Turkish Air Force

Turkish Air Force
Türk Hava Kuvvetleri
Emblem of the Turkish Air Force
(Turkish Armed Forces portal)
Active 1911 – present
(104–105) years[1]
Country  Turkey
Type Air force
Role Aerial warfare
Size 60,000 personnel[2]
668 aircraft[3]
Part of Turkish Armed Forces
Headquarters Ankara
Colors Grey, White & Blue             
March Turkish Air Force March  Play 
Anniversaries June 1[4]
Engagements

List of conflicts involving Turkey

Website hvkk.tsk.tr/
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Minister of National Defence Minister Fikri Işık
Chief of the General Staff General Hulusi Akar
Commander General Abidin Ünal
Vice Commander Lt. General Turgut Atman
Chief of Staff Lt. General Mehmet Şanver
Insignia
Flag of Turkish
Air Force
Command
Roundel
Fin flash
Aviator badge
Aircraft flown
Bomber F-4E-2020 Terminator
Electronic
warfare		 B-737 AEW&C, CN-235 EW
Fighter F-16C/D
Helicopter AS-532 UL/AL, UH-1H
Reconnaissance Anka, GNAT 750, Heron, Predator, Bayraktar Tactical UAS, RF-4E
Trainer F-5F 2000, SF-260D, T-38M, KT-1T
Transport A400M, C-130B/E, C-160T, CN235-100M, KC-135R

The Turkish Air Force (Turkish: Türk Hava Kuvvetleri) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Air Force can trace its origins back to June 1911 when it was founded by the Ottoman Empire,[6] however, the air force as it is known today did not come into existence until 1923 with the creation of the Republic of Turkey.[7]

The Turkish Armed Forces initiated a $160 billion (excluding the yearly military budget) modernization program. $45 billion is earmarked to go to the overhaul of the Turkish Air Force. As part of this program, Ankara aims to commission new combat aircraft (consisting of TAI TFX and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II) and helicopters (consisting of heavy lift, attack, medium lift and light general purpose helicopters).

According to Flight International (Flightglobal.com) and the International Institute for Strategic Studies, the Turkish Air Force has an active strength of 60,000 military personnel and operates approximately 668 manned aircraft (2014).[2][3]

History

Initial stages

Main article: Ottoman Air Force

The history of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911.[8] The Ottoman flight squadrons participated in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918).[9][10] The fleet size reached its apex in December 1916, when the Ottoman aviation had 90 active combat aircraft. Some early help for the Ottoman Air Force came from the Imperial German Fliegertruppe (known by that name before October 1916), with future Central Powers 13-victory flying ace Hans-Joachim Buddecke flying with the Turks early in World War I as just one example.[11] The General Inspectorate of Air Forces (Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettiş-i Umumiliği) trying to reconstruct itself on July 29, 1918 had no personnel, but only remained as a title on paper.[9]

After the end of World War I and the occupation of the Ottoman Empire by the Allies in 1919, some Turkish aviators tried to build new units in Istanbul, İzmir, Konya, Elazığ and Diyarbakır with planes left over from World War I and tried to bring together flight personnel.[9] During the Turkish War of Independence, Turkish pilots joined the Konya Air Station (Konya Hava İstasyonu). With the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA) by Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues on April 23, 1920, in Ankara, and the reorganization of the army, the Branch of Air Forces (Kuva-yı Havaiye Şubesi) was established under the Office of War (Harbiye Dairesi) of the GNA.[9] A few damaged aircraft belonging to the GNA were repaired, and afterwards used in combat.

