Synodontis longispinis

Synodontis longispinis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Mochokidae
Genus: Synodontis
Species: S. longispinis
Binomial name
Synodontis longispinis
Pellegrin, 1930

Synodontis longispinis is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Sangha River.[2] It was first described by Jacques Pellegrin in 1930 as Synodontis batesi longspinis, a subspecies of S. batesi with an especially long dorsal fin spine, but it is presently recognized as its own species.[1] The species name longispinis is derived from the word longus, meaning long, and the word spinis, meaning spine, which is a reference to the long dorsal fin spine on the fish.[3]

Description

Like all members of the Synodontis genus, S. longispinis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.[4] The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.[5] The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.[6] The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.[5]

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines. These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.[7][8] The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.[8]

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".[4][5]

The maximum standard length of the species is 13.5 centimeters (5.3 in).[2] Generally, females in the Synodontis genus tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.[9]

Habitat and behavior

In the wild, the species is only known from its type locality in the Sangha River, but it may be more widespread than is currently known.[1] The fish is harvested for human consumption.[1] As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.[10] The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females.[10] Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.[11] The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Moelants, T. (2010). "Synodontis longispinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  2. 1 2 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2016). "Synodontis longispinis" in FishBase. June 2016 version.
  3. ↑ Scharpf, Christopher & Kenneth Lazara (12 Sep 2016). "Order SILURIFORMES: Families MALAPTERURIDAE, MOCHOKIDAE, SCHILBEIDAE, AUCHENOGLANIDIDAE, CLAROTEIDAE and LACANTUNIIDAE". The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  4. 1 2 Cuvier, Georges (1934). The Animal Kingdom Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, Volume 10. Translated by Griffith, Edward. London: Whittaker and Co. p. 406.
  5. 1 2 3 "Synodontis longispinis Pellegrin, 1930". Planet Catfish. 31 Jan 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  6. ↑ Boulenger, George Albert (1909). Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Africa in the British museum (Natural history). London: British Museum. p. 391.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Joseph; T. Grande & M. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (Fifth ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 227.
  8. 1 2 Scherge, M.; S. Gorb & S. Gorb. Biological Micro- and Nanotribology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 97–98.
  9. 1 2 H. M. Bishai & Y. B. Abu Gideiri (1965). "Studies on the biology of genus Synodontis at Khartoum". Hydrobiologia. 26 (1–2): 85–97. doi:10.1007/BF00142257.
  10. 1 2 Wright, J.J. & L.M. Page (2006). "Taxonomic Revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)". Florida Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 46 (4): 99–154.
  11. ↑ John P. Friel & Thomas R. Vigliotta (March 2, 2009). "Mochokidae Jordan 1923: African squeaker and suckermouth catfishes". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 19 October 2016.

Data related to Synodontis longispinis at Wikispecies

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