Stewart Headlam

Stewart Headlam
Born Stewart Duckworth Headlam
12 January 1847
Wavertree, Liverpool
Died 18 November 1924
St Margaret's-on-Thames, Middlesex
Nationality English
Occupation Priest in the Church of England
Known for Christian Socialism and Anglo-Catholicism

Stewart Duckworth Headlam (12 January 1847 – 18 November 1924) was a priest of the Church of England who was involved in frequent controversy in the final decades of the nineteenth century. Headlam was a pioneer and publicist of Christian Socialism, on which he wrote a pamphlet for the Fabian Society, and a supporter of Georgism.[1] He is noted for his role as the founder and warden of the Guild of St Matthew and for helping to bail Oscar Wilde from prison at the time of his trials.

Early years and education

Headlam (1847–1924) was born on 12 January 1847 in Wavertree, near Liverpool, the elder son and third of four children of Thomas Duckworth Headlam, underwriter of Liverpool. His parental home was strictly evangelical, though not narrow or severe, but Headlam rejected with horror the doctrine of eternal punishment.[2]

From 1860-65 (ages 13–18) Headlam attended Eton College. There he was influenced by a teacher, William Johnson, who was a disciple of the Christian Socialism of Maurice and Kingsley.[3]

When he attended Cambridge University, Headlam was taught by the Professor of Moral Theology, F. D. Maurice, the primary influence in his life.[4] Headlam came to agree with Maurice that God's Kingdom on earth would replace a "competitive, unjust society with a co-operative and egalitarian social order."[5]

Maurice’s teaching and example shaped Headlam’s life, starting with his decision to be ordained.[6] Years later, Headlam told colleagues in the Fabian Society: that he had been delivered from "the belief that a large proportion of the human race are doomed to endless misery" by Maurice’s teachings [7] Maurice instilled a "Christian humanism" in Headlam. In his Fabian Society Tract on "Christian Socialism," Headlam wrote, "I learnt the principles and was familiar with the title of ‘Christian Socialism’ from Maurice and Kingsley."[8]

Ordination and parish ministry

After Headlam took his degree from Cambridge in 1868, his father arranged with an Evangelical cleric, Herbert James, to give further training before ordination. But Headlam was not open to the teaching. James said, it was "impossible to budge" Headlam from his convictions based on Maurice’s teachings.[9]

Headlam received another years training under the Revd Charles Vaughan who recommended him for ordination as a deacon and found him a curacy at St John's, Drury Lane, London.[10] Headlam was ordained deacon by Bishop John Jackson in 1869 and in 1871 as priest.[11] His ordination as a priest was delayed by Jackson because of his reservations about Headlam’s beliefs.[12]

Headlam had five parish assignments, but he was dismissed from all of them. He was never "beneficed" and after being "constantly dismissed" with no curacy he could hold services only when friendly clergy invited him.[13]

St John's Church, Drury Lane: 1869-1873

Hedlam’s first curacy was at St John's Church in Drury Lane.[14] The Revd William Graham Maul was the vicar from 1855-1882.[15]

Maul and Headlam had much in common. They were both friends of Christian Socialists F. D. Maurice and Charles Kingsley who had attracted them to Christian Socialism.[16]

At St John’s, Headlam’s special ministries were "church catechist" and making pastoral visits.[17] The parishioners to whom Headlam ministered included "working people, actors, actresses, and artisans".[18] Among these people, there were "music-hall dancers". These parishioners, Headlam observed, were "the victims of prejudice" and often "cold-shouldered" by other parishioners.[19] Headlam, who was "notorious for his defence of the down-trodden of every sort," set out to remedy the situation by making dancing socially acceptable.[20]

Headlam recognized that social acceptance of dance depended on "an appreciation of ballet as an autonomous aesthetic form". He adopted a threefold strategy to accomplish this goal: (1) provide an "authoritative exposition of the dance technique itself", (2) form the Church and Stage Guild, and (3) formulate a theology of dance.[21]

In spite of what they had in common, Headlam fell foul of Maul who asked him to leave the parish in 1873. It was not only, or even mainly, a matter of dogma. He outraged respectable Victorian society by his public championing of the poor and his denunciations of the uncaring rich.[22]

