Stowage plan for container ships

The holds of a container ship

Stowage plan for container ships or bay plan is the plan and method by which different types of container vessels are loaded with containers of specific standard sizes. The plans are used to maximize the economy of shipping and safety on board.

Purpose

In order to maximize the economy of handling and shipping of containers on a container ship, stowage plans[1] sometimes known as bay plans,[2] have become essential in the shipping trade. The plans are also vital for safety on board the ship and it is recommended that personnel working on ships are familiar with them.[3][4][5][6] Modern stowage plans are executed by computer programs using mathematical calculations similar to those used for solving complicated Tetris problems.[7] One such system of programs is the MACS3.[8]

Containers and ship sections

The most common and noted type of containers are the 20 feet and 40 feet containers. There are also containers with an extent in height called "High Cube" containers.[3][9] The fixed exterior dimension of the standard size boxes are:[9][10]

Container vessels are built to contain as many containers as possible, accordingly the vessels are divided into sections:

The cargo hold and on-deck are the spaces where the cargo, stored in containers, is kept.[11]

Stowage terms

The bay-row-tier system on a container ship
Example: Bay 53-55 is for 20 feet containers, bay 54 is for 40 feet containers
Bay-Row-Tier stowage system for container ships. Six digit code represents a precise volume of the ship.

On container ships the position of containers are identified by a bay-row-tier coordinate system. The bays illustrate the cross sections of the ship and are numbered from bow to stern. The rows run the length of the ship and are numbered from the middle of the ship outwards, even numbers one the port side and odd numbers on the starboard side. The tiers are the layers of containers, numbered from the bottom and up.[12]

In the example image the position coordinates of the containers are:

Preloading planning

In order to stow the cargo on a vessel, planners have specific computer programs to aid them. Planners use ports of call and vessel schedule to adjust vessel's route in the planning program. To plan the stowing the following parameters are essential:[4][5]

After that, planners get discharge lists/plans from a BAPLIE EDI file and send information to the container terminals for all the re-stows (discharging containers and re-loading them) which may be required for completing the discharge process. Planners will also classify the loading data according to the kind of cargo in the containers as well as the size and shape of the containers and their destinations.[4][5][14] Each container is marked with a series of numbers and codes to identify the container's operator, specifications and what kind of cargo it may hold.[3] The parameters are:

The stowage plan shows crossections of the ship bay by bay, to indicate where all the containers should be loaded. The plans change with each port of call as container are discharged or re-stowed and new containers are taken on board.[3][14]

Cargo units

Container stack on Edith Maersk

Refrigerated cargo units – Container vessels are equipped with power source for specific places to plug in the refrigerated containers known as "reefers", hence, the reefer containers places are known and are usually the first type of containers to consider in the stowage plan.[14][15][16]

Dangerous cargo – Containers where certain segregation rules must be followed, for example dangerous cargo that should be kept away from direct sunlight, from reefer container's motors, of some kind of another dangerous cargo or segregated away from all of the above. Accordingly, planners start with reefer units then continue with dangerous cargo units when planning the vessel.[14][16]

Out of gauge cargo – Cargo that cannot be packed in the normal containers due to that the size of cargo exceed the container size length or height or width or all of the above. Such cargo can only be packed in flat rack containers or open top containers (see ISO 6346). They are usually added after planning all other containers and are usually stowed on top of other containers (on deck or in hold) as the planners strive to minimize the number of "killed slots" (unused positions) as much as possible.[14][16]

Dry hide containers – Normal containers packed with cargo that may result in some leakage (such as liquid from fresh leather), they are usually stowed in outer road/first tier in order to make the necessary arrangements in case of leakage.[17]

Dry cargo containers – Usually stowed according to next port of calls depending on container size and weight of cargos, the heavy weights below and the lighter weights on top.[18]

Logistical factors

Port of discharge – When trying to find a suitable stowage position for containers, the planners must must take into consideration the sequence of the ports of call. For example, if the port of calls are A, B and C, for the port A discharge, the planner must take into consideration not to choose a stowage position for a container for ports B or C on top of the container destined for port A.[14]

Container size – A 20 feet container can not be loaded up on a 40 feet containers, but the reverse is possible if the vessel structure allows it. Planners can also load a 40 feet container on top of two units of 20 feet container, this known as a "Russian stowage" or "mixed stowage".[19]

Hatch cover clearance – Hatch cover clearance refers to how many "High Cube" (height over 8.6 ft (2.6 m)) containers allowed to load in the hold without preventing the hatch cover from closing correctly.[3]

Visibility – The number of High cube containers shouldn't exceed a set number of High cube containers in each row/bay on-deck. If the number of high cube units exceeded the set number it will prevent the full/clear line of sight of the ship from the bridge or other vital vantage points.[20][21][22]

Additional factors

A badly executed stowage plan may cause the cargo to shift and cause damages as the ship lists.