On 1 February 1921, the Branch of Air Forces was renamed as the General Directorate of Air Forces (Kuva-yı Havaiye Müdüriyet-i Umûmiyesi) at Eskişehir and on 5 July 1922 reorganized as the Inspectorate of Air Forces (Kuva-yı Havaiye Müfettişliği) at Konya.[9][12]

Inspectorate of Air Forces

After the proclamation of independence and sovereignty with the Treaty of Lausanne and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923, approaches were made to form a modern Air Force. Originally consisting of 3 normal and 1 naval aviation units, and an air school, the number of units was increased to 10 normal and 3 naval aviation units.[13] Starting in 1924, personnel were sent abroad for flight education.[13] In 1925 the Air School was reestablished in Eskişehir and its first students graduated in that same year.[13] The Inspectorate of Air Forces was reorganized as Underdecretariat of the Ministry of Defense in 1928 and new schools were found for non-pilot personnel.[13] Some personnel were sent to United Kingdom and France for training; others were sent to the United States and Italy in 1930.[13]

On July 1, 1932, air regiments were considered to be a separate combat arm and started training its own personnel.[13] The Turkish aviators began to wear blue uniforms from 1933.[13]

Sabiha Gökçen became the first female fighter pilot in military history in 1937.[14] Another key event in 1937 was the establishment of the Air War College (Hava Harp Akademisi).[13]

Air Force Command

By 1940, Turkish air brigades had more than 500 combat aircraft in its inventory, becoming the largest air force in the Balkans and the Middle East.[13] The growing inventory of air brigades required another structural change, which was made in 1940.[13] The Air Undersecretariat under the Ministry of National Defense for logistical affairs and the General Staff for educational affairs were united to form the Air Force Command (Hava Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı) in 1944.[13] Thus, the Air Force became a separate branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.[15] The first Commander of the Turkish Air Force was General Zeki Doğan.[15] Turkey did not enter World War II on the side of the Allies until February 1945. However, the Turkish Armed Forces went on full alert and were prepared for war following the military alliance between neighbouring Bulgaria and the Axis Powers which was formalized in March 1941, and the occupation of neighbouring Greece by the Axis Powers in April 1941. Within a year, Turkey's borders were surrounded by German forces in the northwest and west, and Italian forces in the southwest. The Turkish Air Force made daily reconnaissance flights over Bulgaria, Greece, the Greek Islands in the Aegean Sea, and the Dodecanese Islands which then belonged to Italy, to monitor the positions of the Axis forces. The large cities in western Turkey were darkened at nights, and anti-aircraft guns and searchlights were deployed for defence against possible enemy planes. Almost all available money in the Turkish Government Treasury was used to purchase new weapons from any available provider in the world. The Turkish Air Force received large numbers of new aircraft in this period, including Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I/V/IX/XIX, Curtiss Falcon CW-22R/B, Fairey Battle-I, Avro Anson-I, Hawker Hurricane I/II, Morane-Saulnier M.S.406, Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk, Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawk, Westland Lysander-I, Consolidated B-24D Liberator B-24, Bristol Blenheim IV/V, Bristol Beaufort, Bristol Beaufighter Mk.I/X, Focke Wulf FW-190-A3, Martin 187 Baltimore, De Havilland DH.98 Mosquito Mk.III/IV, Douglas B-26B/C Invader, P-47D Thunderbolt and Douglas C-47A/B Dakota.

The Air Machinist School (Hava Makinist Okulu) was reorganized as Aircraft Maintenance School (Hava Uçak Bakım Okulu) on 2 January 1950[16] to unite schools responsible for training non-pilot Air Force personnel.[15] In 1950 it also was decided to upgrade the Air Force fleet through the inclusion of jets.[15] Eight pilots were sent to the United States for jet pilot training.[15] They graduated in 1951 and started training jet pilots in the Turkish Air Force.[15] In the same year, the 9th Fighter Wing (9uncu Ana Jet Üssü) was founded in Balıkesir as Turkey's first fighter wing; the 191st, 192nd, and 193rd squadrons being the first ones which were established.[15] Further training in the United States followed, usually involving jet manufacturers. In 1951 the Air Force Academy was formed with integrating some air schools in Eskişehir and its fist academic year started on 1 October 1951.[17] In 1956 the Hava Eğitim Kolordu Komutanlığı (Air Education Corps Command) was founded and all education was united under this command. The command was renamed as Hava Eğitim Komutanlığı (Air Education Command) in 1957.[15]