St Matthew’s, Bethnal Green: 1873-1878

In 1873, Headlam left Drury Lane for St Matthew’s, Bethnal Green(202)[23] Bethnal Green was an area of extreme poverty and Headlam was assigned to the most impoverished area.[24]

The rector of the church, the Revd Septimus Hansard, was another Christian Socialist who influenced the ideas of Headlam.[25] Working with Hansard gave added "practical content" to Headlam’s "socialist ideas"[26]

The clergy usually lived outside St Matthew’s parish, but Headlam "rented a flat in a working-class building."[27] Although Headlam lived "among" his people, but he did not live "like" them. His "independent means" enabled him to furnish his rooms in an "individual style."[28]

By 1875, "men and their needs now became the centre of [Headlam’s] Christianity"[29] Living near the church Headlam saw the "degradation and suffering" of the workers. Having seen this, Headlam told the St Matthew’s congregation that when people are "not fed so as to grow up and healthily", it is a "witness against the Church" that she has "neglected her primary duty".[30]

Poor attendance at church; good attendance at theatres; Headlam’s defense
St. Matthew’s, Bethnal Green, was noted for poor attendance. "The poor of Bethnal Green spent their Sunday mornings sleeping and the remainder of the day at the dancing room, the music hall, or the beer shop." "Headlam was determined to win them back for Christ, beginning with the young people." He made Sunday School more interesting and made it coeducational.[31]

Headlam also went to see the "cheap theatres" his parishioners attended rather than church services. This research was documented in a pamphlet.[32] The problem for Headlam was that his "defence of the Music Hall and the ballet as being worthy occupations and uplifting pastimes" was an "anathema" to the puritan and political climate.[33] In the face of opposition, Headlam began giving lectures on "Theatres and Music-Halls".[34]

At the "radical" Commonwealth Club, Headlam gave "a speech defending actors, actresses, and music halls." The speech inflamed Headlam’s opponents and led to his bishop removing Headlam from his curacy at St Matthew’s.[35]

Guild of St Matthew

Inspired by Maurice’s Christian socialism Headlam was determined to do all he could to reduce working class suffering. Disturbed by the appalling living conditions of his parishioners Headlam used his sermons to attack the wide gap between rich and poor. He presented Jesus Christ as a revolutionary and when John Jackson, the Bishop of London, heard about this, he threatened Headlam with dismissal. Headlam refused to change his views and in 1878 he was dismissed.[36]

In his efforts for the working class, in 1877, Headlam founded the Guild of St. Matthew and led it to national prominence.[37] Its original purpose was to increase attendance at early Eucharist [38]

Headlam challenged workers to unite to strike down "the customs and circumstances" that make them "mere hands" for the production of goods. He not only issued verbal challenges, Headlam worked with the trade union movement, especially the Women’s Trade Union League. However, Headlam had no specific proposals until he read Henry George’s, Progress and Poverty (D. Appleton & Co., 1879). From then on George replaced Maurice as the major influence in Headlam’s thinking.[39]

1878: Marriage and dismissal

In January 1878, Headlam married, but the marriage was dissolved in a very short time.[40] He discovered his wife was a lesbian.[41]

Later in 1878, Headlam was dismissed from St Matthew’s.[42] His socialism was only one of Headlam’s conflicts with authorities. The immediate cause of his dismissal was "a lecture in praise of the theatre and music halls that concluded with "above all don’t let us speak with scorn of the ladies who dance on the stage."[43]

Given the fact Headlam that "could never keep a job", it was fortunate that his father and grandfather were underwriters in Liverpool. From them, he inherited private means on which to live when unemployed.[44]

Headlam was left with no prospect for employment, but in 1879 he was offered a curacy by John Rodgers, vicar of St Thomas's Charterhouse.[45]

St Thomas's Charterhouse: 1878-1880

In 1878, Headlam became a curate at St Thomas’s under the vicar, the Revd John Rodgers. Rodgers was "the most understanding incumbent" under whom Headlam would serve and even defended him in letters to Bishop Jackson.[46]

While at St Thomas’s, Headlam continued his "defense of the popular theatre, especially the ballet", by forming the Church and Stage Guild on 30 May 1879.[47] Within a year it had "more than 470 members with at least 91 clergy and 172 professional theatre people." Its mission included breaking down "the prejudice against theatres, actors, music hall artists, stage singers, and dancers."[48]

