83 87 88 89 90 87 84 80 74 76 82.9
Source: Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia[10]
Climate data for RAF Mount Pleasant, 1999-2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2)		 14.7
(58.5)		 13.0
(55.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 4.9
(40.8)		 4.3
(39.7)		 5.5
(41.9)		 7.4
(45.3)		 10.1
(50.2)		 12.0
(53.6)		 14.0
(57.2)		 9.8
(49.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6)		 10.6
(51.1)		 9.3
(48.7)		 6.8
(44.2)		 4.5
(40.1)		 2.7
(36.9)		 2.2
(36)		 3.0
(37.4)		 4.4
(39.9)		 6.4
(43.5)		 7.9
(46.2)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.5
(43.7)
Average low °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 6.6
(43.9)		 5.5
(41.9)		 3.7
(38.7)		 2.1
(35.8)		 0.5
(32.9)		 0.1
(32.2)		 0.5
(32.9)		 1.3
(34.3)		 2.7
(36.9)		 3.9
(39)		 5.5
(41.9)		 3.3
(37.9)
Average rainy days 23 21 23 24 26 26 25 24 21 21 23 23 280
Source: WeatherSpark[11]

Education

The Stanley Infant & Junior School (IJS) is located along John Street at the intersection with Villiers Street in Stanley. The school first opened in 1955 and has about 250 students between the ages of 4 and 11.[12]

The Falkland Island Community School (FICS) is located on Reservoir Road in Stanley. It has approximately 150 students between 11 and 16.

Miscellaneous

Roadsign to Stanley.

Gypsy Cove, known for its Magellanic penguins, and Cape Pembroke, the easternmost point of the Falklands, lie nearby. Gypsy Cove is four miles (6 km) from Stanley and can be reached by taxi or on foot.

Today, roughly one third of the town's residents are employed by the government and tourism is also a major source of employment. On days when two or more large cruise ships dock in the town tourists frequently outnumber the local residents.

Peat was once a prominent heating/fuel source in Stanley, and stacks of drying peats under cover can still be seen by the occasional house.

Stanley is twinned with Whitby in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom.

Notable people associated with Stanley

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Headline results of 2012 Falkland Islands Census released". Falkland Islands Government. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  2. ↑ "Falkland Islands will remain on summer time throughout 2011". MercoPress. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  3. ↑ "Peat Flood in the Falkland Islands". The Cornishman (43). 8 May 1879. p. 6.
  4. ↑
    The European; PRO HO
  5. ↑ "The Toponymy of the Falkland Islands as recorded on Maps and in Gazetteers" (PDF). The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names. July 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  6. ↑ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
  7. ↑ "Extreme temperatures around the world". mherrera.org. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  8. ↑ "Climate Mount Pleasant Airport January 1992". tutiempo.net. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  9. ↑ "Climate Mount Pleasant Airport from 1985 to 2013". tutiempo.net. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  10. ↑ "Falkland Islands Climate". Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  11. ↑ "Average Weather For Falkland Islands". WeatherSpark. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  12. ↑ Nicholas Barrett (14 April 2008). "About IJS". Stanley Infant & Junior School. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  13. ↑ "MacDonald Hobley". Find A Grave. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
  14. ↑ "The Interludes and The Announcers". Whirligig TV history. Retrieved 8 August 2008.

Bibliography

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