Upon Turkey's membership to NATO in 1952, the process of modernization was accelerated.[15] In 1962 the Taktik Hava Kuvveti (Tactical Air Force) was founded by upgrading the Hava Tümeni (Air Division) units to corps-level organizations. In 1974 the Air Force was employed in the Cyprus War.[15] With the arrival of 3rd generation fighter jets in 1980, the Air Force was reorganized.[15]

Turkish Air Force and NATO

Main article: Nuclear sharing

The headquarters of NATO's Allied Air Component Command for Southern Europe (formerly designated as AIRSOUTH and originally headquartered in Naples, Italy) was established in İzmir, Turkey, on 11 August 2004. Allied Air Command İzmir was deactivated on 1 June 2013, when the Allied Air Command (AIRCOM) at the Ramstein Air Base in Germany became the sole Allied Air Component Command of NATO.[18]

Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[19] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO.[20] As of 2010, the United States is considering withdrawing these nuclear bombs from Turkey, and from several other foreign locations in Europe.[21]

Notable events

Equipment

Fighter and reconnaissance aircraft

In 1984 Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) was established and Turkey started to produce fighter aircraft locally under license, including a total of 232 F-16 Fighting Falcon (Block 30/40/50) aircraft for the air force. The air force had previously received 8 F-16s that were purchased directly from the United States, bringing the total number of F-16s received by the air force to 240.[29] TAI is currently building 30 new F-16 Block 50+ aircraft for the TuAF[30][31] and is applying a CCIP upgrade on the existing fleet of Block 30/40/50 F-16s, which will bring all of them to the Block 50+ standard.[29][32][33][34] Dozens of TAI-built F-16s were also exported to other countries, particularly in the Middle East. A total of 46 TAI-built F-16s have been exported to the Egyptian Air Force under the Peace Vector IV Program (1993–1995), making it TAI's second-largest F-16 customer after the Turkish Air Force.[35] Turkey is one of only five countries in the world which locally produce the F-16 Fighting Falcon.[29]

Airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft

Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle

A total of four Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eagle (Turkish: Barış Kartalı) aircraft (together with ground support systems) were ordered by the Turkish Air Force, with an option for two more aircraft. Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) is the primary subcontractor for the Peace Eagle parts production, aircraft modification, assembly and tests. Another subcontractor, Havelsan, is responsible for system analysis and software support.[36]

Signed on 23 July 2003, the contract to Boeing valued at US$1.385 billion, which was later reduced by US$59 million because some of the requirements were not met. The down payment to Boeing amounted to US$637 million. The project consists of the delivery of 737-700 airframes, ground radars and control systems, ground control segments for mission crew training, mission support and maintenance support.[37]

Peace Eagle 1 is modified and tested by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems in Seattle, Washington, USA. Peace Eagle 2, 3 and 4 are modified and tested at the facilities of TAI in Ankara, Turkey, with the participation of Boeing and a number of Turkish companies. As of 2006, the four Peace Eagle airplanes were scheduled to be delivered in 2008.[38] As of mid-2007, systems integration was ongoing and airworthiness certification works continued. In September 2007, Boeing completed the first test flight of Turkey's AEW&C 737.[39]

On 4 June 2008, it was announced that Turkish Aerospace Industries completed the first in-country modification of a Boeing 737-700 into an airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) platform for Turkey's Peace Eagle program.[40]

The first Peace Eagle aircraft, named Kuzey (meaning North) was formally accepted into Turkish Air Force inventory on 21 February 2014.[41][42][43][44] The remaining three aircraft will be named Güney (South), Doğu (East) and Batı (West).[44]

The six-year delay was a result of Boeing experiencing difficulties while developing some features required by the Turkish Air Force. Turkey demanded compensation of US$183 million from Boeing for the delay. The payment of the penalty is requested in the form of increased start-up support period from an initially planned two years to five years, as well as three years of software maintenance service and around US$32 million in spare parts.[37]

Aerial refueling tanker aircraft

Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker (code 62-3567) of the Turkish Air Force arrives at the 2016 Royal International Air Tattoo, England

