Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1989

Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1989
India
21 January 1989
11 March 1989
All 234 seats in the Legislature of Tamil Nadu*
  First party Second party
 
Leader M. Karunanidhi J. Jayalalithaa
Party DMK AIADMK
Alliance NF ADMK+
Leader's seat Harbour Bodinayakkanur
Seats won 150 27
Seat change Increase Decrease6
Popular vote 9,135,220 5,393,857
Percentage 37.89% 22.37%
Swing Increase0.89% n/a
  Third party Fourth party
 
Leader G. K. Moopanar Janaki Ramachandran
Party INC AIADMK
Leader's seat Papanasam Andipatti
(lost)
Seats won 26 1 (P.H.PANDIAN-Cheranmadevi Constituency)
Seat change Decrease35 Decrease95
Popular vote 4,780,714 2,214,965
Percentage 19.83% 9.19%
Swing Increase3.55% n/a

1989 election map (by constituencies)
*Note: The Infobox does not include the 2 seats won by merged ADMK coalition in March bye-election.
Chief Minister before election

President's rule

 Chief Minister

M. Karunanidhi
DMK

The ninth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 21 January 1989. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won the election and its leader M. Karunanidhi, became the Chief Minister. It was his third term in office. The DMK was in power only for a short term, as it was dismissed on 31 January 1991 by the Indian Prime minister Chandra Shekhar using Article 356 of the Indian Constitution.

Background

Split in ADMK

After the death of M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) in December 1987, his wife Janaki Ramachandran took over as Chief Minister. She lasted less than a month in power. The Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) split into two factions, one led by Janaki and the other by J. Jayalalithaa. The undivided ADMK legislature party had a strength of 132 including the Speaker P. H. Pandian. 97 of them supported the Janaki faction while 33 backed the Jayalalithaa group. Speaker Pandian was a supporter of Janaki. He did not recognize the Jayalalitha group as a separate party. On 28 January 1988, Janaki sought a vote of confidence in the Assembly. The Jayalalitha group abstained from the assembly and Pandian disqualified all of them. Earlier in December 1986, 10 MLAs of the DMK had been expelled from the Assembly by Mr Pandian for their participation in the anti-Hindi agitation of 1986, bringing down the strength of the house to 224. The disqualification of the 33 MLAs of the Jayalalitha group by P.H.Pandian further reduced the assembly's strength to 191. This enabled Janaki to win the vote of confidence with the support of only 99 members (with 8 opposing votes and 3 neutrals). Other opposition parties boycotted the vote - only 111 members were present during the motion.[1][2][3] Though she won the vote of confidence, her government was dismissed by prime minister Rajiv Gandhi on 30 January citing the disruptions in the assembly.[4] After a year of President's rule, elections were again held in January 1989. Both the ADMK factions claimed to be the official ADMK and requested the election commission to grant the "two leaves" symbol of the ADMK to them. However, the election commission refused to recognize either of them as the official ADMK and temporarily froze the "two leaves" symbol. Instead it awarded the "cock" symbol to the Jayalalitha faction (ADMK(JL)), while the Janaki faction (ADMK(JR)) was given the "two doves" symbol.[5][6][7][8][9]

Coalitions

The Tamil Nadu unit of the Indian National Congress initially decided to ally with the Jayalalitha faction.[10] This move was opposed by actor and Congress leader Sivaji Ganesan. On 10 February 1988, he left the party along with his supporters to form a new party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani.[10][11] Ganesan's party allied itself with the Janaki faction. Eventually, the Congress also contested the elections alone.

The DMK was part of the Janata Dal led National Front. The front initially included both the Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM).[4] However, in the election only Janata Dal and CPM had a seat sharing agreement with the DMK. The CPI allied itself with the ADMK(JL).