The death of Rodgers on 25 October 1879 ended Headlam’s curacy at St Thomas’s. Rodgers had served on the London School Board as Headlam was to do later.[49]

St Michael's Shoreditch: 1880-1882

Headlam’s curacy at St Michael's Shoreditch was brief because the parishioners strongly opposed his positions.[50]

From 1882 until its demise in 1903, Headlam sat on the London school board. He took an active role in the promotion of evening classes for adults, especially as chairman of the Evening Continuation Schools Committee from 1897.[51]

St George's Botolph: 1884

A trial curacy in 1884 ended when Headlam, at a rally, called for the abolition of the House of Lords.[52]

In 1884, Headlam used own money to buy and later to finance a newspaper, The Church Reformer: An Organ of Christian Socialism and Church Reform, that became virtually the voice of the Guild of Saint Matthew.[53] The Church Reformer was published for eleven years. It supported land reform as advocated by the American Henry George."[54]

End of parish ministry

After leaving St. George's Botolph in 1884, Headlam asked Bishop Jackson for a general license to officiate in the diocese, but Jackson refused. Jackson’s successor Frederick Temple also refused.[55] Although his licence was eventually reinstated in 1898, he was never again to hold permanent office in the Church of England.[56] After being "constantly dismissed" with no curacy, Headlam was reduced to holding services only when friendly clergy invited him.[57]

Beginning with his ordination, Headlam’s "beliefs and actions" led to constant conflict with his ecclesiastical superiors and removal from curacies until he finally "abandoned of the idea of a parish ministry." From then on, Headlam "devoted his time propagating Socialism" through his Guild of St. Matthew (until its demise in 1909) and membership in the Fabian Society and membership on the London County Council.[58]

Politics

In 1873, after leaving St John's, Headlam received a curacy from Septimus Hansard, the rector of St Matthew's Church in Bethnal Green in London's East End, where poverty was the intrusive fact of social life. His response, in the form of a synthesis of ideas going back a generation to the Oxford Movement with socialist thinking, was startling although not entirely original. He attributed it in part to Charles Kingsley, but especially to F. D. Maurice, whose incarnational theology he embraced while a student at Cambridge University. He added to the ideas of these early Christian Socialists a profound commitment to the creeds and to sacramental worship which he drew from the Anglo-Catholic ritualists whose work in the London slums he deeply admired. He was also a harsh critic of evangelicalism, condemning it as individualistic and otherworldly. He befriended working-class secularists and their leader, Charles Bradlaugh, even as he fought secularism itself. He also championed the arts in a broad sense, including the theatre, at a time when many clergy regarded it as morally suspect, and more scandalous still, the music hall, where alcoholic beverages were sold and ballerinas danced in flesh-coloured tights. Politically, from the time he left Cambridge, Headlam regarded himself as a socialist of sorts. While he was in Bethnal Green his politics took a more radical turn, and in the years that followed he joined his socialism to an enthusiastic support for Henry George's 'single tax' a policy that was gaining support in the Liberal Party. Yet because of his belief in individual liberty and his hostility to political sectarianism, he remained a member of the Liberal Party. He was elected to the London County Council as a Liberal Party backed Progressive candidate for Bethnal Green South West latterly in opposition to Labour candidates. These ideas formed a heady mixture and his preaching of it, in a form often directed frankly against 'the rich', kept open the quarrel with Bishop Jackson and would inspire yet another with Jackson's successor, Frederick Temple.

Guild of St Matthew

Headlam formed the Guild of St Matthew on 29 June 1877 (St Peter’s Day). It began as guild within St Matthew’s Church, Bethnal Green, East London.[59] However, in addition to parishioners, the guild included other "London curates with radical views", so it soon grew to forty members.[60]

The guild’s initial purpose was increasing attendance at early Eucharist. Its stated objects were: (1) better observance of the "rules of worship" in the Book of Common Prayer, (2) removal of prejudices against the sacraments, and (3) promote "friendly intercourse, recreation and education" among its members.[61]