In 1994 the Turkish Air Force signed a deal to lease two and purchase seven Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker aerial refueling tanker aircraft.[45] Following the arrival of all seven purchased aircraft, the two leased KC-135Rs were returned to the United States.[45] All seven KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft of the Turkish Air Force have received the Pacer CRAG (Compass, Radar And GPS) upgrade. The KC-135R-CRAG Stratotanker aerial refueling tanker aircraft of the Turkish Air Force are operated by the 101st Squadron, stationed at the Incirlik Air Base.[45]

Military transport aircraft

Airbus A400M Atlas

Turkey is a partner nation in the Airbus A400M Atlas production program. The Turkish Air Force has ordered a total of ten A400M Atlas aircraft.[46] The first two A400M Atlas were delivered to the Turkish Air Force in 2014.[47][48][49] All A400M Atlas deliveries to the Turkish Air Force are scheduled to be completed by 2018.[50][51] Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) produces several components of the A400M Atlas, including the middle-front fuselage, emergency exit doors, rear fuselage upper panels, rear upper escape doors, ailerons and spoilers; which are sent to the Airbus Military factory in Spain for assembly.[52]

Although the Airbus A400M Atlas is essentially a heavy tactical lift aircraft, it can also be transformed into an aerial refueling tanker aircraft at short notice.

The Turkish Air Force also uses the CN-235, C-130 Hercules and C-160 Transall military transport aircraft.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)

TAI Anka


At present, the Turkish Air Force operates MALE UAVs such as the TAI Anka, Bayraktar Tactical UAS, IAI Heron and the I-GNAT ER. Having been unable to purchase the armed version of Predator UCAVs from the United States, Turkey plans to produce armed UCAV versions of TAI Anka (to be fitted with missiles such as the AGM-114 Hellfire and Roketsan Cirit); while TAI has become the leading partner in the Talarion UCAV project of EADS.[53][54][55]

Satellites

Turkish Air Force operate an intelligence satellite named Göktürk-2, with plans to commission more in years ahead. These include a 0.8m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project Göktürk-1) for use by the Turkish Armed Forces and a 2m resolution reconnaissance satellite (Project Göktürk-2) for use by the National Intelligence Organization. The production of Göktürk-2 is completed by the Turkish Aerospace Industries, while Göktürk-1 is still in the production stage. Some electro-optical parts that are required for the Göktürk-1 (0.8m resolution) satellite were beyond TAI's technological know-how, thus a foreign partner was sought. The official bidders for the project were EADS Astrium (U.K.), OHB-System (Germany) and Telespazio (Italy);[56] and the contract was won by Telespazio of Italy.[57]

Göktürk-2 was launched from Jiuquan Launch Area 4 / SLS-2 in China by a Long March 2D space launch vehicle at 16:12:52 UTC on December 18, 2012. It was placed into a low Earth orbit of 686 km (426 mi) at 16:26 UTC. The first signal from Göktürk-2 was received at 17:39 UTC by the Tromsø Satellite Station, northern Norway.

In 2013 Turkey approved the construction by ROKETSAN of its first satellite launching center, initially for low earth orbit satellites.[58]

In 2015, Ukraine and Turkey agreed on space program which worth billions of dollars.[59]

Formation and structure

F-16C Fighting Falcon
F-4E 2020 Terminator at the 3rd Air Force Base in Konya
F-16DJ of 192nd Tiger Squadron
SOM cruise missile developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE and Roketsan for the Turkish Air Force

Commands

Chief of the Turkish General Staff: General Necdet Özel
Commander of the Turkish Air Force: General Abidin Ünal

Squadrons

The above commands consist of:[7]

Insignia

NATO CodeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student Officer
Turkey Turkey
(Edit)
Orgeneral
Korgeneral
Tümgeneral
Tuğgeneral
Albay
Yarbay
Binbaşı
Yüzbaşı
Üsteğmen
Teğmen
Asteğmen		 No
insignia
Öğrenci
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Turkey Turkey
(Edit)		 No Insignia
Astsubay Kıdemli
Başçavuş		 Astsubay
Başçavuş		 Astsubay Kıdemli
Üstçavuş		 Astsubay
Üstçavuş		 Astsubay Kıdemli
Çavuş		 Astsubay
Çavuş		 Uzman
Çavuş		 Çavuş Uzman
Onbaşı		 Onbaşı Er

