Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam

Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam.

Tekle Haymanot Tessemma, also Adal Tessemma,^[1] Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and Tekle Haimanot of Gojjam, (1847 – 10 January 1901) was king of Gojjam. Later he was an army commander and a member of the nobility of the Ethiopian Empire.

Biography

Born Adal Tessemma, Tekle Haymanot Tessemma was the son of Tessemma Goshu, Negus^{[nb 1]} of Gojjam. Gojjam had long been a vassal kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The title "King of Gojjam" was an honorific title. The last time a King of Gojjam was elevated to Emperor was during the "Era of the Princes" (Zemene Mesafint). Like his father, Negus Tessemma Goshu, Adal Tessemma became the Negus of Gojjam.

Under Tekle Giyorgis

Dejazmach^{[nb 2]} Tessemma Goshu died during his son's minority. As a result, a rival named Dasta Guala assumed control in Gojjam and imprisoned Adal. Adal eventually escaped to the lowlands and raised an army. After returning to Gojjam and defeating Dasta, Adal submitted to Nəgusä Nägäst^{[nb 3]} Tekle Giyorgis who confirmed him as the Shum^{[nb 4]} of Gojjam and as Dejazmach. The Nəgusä Nägäst even allowed Adal to marry his paternal sister, Laqetch Gebre Mehdin.^[2]

Under Yohannes IV

On 11 July 1871, Dejazmach Kassay Mercha defeated Nəgusä Nägäst Tekle Giyorgis and reinstated Dasta in Gojjam. On 21 January 1872, Kassay Mercha became Nəgusä Nägäst Yohannes IV and left Gojjam. Adal then returned to Gojjam and killed Dasta.^[2] By 1873, Adal had consolidated all of Gojjam under his rule.^[3] In 1874, Adal submitted to Nəgusä Nägäst Yohannes IV.^[4] Adal was now Ras^{[nb 5]} Tekle Haymanot Tessemma.

On 20 January 1881, in Debre Tabor, Nəgusä Nägäst Yohannes IV appointed Ras Tekle Haymanot Tessemma as Negus of Gojjam Province and as Negus of Kaffa Province. However, the latter province was only his if he was able to conquer it. Unfortunately for Ras Tekle Haymanot Tessemma, Ras Menelik, Negus of Shewa, was also interested in Kaffa Province. Yohannes provided Tekle Haymanot with 8,000 rifles to help with the conquest.^[5]

The Battle of Embabo

The followers of Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma attempted to extend his control over the Kingdom of Kaffa. But, on 6 June 1882, his forces were defeated at the Battle of Embabo by the superior forces of Negus Menelik. Tekle Haymanot Tessemma was captured and Menelik gained the upper hand in Kaffa. But Yohannes intervened and, while allowing Menelik to have Kaffa, he made Menelik give Wollo Province to Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, his legitimate son.^[5]

Destruction and submission

In the late 1880s, Mahdist raiders from the Sudan encroached on Gojjam and Begemder. On 18 January 1888, a large Mahdist army defeated Tekle Haymanot Tessemma's army at Sarweha in Dembea.^[2] As a result of this loss, northwestern Ethiopia was open to the Mahdists who followed up their victory by entering, sacking, and burning Gondar. Thousands of Christians were captured, enslaved, and marched off to Metema.^[6]

Emperor Yohannes IV ordered Negus Menelik and his Shewan army into Gojjam and Begemder. Sensing a shift in power, Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma negotiated a defensive alliance with Menelik. After Menelik secured Gojjam and Begemder, Yohannes ordered him to return to Shewa.^[6]

In September 1888, when Tekle Haymanot Tessemma refused to contribute forces to the efforts of Yohannes against Mahdist who had re-entered western Gojjam, Yohannes suspected Tekle Haymanot and Menelik of plotting against him. To destroy the power of Tekle Haymanot, the army of Yohannes laid waste to much of Gojjam.^[2] As a result of the destruction, Tekle Haymanot submitted to Yohannes.^[6]

Under Menelik II

In 1889, soon after the death of Yohannes at the Battle of Gallabat, Menelik proclaimed himself Nəgusä Nägäst Menelik II. Negus Tekle Haymanot pledged his allegiance to the new Nəgusä Nägäst.^[7] Menelik reinstated Tekle Haymanot as Shum of Gojjam and named him as an advisor.

Battle of Adwa

In 1896, Negus Tekle Haymanot fought at the Battle of Adwa on the side of Menelik and was a hero of that action.

Death

Ultimately Emperor Menelik determined that Gojjam was too valuable a province to be held by one man and, upon the death of Tekle Haymanot, Menelik divided Gojjam into three parts. He assigned the three parts to different men responsible to him. One of the men came from Shewa.^[3]

Tekle Haymanot Tessemma was the father of at least three sons and four daughters. His sons were as follows: Bezabah, Hailu, and Balaw. One of his sons, Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot, succeeded him as Hailu II of Gojjam.

See also

• Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
• List of field marshals
• List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries

Notes

Footnotes

1. Roughly equivalent to King.
2. "Commander of the Gate", roughly equivalent to Count.
3. "King of Kings", usually translated as Emperor.
4. Equivalent to Governor.
5. Roughly equivalent to Duke.

Citations

1. Shin, Historical dictionary of Ethiopia, pg. 67
2. Shin, Historical dictionary of Ethiopia, pg. 368
3. Gebru Tareke, Ethiopia: Power and Protest, p. 163
4. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, pp. 73-74
5. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, p. 80
6. Marcus, A History of Ethiopia, p. 86
7. Mockler, Haile Sellassie's War, p. 385

References

• Marcus, Harold G. (1994). A History of Ethiopia. London: University of California Press. p. 316. ISBN 0-520-22479-5.
• Mockler, Anthony (2002). Haile Sellassie's War. New York: Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1-56656-473-1.
• Shinn, David Hamilton, Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Prouty, Chris (2004). Historical dictionary of Ethiopia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 633. ISBN 0-8108-4910-0.
• Tareke, Gebru (1996). Ethiopia, Power and Protest: Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press.