Stress field

A stress field is a region in a body for which the stress is defined at every point. Stress fields are widely used in fluid dynamics and materials science.

Intuitively, one can picture the stress fields as the stress created by adding an extra half plane of atoms to a crystal. The bonds are clearly stretched around the location of the dislocation and this stretching causes the stress field to form. Atomistic bonds farther and farther away from the dislocation center are less and less stretched which is why the stress field dissipates as the distance from the dislocation center increases. Each dislocation within the material has a stress field associated with it. The creation of these stress fields are a result of the material trying to dissipate mechanical energy that is being exerted on the material. By convention these dislocations are labeled as either positive or negative depending on whether the stress field of the dislocation is mostly compressive or tensile.

By modeling of dislocations and their stress fields as either a positive (compressive field) or negative (tensile field) charges we can understand how dislocations interact with each other in the lattice. If two positive fields come in contact with one another they will be repelled by one another. On the other hand if two opposing charges come into contact with one another they will be attracted to one another. These two interactions will both strengthen the material in different ways. If two positively charged fields come in contact and are confined to a particular region, excessive force is needed to overcome the repulsive forces so the dislocations can move past one another.If two oppositely charged fields come into contact with one another they will merge with one another to form a jog. A jog can be modeled as a potential well that traps dislocations. Thus a larger than normal external force is needed to force the dislocations apart. Since dislocation motion is the primary mechanism behind plastic deformation, increasing the stress required to move dislocations directly increases the yield strength of the material.

The theory of stress fields can be applied to various strengthening mechanisms for materials. Stress fields can be created by adding different sized atoms to the lattice (solute strengthening). If a smaller atom is added to the lattice a tensile stress field is created. The atomistic bonds are longer due to the smaller radius of the solute atom. Similarly if a larger atom is added to the lattice a compressive stress field is created. The atomistic bonds are shorter due to the larger radius of the solute atom. The stress fields created by adding solute atoms form the basis of the material strengthening process that occurs in alloys.