When Headlam was dismissed from St Matthew's in 1878, he took the guild with him.[62] No longer merely a parish guild, the guild became organised on a national basis with local branches.[63] The guild’s aims widened to include "the promulgation of those elements in Christian social doctrine that would ameliorate the conditions of the poor through the creation of a just and equal society."[64]

As a national organisation, the guild promoted both "extreme high church principles" and "radical social views": a "somewhat startling combination".[65] This combination was incorporated in the guild’s three objectives:

  • 1. "to get rid, by every possible means, of existing prejudices, especially on the part of ‘secularists’ against the Church, her sacraments and doctrines, and to endeavor to justify God to the people."[66]
  • 2. "to promote frequent and reverend worship in the Holy Communion, and a better observance of the teaching of the Church of England as set forth in the Book of Common Prayer."[67]
  • 3. "to promote the study of social and political questions in the light of the Incarnation."[68]

The work of the Guild got off to a slow start as an extra-parochial society. However, by 1884 its work was in "full swing". The guild published a list of 24 lecturers willing to speak on 130 subjects. At its annual meeting, the guild adopted resolutions endorsing socialism and Henry George’s "theory of Land Nationalization". Headlam and other guild members put their words into action by working in the English Land Reclamation League.[69]

In 1884, Headlam used his own money to buy and edit a newspaper, The Church Reformer: An Organ of Christian Socialism and Church Reform, which became "virtually (though never officially) the mouthpiece of the Guild".[70] The Church Reformer went bankrupt and published its last issue in December 1895.[71]

In the early 1890s, the guild reached its peak membership of 364, of whom 99 were Anglican priests.[72] Writing on behalf of the guild, Headlam, in 1890, appealed that the "evils of poverty" be not "alleviated by Christian charity, but that they may be prevented by Christian justice."[73]

In the guild’s doctrines, the goals of Christian justice included "(a) to restore to the people the value they gave to the land" where they worked, "(b) to bring about a better distribution of the wealth created by labour", and (c) "to give to the whole body of the people a voice in their own government", and (d) "to abolish false standard of worth and dignity".[74]

The guild’s 1892 annual report showed that the old battle against secularism ended with the death of Charles Bradlaugh in 1891. Most of the activity of the guild was redirected toward "election campaigns".[75]

In the 1893 annual meeting, whether to characterise the guild as "socialist" was discussed with a decision in the negative. As explained by Headlam, although the guild was composed of "socialists who claim that socialism is Christian", to use the name officially would be "misleading and confusing both to friend and foe".[76]

In spite of Headlam’s resistance to the term, scholars characterise the Guild of St Matthew as "socialist". Kenneth Leech says that the guild was "the first explicitly socialist group in Britain"[77] and Peter d'Alroy Jones describes the guild as "the pioneer Christian socialist society of the revival period in Britain."[78]

Before 1895, dissatisfied members usually withdrew and joined the larger Christian Social Union. In this year, increased dissatisfaction with Headlam as warden of the guild resulted in a "large defection".[79] In spite of dissatisfaction and defections in the membership, Headlam acted as warden of the guild throughout its existence and his beliefs were reflected in its "proceedings and policies". He did not consult with others and acted as if the guild should act according to his ideas. Headlam’s arrogating control of the guild constituted the primary reason for the dissatisfaction and defections.[80]

In 1909, the Guild of St Matthew ceased to exist.[81]

Norman describes the guild as "a clerical, sacramentalist, Anglican and Socialist organization, existing largely for propagandistic purposes.[82] Regardless of the immediate effects of its propaganda, the Guild molded "the radicalism of a number of Christian Socialists" who in the following decades played roles in the Anglican church’s "social discourse. These people included Conrad Noel, Percy Dearmer, J. G. Adderley, P. E. T. Widdrington, F. L. Donaldson, C. W. Stubbs, Charles Marson and Frank Weston.[83]

Fabian Society

In his Fabian Society Tract No. 42, Headlam wrote that the Christian Church “is intended to be a society not merely for teaching a number of elaborate doctrines . . . ; but mainly and chiefly for doing on a large scale throughout the world those secular, socialistic works which Christ did on a small scale in Palestine.”.[84]