Other factors included at stowing are:[16][23]

Unloading

Once a ship has arrived in port, other plans for handling, sorting and storage at the terminal go into operation.[24]

Problems

As stowage plans are transmitted electronically as data files between ships and terminals, they can be intercepted by modern pirates working with organized crime syndicates. These attacks are called Major Criminal Hijacks (MCH) or South China Sea Piracy and are usually "made to order" with pirates boarding the ship having good knowledge of its layout and where the most coveted cargo is stowed.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "stowage plan". www.thefreedictionary.com. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  2. ↑ "Bay plan". www.businessdictionary.com. BusinessDictionary. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mukherjee, Paromita (28 September 2015). "Handling Containers On Ships: Dimensions, Markings and Bay Plan". www.marineinsight.com. MarineInsight. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Grunau, Peter (2015). Cargo Handling and Stowage: A Guide for Loading, Handling, Stowage, Securing, and Transportation of Different Types of Cargoes, Except Liquid Cargoes and Gas. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 3-7392-6636-8.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Cargo work: Loading, discharging & stowing cargo" (PDF). www.pfri.uniri.hr. Sveučilište u Rijeci. pp. 16–22. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Ambrosino, Daniela; Sciomachen, Anna; Tanfani, Elena (February 2004). "Stowing a containership: the master bay plan problem". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. ScienceDirect. 38 (2): 81–99. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2003.09.002.
  7. ↑ Tavares de Azevedo, Anibal; Fernandes de Arruda, Edilson; Leduino de Salles Neto, Luiz; Au-gusto Chaves, Antônio; Carlos Moretti, Antônio (2013). "Solution of the 3D Stochastic Stowage Planning for Container Ships through Representation by Rules". www.atlantis-press.com. Eureka-2013. Fourth International Workshop Proceedings. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  8. ↑ "MEECOS suite". www.interschalt.com. INTERSCHALT maritime systems AG. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Container sizes". www.shipsbusiness.com. ShipsBusiness.com. 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  10. ↑ Tuohy, Cyril (1 September 2011). "Concentrating on the cargo: the concentration of cargo on tomorrow's huge container ships is rewriting the rules of ocean-marine transport.(RISK REPORT: MARINE CARGO)". Risk & Insurance. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  11. ↑ Shimomura, Yasuteru (11 April 2016). "Supersized container ships leading to overcapacity". Nikkei Inc.
  12. 1 2 3 Sirohi, Aamir. "1.3.3 Container stowage plans". Container handbook. www.containerhandbuch.de. German Marine Insurers. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  13. ↑ "EDI BAPLIE". www.1edisource.com. 1 EDI Source, Inc. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Case Study StowMan" (PDF). www.interschalt.de. Interschalt maritime systems AG. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  15. ↑ Anish (28 October 2010). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Container Refrigeration Unit". MarineInsight. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Fan, Liu; Yoke Hean Low, Malcolme; Shell Ying, Huang; Wen Jing, Hsu; Min, Zeng; Cho Aye, Win (2010). Stowage Planning of Large Containership with Tradeoff between Crane Workload Balance and Ship Stability (PDF). Hong Kong: International MultiConference of Engeneers and Computer Scientists 2010. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-988-18210-5-8.
  17. ↑ "Carriage of hides in containers" (PDF). www.shippingaustralia.com. Shipping Australia Limited. 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  18. ↑ "On deck stowage of containers" (PDF). www.aimu.org. American Institute of Marine Underwriters. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  19. ↑ Belamaric, Goran (2011). "Lashing forces – Easeacon lashing module" (PDF). Faculty of Maritime Studies – SPLIT. p. 50.
  20. ↑ "Patent US5809489 – Method for determining a stowage plan". Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  21. ↑ "Stowage planning for container ships to reduce the number of shifts". Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  22. ↑ Karanc. "How to Plan Cargo Containers Stowage on Container Ship?". www.marineinsight.com. MarineInsight. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  23. ↑ Avriel, Mordecai; Penn, Michal; Shpirer, Naomi (15 July 2000). "Container ship stowage problem: complexity and connection to the coloring of circle graphs". Discrete Applied Mathematics. ScienceDirect. 103 (1-3): 271–279. doi:10.1016/S0166-218X(99)00245-0.
  24. ↑ Taleb-Ibrahimi, Mounira; de Castilho, Bernardo; Daganzo, Carlos F. (February 1993). "Storage space vs handling work in container terminals". Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. 27 (1): 13–32. doi:10.1016/0191-2615(93)90009-Y.
  25. ↑ Corbett, Peter; Hill, Peter (2009). A Modern Plague of Pirates. Captain Peter Corbett. p. 38. ISBN 0-9562107-0-8.

Further reading

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