Sukhoi Su-37

Not to be confused with the S-37 Berkut (Su-47) forward-swept wing technology demonstrator.
Su-37
Role Air superiority fighter technology demonstrator
National origin Russia
Design group Sukhoi
Built by KnAAPO
First flight 2 April 1996
Status Development ceased
Number built 1 (conversion from Su-35)[1]
Developed from Sukhoi Su-35

The Sukhoi Su-37 (NATO reporting name: Flanker-F, but unofficially nicknamed Terminator) is an experimental single-seat, supermaneuverable multirole jet fighter, designed by Sukhoi. A further development of the original Su-27 "Flanker", it was modified from the first-generation Su-35 (formerly "T10M") prototypes. The Su-37 features an upgraded avionic suite and fire-control system, but its most notable additions are the thrust vectoring nozzles. Only two prototypes were converted.

During the Su-35 flight test programme, active controls during dogfighting maneuvers could not be attained; thus Sukhoi explored the application of thrust-vectoring nozzles to give fighters better dogfighting attributes. The first Su-37, converted from the eleventh Su-35, made its maiden flight in April 1996 at Zhukovsky. It was joined by a second prototype in 1998. Throughout the program, the Su-37 publicly demonstrated its attributes at numerous air shows, performing maneuvers impossible to complete with normal flight control methods, among which was a 360° somersault. Despite its potential advantages, the Su-37 did not enter production; it has instead remained as a technology demonstrator for updated Su-27 family aircraft such as the export Su-30 and the modernized Su-35.

Design and development

The earliest records on thrust vectoring technology research within Sukhoi began in 1983. The design bureau studied two-dimensional (2D) vector nozzle, which was believed by the West to be the best way of controlling thrust. Sukhoi modified an Su-27UB-PS twin-seater with a 2D nozzle to verify the feasibility of this kind of nozzle. However, the design bureau's General Designer, Mikhail Simonov, believed asymmetrical nozzles (3D) to be more suitable. At the request of Sukhoi, experiments on both types of nozzles were carried out by the Siberian Aeronautical Research Institute (SibNIA).[2][3]

Meanwhile, Sukhoi was busy with the T10M (later renamed Su-35 in 1993) program, which was a comprehensive upgrade over the Su-27. The T10M would incorporate aerodynamic modifications, improved avionics and armament, and have a better propulsion system, designed to give it greatly enhanced agility.[4] The first Su-27M prototype (T-10S-70) made its maiden flight on 28 June 1988.[5] Changes from the Su-27 include canards, upgraded engines, new radar, and a digital fly-by-wire flight-control system.[6] Later Su-35 prototypes featured glass cockpits and modified vertical stabilizers.[4] The Su-35's construction made significant use of composites, including aluminium-lithium (Al-Li) alloy.[7] The aircraft, like the Su-27, could perform the previously unattainable "Pugachev's Cobra" and tailslide, but during these low-speed maneuvers, active controls could not be achieved because the flight control surfaces were ineffective.[2]

The Su-37 could perform the 360° "Frolov Chakra", demonstrating its supermaneuverability[8]

In 1995, the eleventh T10M prototype, T10M-11, was delivered to Sukhoi's experimental workshop to be outfitted with exclusive systems. Built by KnAAPO, its structure has increased carbon-fibre and Al-Li content.[9] Installed was the 2D thrust-vectoring Lyulka AL-31FP, an interim measure pending the availability of the AL-37FU (Forsazh Upravleniye, "afterburner-controlled").[4] The 3D thrust-vectoring Lyulka AL-37FU was still in development. The Al-31FP, in fact, is a hybrid version combining the Al-31F and the vectoring nozzle of the Al-37FU. Being fitted with a 2D vector nozzle, the Al-31FP is only variable in pitch, plus or minus 15°.[10] The engine not only incorporates a new-generation 2D TVC nozzle but also is resistant to engine surge even during inverted and flat spins, giving better reliability and maneuverability even when the angle of attack is 180°.[11]

The fire-control system was also improved. An upgraded N-011M BARS Passive electronically scanned array radar was fitted. It can capable of tracking 15 aerial targets and guiding four air-to-air missiles. In the aircraft's tail sting is an N-012 rearward facing radar, which has a 120° view horizontally and in elevation. The Su-37 also features an upgraded electronic warfare support measures package.[12] It can carry air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons on 12 hardpoints. The vast range of weapons, of which the Su-37 can carry 8,000 kg (17,600 lb), is supplemented by the 150-round 30 mm GSh-301 cannon.[13]

Instead of traditional analogue instruments, the cockpit has four T-form Sextan Avionique (Thales) LCD multi-function displays (MFD). These display air data/navigation, systems status, weapons/systems selection and tactical situation information.[14] The pilot, who is provided with a head-up display (HUD), sits on the K-36DM ejection seat inclined 30° to help counter the effects of high g-forces.[14][15][16] The pilot steers with a side-stick and pressure-sensing throttles.[14] The two-grip flying control configuration was designed to prevent the pilot from losing contact with the controls when the aircraft is engaged in fast vectored-thrust maneuvers. Both the fixed throttle and the side-stick controller provide secure points for the pilot to brace his hands.[16]