 —

In December 1886, Headlam joined the Fabian Society and for several years served on the society's executive committee. In 1888, he and Annie Besant were elected to the London School Board as members of Progressive Party, a broad coalition of London liberals, radicals and socialists. In 1902 the Conservative government abolished school boards across England and transferred their responsibilities to the county councils. Although this was a reform designed in large part by his fellow Fabian, Sidney Webb, and endorsed by the Fabian Society, Headlam, like many others on the Left, denounced it as undemocratic. The new Education Act spared the London School Board, but only temporarily. It was also abolished in 1904. Despite his expectation that he would be able run as a Progressive candidate for the London County Council that year and be given a seat on the education committee, the Progressives did not nominate him, perhaps because of pressure from Webb and his allies. It was not until 1907 that he was elected to the council where he continued to be a tireless advocate for working-class children and their teachers. In the same year he published The Socialist's Church. He continued as a political figure for the rest of his life.

Oscar Wilde's bailer

On 3 April 1895 the first trial of Oscar Wilde began. This trial ended with a jury deadlocked on most of the charges. A second trial was scheduled in three weeks. During the interim, Wilde could be released if his bail requirements were met.[85]

Bail for the three weeks of freedom "on his own recognizance" between criminal trials was set at a total of £5,000.[86] Headlam, who did not know Wilde personally put up half the £5,000. bail required for Wilde’s release. Headlam stated his motive as "concern for the arts and freedom".[87]

At his second trial, Wilde was found guilty, and sentenced to two years of hard labor.[88] When Wilde was released after serving his sentence, Headlam was there to meet him at six o’clock in the morning on 19 May 1897.[89]

'Homosexuals in Headlam’s life'
Headlam did not condone homosexuality.[90] However, his willingness to help Wilde may have been connected with the fact that "others close to him had been caught in similar sexual tangles". Headlam’s own short-lived marriage in 1878 had been to a lesbian, Beatrice Pennington.[91]

Headlam's close relations with other homosexuals included his Eton master William Johnson and his friend C. J. Vaughan.[92]

Post-curacy years

Beginning with his ordination as a deacon in 1869, Headlam was repeatedly in conflict with his ecclesiastical superiors that led to removal from curacies until he finally "abandoned of the idea of a parish ministry" in 1884. However, he continued to be active in social reform until shortly before his death in 1924. Central to Headlam's activity was his work within the voluntary organisations of his Guild of St Matthew (until its demise in 1909) and the Fabian Society.[93]

Church

Headlam addressed the 3rd Lambeth Conference in 1888 arguing that Christian socialism is biblical, but the bishops gave him "little heed".[94]

In January 1898, Headlam was granted a general license to preach by the new Bishop of London, Mandell Creighton. From then until his dying days, Headlam celebrated Mass every Sunday at All Souls Church in Haliburton Road.[95]

Education

Headlam became increasingly involved with "educational reform".[96]

Education was one of the two top priorities for Headlam in post-curacy years. He had long viewed education as essential for social transformation, So in 1882, he was elected to the London School Board, an activity that he continued the rest of his life. The London School Board was absorbed into the London County Council in 1903, so Headlam ran for and was elected to the London County Council for the Progressive Party in 1907 as a way of continuing his work in educational reform. He sat on the council until his death.[97]

Land Question

The "Land Question" was the other issue that occupied Headlam in his mature years.[98] The Land Question was about "the use and ownership of land" and "landlordism" and many remedies were proposed.[99]

Lectures offered by the Guild of St Matthew emphasised "the land question as fundamental" for Christian Socialists.[100] After reading Henry George’s Progress and Poverty (1886), Headlam asserted that "Land Nationalization is a necessary corollary of Christian Socialism."[101]

In 1906, Headlam began the Anti-Puritan League, but it gained only few members.[102]

In 1907, Headlam published The Socialist’s Church.

Vindication

After years of conflict with and dismissals by his ecclesiastical superiors, Headlam was vindicated at the end of his life.

In October 1924, during his terminal illness, Headlam received a letter from Randall Davidson the Archbishop of Canterbury.