Future of the Turkish Air Force

Concept design of the TAI TFX
F-35A Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)

On July 11, 2002 Turkey became a Level 3 partner of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) development program, and on January 25, 2007, Turkey officially joined the production phase of the JSF program, agreeing to initially purchase 116 F-35A Lightning II aircraft.[60][61][62][63][64]

Turkey also has a national fifth generation fighter aircraft project named the TAI TFX.

On 28 March 2013, the Turkish Secretary of the Defence Industry of the Ministry of National Defence of Turkey Murat Bayar announced intentions to replace the F-16 fighter with domestically produced fighters by 2023.[65]

Havelsan of Turkey and Boeing of the United States are in the process of developing a next generation, high-altitude ballistic missile defence shield. It is envisaged that the system will be used by the U.S., Turkey and other NATO member states.[66][67][68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Turkish Air Force regards flight trainings of Captain Fesa Bey and Lieutenant Yusuf Kenan Bey in 1911 as its own start line and celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2011. "Türk Hava Kuvvetleri 100 Yaşında" in the official website of Turkish Air Force (Turkish)
  2. 1 2 IISS 2010, pp. 164–168
  3. 1 2 "World Air Forces 2014". Flightglobal.com.
  4. ↑ "Bugün Hava Kuvvetleri'nin kuruluş yıldönümü!". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  5. ↑ "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin Barışı Destekleme Harekâtlarına Katkıları". tsk.tr. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  6. ↑ Hv. K. K. Mebs. "The First Establishment and the Early Years". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  7. 1 2 Scramble on the Web: Turkish Air Force - Order of Battle
  8. ↑ Story of Turkish Aviation in 'Turkey in the First World War' website
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Hv. K. K. Mebs. "1918-1923". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  10. ↑ Aviation pages in 'Turkey in the First World War' website
  11. ↑ Turkish Aircraft in 'Turkey in the First World War' website
  12. ↑ Utkan Kocatürk, Atatürk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi kronolojisi, 1918-1938, Türk Tarîh Kurumu Basımevi, 1983, p. 674.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Hv. K. K. Mebs. "1923-1944". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "The Air University 404 Page".
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Hv. K. K. Mebs. "1944-1980". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  16. ↑ official website of the Air Technical Schools Command (Turkish)
  17. ↑ Mehmet Özel, 2000'li Yıllara Girerken Türk Ordusu, Kültür Bakanlığı, 2000, ISBN 978-975-17-2226-3, p. 198. (Turkish)
  18. ↑ "NATO deactivates Allied Air Command Izmir". NATO. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  19. ↑ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (10 April 2009). "Yankee Bombs Go Home: Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany". SPIEGEL ONLINE. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  20. ↑ NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe • Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005.
  21. ↑ "Report: US considers withdrawing nuclear bombs from Turkey", Today's Zaman. April 03, 2010.
  22. 1 2 "TRT World".
  23. ↑ "BBC News - Syrian military says it downed Turkish fighter jet". BBC News. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  24. ↑ Tawfiq, Saif (2013-09-16). "Turkish warplanes shoot down Syrian helicopter". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
  25. ↑ "Turkish jet downs Syrian warplane near border". The Big Story. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  26. ↑ http://english.alarabiya.net/en/Ne
  27. ↑ "Is this start of a wider war?". NewsComAu. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
  28. ↑ "How is this not World War III? - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
  29. 1 2 3 "F-16.net: Turkish Air Force".
  30. ↑ "Turkey signs $1.78 bln deal to buy warplanes". Reuters. May 11, 2007.
  31. ↑ "Turkey signs contract to buy 30 F-16 block 50+ jets". F-16.net.