Painted in a disruptive sand and brown scheme, the aircraft was given the code 711 Blue, later changed to 711 White.[17][18] Its maiden flight occurred at Zhukovsky on 2 April 1996, with Yevgeni Frolov at the controls. The nozzle was locked fully aft throughout the flight, and it was not until the sixth flight that tests on the thrust-vector nozzles commenced.[16][19] Frolov was joined by Igor Votintsev, and for the next twelve days, the two had amassed twelve flights between them.[18]

Operational history

Jet aircraft with yellow, tan and green colour scheme performing aerial display.
A modernized Su-35Ѕ performing at the Moscow International Aviation and Space Show in 2009. This aircraft features thrust-vectoring technology, similar to the Su-37[20]

The 711 Blue was demonstrated to the press at Zhukovsky in spring 1996, by which time it was re-designated Su-37. Its debut to the general public came in September that year at the Farnborough Airshow, piloted by Sukhoi test pilot Yevgeni Frolov.[4] A big talking point of the show was its performance of the "Super Cobra", when the aircraft pitched up to 180°, literally flying tail first, albeit for only a few seconds; this maneuver evolved into the 360° "Frolov Chakra" somersault.[9][18] The following year, the aircraft arrived on the fifth and last day of the Paris Air Show to perform five aerial displays, the fourth of which was marred by a minor incident when the emergency undercarriage extension handle was moved, preventing gear retraction.[21] It appeared at that year's Moscow International Aviation and Space Show and Dubai International Defence Exhibition, as well as the 1998 FIDAE air show in Chile; for the latter two the Su-37 appeared under the enigmatic designation, "Su-37MR".[22]

In 1998, there was a report about a second Su-37 (T10M-12) which was similarly converted[1] before making its first flight on 23 March the same year.[23] But this aircraft, No.712, was never converted to the Su-37 specifications; it was used in Aktubinsk for weapon and radar tests. Later, the No.712 (with the No.703 and all three serial produced planes, bort No. 86, 87, and 88) added to the Russkie Vityazi demo team, repainted. Flight tests and demonstrations at air shows continued until 2000. In 2001, 711 was outfitted with AL-37FU engines and updated fly-by-wire flight control system and avionics. In December 2002, 711 crashed during a ferry flight, effectively bringing an end to the program; the fault was later traced to structurally damaged right horizontal stabilizer, caused by the extensive load during high g post-stall tight turns.[24][25][26] The Su-37 did not reach the production stage, although by mid-2000, Sukhoi introduced several modernizations of the Su-27, such as Su-30MKI and second generation Su-35, which feature similar improvements such as improved avionics and radar systems, and thrust vectoring engines.[20][27]

Specifications (Su-37)

Data from Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter,[13] Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker[28]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

Citations

  1. 1 2 Gordon & Davison 2006, pp. 34–37.
  2. 1 2 Gordon 1999, p. 63.
  3. ↑ Gordon & Davison 2006, p. 35.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Eden 2004, p. 469.
  5. ↑ Gordon 1999, p. 62.
  6. ↑ Wilson 2000, p. 132.
  7. ↑ Williams 2002, p. 119.
  8. ↑ Siuru, William (1998). Supermaneuverability. Airpower Journal. Air University Press. ISSN 0897-0823. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Su-37 "Super Flanker"". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  10. ↑ Gordon 1999, pp. 64, 68.
  11. ↑ Gordon 1999, p. 69.
  12. ↑ Gordon 1999, pp. 64–66.
  13. 1 2 Gordon 1999, p. 148.
  14. 1 2 3 Gordon 1999, p. 65.
  15. ↑ Gordon 1999, pp. 145, 149.
  16. 1 2 3 Tartar 1997
  17. ↑ "Sukhoi Su-37". Airliners.net. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 Gordon 1999, p. 66.
  19. ↑ Flight International 1996, p. 7.
  20. 1 2 "Su-35". Sukhoi. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  21. ↑ Gordon 1999, pp. 67, 69.
  22. ↑ Gordon 1999, p. 68.
  23. ↑ Gethin 1998, p. 32.
  24. ↑ "Sukhoi demonstrator crashes during testing". Flightglobal. 31 December 2002. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  25. ↑ "Sukhoi Su-37 Terminator". Milavia.net. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  26. ↑ Fomin, Andrey (June 2007). "Su-35, A Step from Fifth Generation" (PDF). Sukhoi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  27. ↑ "Su-30MK Multi-Role Two-Seater Fighter Aircraft, Russia". Airforce-technology.com. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  28. ↑ Gordon & Davison 2006, pp. 92, 95–96.
  29. ↑ "Aeromagazin broj 1".
  30. ↑ http://www.missiles.ru/_foto/RVV-BD/IMG.jpg
  31. ↑ "missiles.ru :: МАКС-2011 - РВВ-БД ракета воздух-воздух большой дальности".

References

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