   My dear Headlam,
   I hear a report that you are unwell. I hope that it is not serious and work
   can go on, for I fear that your absence in some circles, educational and other,
   would be bad for ‘affairs’ in the country. You, at least, whatever be said
   about the rest of us, have been consistent in your devotion to the cause or
   causes for which you care. God keep and bless you.
   Most truly yours, Randall Cantaur

Headlam immediately replied with a "heartfelt letter of thanks". He later commented, "Now I feel I can say that I have won."[103]

Death

Within a month, more heart attacks led to Headlam’s death at his home, "Wavertree", Peter's Road, St Margaret's-on-Thames, Middlesex, on 18 November 1924.[104]

His funeral was held at All Souls in St Margarets and he was buried at East Sheen Cemetery on 24 November.[105]

Retrospection

"Despite Headlam's energy, his rebellious character and his unusual combination of socialism with Christian sacramentalism deprived him of much permanent influence either in the church or in the political world. His practical achievements were limited. He was a prophetic figure, whose passion for social justice was to inspire the small group of Anglican clergy exploring the political application of Christian social concern in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."[106]

Works

Publication information not found

References

  1. ↑ Haggard, Robert (2001). The persistence of Victorian liberalism : the politics of social reform in Britain, 1870-1900. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313313059.
  2. ↑ Bernard Levin, ‘Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 1993),
  3. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  4. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  5. ↑ John Simkin, "Stewart Headlam" online at http://spartacus-educational.com/REheadlam.htm. Accessed 15 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 102.
  7. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 13.
  8. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 102.
  9. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 13.
  10. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 17.
  11. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), p. 32.
  12. ↑ Bernard Levin, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 1993)
  13. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), p. 96.
  14. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. Online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  15. ↑ The Eagle: A Magazine Supported by Members of St. John’s College [Cambridge], Vol XIX (W. Metcalfe, 1895), 199. Richard Graham Maul, vicar of St John’s, Drury Lane 1855-1882, Rector of Hopesay, Salop, 1882-1895, died 20 December 1895.
  16. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 17.
  17. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 17.
  18. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), pp. 201–10. Online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  19. ↑ Karlien van den Beukel, "Arthur Symon’s Nightlife" in Babylon Or New Jerusalem?: Perceptions of the City in Literature, ed. Valeria Tinkler-Villani (Rodopi, 2005), p. 145.
  20. ↑ St Matthew's, Bethnal Green, "History of the Church" online at http://www.st-matthews.co.uk/history/ accessed 16 November 2015.
  21. ↑ Karlien van den Beukel, "Arthur Symon’s Nightlife" in Babylon Or New Jerusalem?: Perceptions of the City in Literature, ed. Valeria Tinkler-Villani (Rodopi, 2005), pp. 145-146.
  22. ↑ Bernard Levin, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 1993).
  23. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. Online at http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  24. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 31.
  25. ↑ John Simkin, "Stewart Headlam" online at http://spartacus-educational.com/REheadlam.htm. Accessed 15 November 2015.
  26. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 102.
  27. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 20.
  28. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 145.
  29. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002),102.
  30. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 21.
  31. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 20.
  32. ↑ Theodore Stanton, "Free Thought in England" in Benjamin Franklin Underwood, editor, The Index: Light, Liberty, Right, A Weekly Paper, 7:11, Sept 2, 1896 (Boston, Mass), 113.
  33. ↑ St Matthew's, Bethnal Green, "History of the Church" online at http://www.st-matthews.co.uk/history/. Accessed 16 November 2015.
  34. ↑ Karlien van den Beukel, "Arthur Symon’s Nightlife" in Babylon Or New Jerusalem?: Perceptions of the City in Literature, ed. Valeria Tinkler-Villani (Rodopi, 2005), 145-146.
  35. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  36. ↑ Martyn Day, "The Turbulent Priest from St Peters Road" in St Margarets Community Website, 14 April 2009 online at http://www.stmgrts.org.uk/archives/2009/04/the_turbulent_priest_from_st_peters_road.html.
  37. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. "Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society" in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church), 201–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973507.
  38. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
  39. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 21, 50.
  40. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 103.
  41. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 37.
  42. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 104.
  43. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), p. 32.
  44. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, report 2015), p. 100.
  45. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p.37.
  46. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), pp. 37-38.
  47. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 102.
  48. ↑ Joey A. Condon, An Examination Into the History and Present Interrelationship Between the Church and the Theatre Exemplified by the Manhattan Church of the Nazarene, the Lambs Club, and the Lamb's Theatre Company as a Possible Paradigm (ProQuest, 2007), 148.