  32. ↑ "F-16 Peace Onyx III program kicks off at TAI". F16 Net. July 11, 2007.
  33. ↑ "$1.1B to Upgrade Turkish F-16 fleet". Defense Industry Daily.
  34. ↑ "Turkish Aerospace Industries: Programs".
  35. ↑ Peace Eagle (PE) - Turkish Airborne Early Warning & Control System, Havelsan.
  36. 1 2 "Turkey imposes $183 million penalty on Boeing over delivery delay". Hürriyet Daily News. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
  37. ↑ "Boeing Installs MESA Antenna on First Peace Eagle Aircraft", Boeing, March 2, 2006.
  38. ↑ "Boeing Successfully Completes First Test Flight of AEW&C Peace Eagle Aircraft", Boeing, September 6, 2007.
  39. ↑ "Turkish Aerospace Industries completes modification of Peace Eagle AEW&C aircraft". Frontier India. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  40. ↑ BEKDIL, BURAK EGE (8 February 2014). "Boeing Delivers 1st Spy Plane To Turkey; Faces Penalties". www.defensenews.com. Gannett Government Media. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  41. ↑ "TSK yeni yıldızı Barış Kartalı'na kavuştu". Hürriyet, 21 February 2014.
  42. ↑ "Turkey takes delivery of military aircraft". Today's Zaman, 21 February 2014.
  43. 1 2 "First Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft of the Peace Eagle Project, Kuzey (North) was taken into inventory". Turkish Air Force
  44. 1 2 3 UZAR, Webmaster:Celal. "www.tayyareci.com BOEING KC-135R STRATOTANKER .. 1951 - 2006 Period TUAF AIRCRAFTS 1951 - 2006 dönemi Turk HvKK UCAKLARI".
  45. ↑ Bekdil, Burak Ege (24 December 2014). "Turkey Receives Second A400M". DefenseNews. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  46. ↑ "Turkish air force receives second A400M". Flightglobal. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  47. ↑ "Airbus Defence and Space delivers A400M to Turkish Air Force". airbus-group.com. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  48. ↑ "Turkey Accepts First A400M" Defense news Retrieved: 11 May 2014.
  49. ↑ "Military cargo plane to be delivered to Turkey in 2013." Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved: 1 July 2011.
  50. ↑ "Turkey accepts delivery of its First Airbus A400M". 5 April 2014.
  51. ↑ "TAI ships first body parts of A400M planes". TodaysZaman. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  52. ↑ "Turkey to manufacture armed version of national drone".
  53. ↑ "Turkey signs up as Talarion partner". Flight Global. 12 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  54. ↑ "Cassidian and Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. (TAI) agree on cooperation in the Talarion programme". EADS. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  55. ↑ Undersecretariat for Turkish Defence Industries: Electro-Optical (EO) Reconnaissance and Surveillance Satellite System (GÖKTÜRK)
  56. ↑ "ECONOMY - Eurofighter hopes to sell 40 jets to Turkey". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  57. ↑ Burak Ege Bekdil (28 July 2013). "Turkey's Sat-Launcher Plans Raise Concerns". DefenseNews. Gannett. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  58. ↑ "Ukraine, Turkey agree on space program worth billions of dollars". Unian. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  59. ↑ "Türkiye 116 adet F-35 alacak". ZAMAN. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  60. ↑ "404 - sayfa bulunamad�". replacement character in |title= at position 22 (help)
  61. ↑ "Süper uçaktan 116 adet alınacak!". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  62. ↑ "SÜPER UÇAKTAN 116 adet alınacak". 23 January 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  63. ↑ "Turkey plans to purchase four more F-35 jet fighters and five CH-47F transport helicopters". January 8, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Turkey terrific fighter jet project". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  65. ↑ "Manta - Rediscover America's Small Business". Manta. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  66. ↑ Boeing: Boeing and Turkey's HAVELSAN Renew Missile Defense Partnership. April 22, 2008.
  67. ↑ Undersecretariat for Turkish Defence Industries: Long Range Air and Missile Defence System Project
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