This election attracted unusually high level of attention at the national level. It was seen as a precursor for the General election of 1989, a test of Rajiv Gandhi's popularity and P.H.Pandian's popularity as a speaker claiming Sky High Powers. The Tamil Nadu Congress (under G. K. Moopanar) was contesting elections alone after a gap of twelve years and Rajjiv Gandhi campaigned extensively making multiple campaign visits to Tamil Nadu. V. P. Singh and Jyoti Basu, the national leaders of Janata Dal and CPM respectively also campaigned for the DMK led front in Tamil Nadu.[4]

Seat allotments

AIADMK (Jayalalithaa) Front

No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Jayalalithaa Faction) J.Jayalalithaa 198
2. Communist Party of India P.Manickam 13
3. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (United)† J.Jayalalithaa 4

†: The four seats that were delayed were contested by a united ADMK front (ADMK(JL) & ADMK(JR)), under the leader Jayalalithaa in a bye-election.

AIADMK (Janaki) Front

No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Janaki Faction) Janaki Ramachandran 175
Unregistered party, whose candidates ran as an independent
1. Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani Sivaji Ganesan[11] 49

Congress

No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. Indian National Congress G.K. Moopanar 214
1. United CPI D.Pandian 10

DMK Front

No.
 Party Election Symbol Leader Seats
1. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam M. Karunanidhi 202
2. Communist Party of India (Marxist) Nallasivam 21
3. Janata Party Era.Sezilyan 10

Voting and results

The election for 232 constituencies was held on 21 January 1989. The turnout among registered voters was 69.69%. Elections could not be held for two constituencies -Marungapuri and Madurai East - due to technical reasons. For these two elections were conducted later on 11 March 1989. Since the two ADMK factions had merged in February 1989 under the leadership of Jayalalitha, the Election Commission restored the "Two Leaves" symbol to the unified ADMK for these elections. The unified ADMK won both the seats.[12][13]

Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left

Results by Pre-Poll Alliance

 Summary of the 1989 January Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results
Sources: Election Commission of India [14]
Alliance/Party Seats won Change† Popular Vote Vote % Adj. %‡
DMK+ alliance 169 +137 9,135,220 37.9%
DMK 150 +126 8,001,222 33.2% 38.7%
CPI(M) 15 +10 851,351 3.5% 36.5%
JNP 4 +1 282,647 1.2% 29.1%
ADK(JL)+ alliance 30 -5 5,393,857 22.4%
ADK(JL) 27 -6 5,098,687 22.2% 25.0%
CPI 3 +1 295,170 1.2% 21.3%
Others 33 -132 9,160,163 38.0%
INC 26 -37 4,780,714 19.8% 21.8%
ADK(JR) 2 -95 2,214,965 9.2% 12.2%
IND 5 +1 2,164,484 9.0% 9.1%
Total 232 – 24,111,468 100% –

Results by Post-Poll Alliance

 Summary of the 1989 January/March Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election results
Sources: Election Commission of India [14]
Alliance/Party Seats won Change Popular Vote Vote % Adj. %‡
DMK+ alliance 169 +137 9,135,220 37.9%
DMK 150 +126 8,001,222 33.2% 38.7%
CPI(M) 15 +10 851,351 3.5% 36.5%
JNP 4 +1 282,647 1.2% 29.1%
AIADMK+ alliance 34 -100 7,757,452 32.2%
ADK(JL) 27 -101 5,098,687 22.2% 25.0%
ADK(JR) 2 2,214,965 9.2% 12.2%
ADK(United) 2 148,630 0.6% 37.4%
CPI 3 +1 295,170 1.2% 21.3%
Others 31 -37 7,218,796 29.9%
INC 26 -37 4,780,714 19.8% 21.8%
IND 5 +1 2,164,484 9.0% 9.1%
Total 234 – 24,111,468 100% –

†: Seat change reflects 33 MLAs that supported Jayalalithaa faction and 97 MLAs that supported Janaki faction (2 MLAs that supported her had their constituency election in a later March by-election after the merge). It also reflects GKC merging with INC and AKD not winning a seat after winning a seat in 1984.
‡: Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.

Constituency wise results

Analysis

The split in the ADMK and the Congress contesting alone split the opposition votes, while the DMK retained its vote bank and won a comfortable majority.[8] Janaki Ramachandran, contesting from Andipatti, lost to DMK's P. Asayan by less than a 5000 vote margin, in a four way contest between ADMK (Janaki), ADMK (Jayalilithaa), Congress, and DMK.

See also

Footnotes

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