  49. ↑ The Sunday Magazine for Family Reading, Vol 9, 1880 (London: Isbister and Company), 860.
  50. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 32.
  51. ↑ Jeremy Morris, ‘Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  52. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 32.
  53. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
  54. ↑ Jeremy Morris, ‘Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  55. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 32.
  56. ↑ Jeremy Morris, ‘Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  57. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 96.
  58. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 31.
  59. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 100-101.
  60. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), p. 32.
  61. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
    Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 100-101.
  62. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 32.
  63. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
  64. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 32.
  65. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 101.
  66. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 104.
  67. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 104.
  68. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 104.
  69. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), pp. 114-115.
  70. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 104.
  71. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), p. 155.
  72. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104
    Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 33.
  73. ↑ In The Guild of St. Matthew: an Appeal to Churchmen (1890). Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 114.
  74. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), 115-116.
  75. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), p. 120.
  76. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), pp. 122-123.
  77. ↑ Kenneth Leech, The Radical Anglo-Catholic Social Vision (CTPI, Edinburgh, 1989), 3. Online at https://books.google.com/books?id=NwR0Zk5WME8C&vq=Headlam&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
  78. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, report 2015), p. 99.
  79. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), p. 123.
  80. ↑ Edward R. sNorman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 104, p. 106.
  81. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, report 2015), p. 99.
  82. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
  83. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 104.
    Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Issues 325-326 (Columbia University Press, 1930), 231.
    Andrew Porter, Religion Versus Empire?: British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700-1914 (Manchester University Press, 2004), 234.
  84. ↑ William L. Sachs, 1976. “Stewart Headlam and the Fabian Society” in the Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 45:2 (Historical Society of the Episcopal Church).
  85. ↑ Douglas O. Linder, "The Trials of Oscar Wilde: An Account" online at http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/wilde/wildeaccount.html.
  86. ↑ Frank Harris, Oscar Wilde (1910,Wordsworth Editions, 2007), 154.
  87. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), 33.
  88. ↑ History.com staff, "Oscar Wilde arrested" online at http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/oscar-wilde-arrested. Accessed 2 December 2015.
  89. ↑ Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 148.
  90. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 124 n.39.
  91. ↑ Martyn Day, "The Turbulent Priest from St Peters Road" in St Margarets Community Website, 14 April 2009 online at http://www.stmgrts.org.uk/archives/2009/04/the_turbulent_priest_from_st_peters_road.html.
    Peter d'Alroy Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, 1877-1914 (Princeton University Press, 1968, rprt 2015), 147.
  92. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), 120.
  93. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), pp. 31, 33.
  94. ↑ John Orens, Stewart Headlam's Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 97.
  95. ↑ Martyn Day, "The Turbulent Priest from St Peters Road" on St Margaret's Community website, 14 April 2009 online at http://www.stmgrts.org.uk/archives/2009/04/the_turbulent_priest_from_st_peters_road.html.
  96. ↑ Jeremy Morris, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  97. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 113-115.
    Jeremy Morris, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  98. ↑ Edward R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 115.
  99. ↑ The Land Question in Britain, 1750-1950 online at http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/the-land-question-in-britain-17501950-matthew-cragoe/?isb=9780230203402. Accessed 25 November 2015.
  100. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), p. 123.
  101. ↑ Arthur V. Woodworth, Christian Socialism in England (S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim., 1903), pp. 160-161.
  102. ↑ Trevor Beeson, Priests and Politics: The Church Speaks Out (SCM Press, 2013), p. 33.
  103. ↑ Martyn Day, "The Turbulent Priest from St Peters Road" on St Margaret's Community website, 14 April 2009, online at http://www.stmgrts.org.uk/archives/2009/04/the_turbulent_priest_from_st_peters_road.html
  104. ↑ Jeremy Morris, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 1 April 2015
  105. ↑ Martyn Day, "The Turbulent Priest from St Peters Road" on St Margaret's Community website, 14 April 2009, online at http://www.stmgrts.org.uk/archives/2009/04/the_turbulent_priest_from_st_peters_road.html.
  106. ↑ Jeremy Morris, "Headlam, Stewart Duckworth (1847–1924"’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).

Bibliography

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