Tell Halula

Tell Halula
349 metres (1,145 ft)
Shown within Syria
Location 105 km (65 mi) east of Aleppo, Syria
Region Euphrates
Coordinates 36°25′00″N 38°10′00″E / 36.416667°N 38.166667°E / 36.416667; 38.166667
Type Tell
Part of Village
Length 300 metres (980 ft)
Width 150 metres (490 ft)
Area 8 hectares (860,000 sq ft)
History
Material bones, flints, pottery, plaster
Founded c. 7750
Abandoned c. 6780 BC
Periods PPNB, Neolithic
Site notes
Excavation dates 1991-
Archaeologists Miquel Molist
Condition Ruins
Management Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums
Public access Yes

Tell Halula is a large, prehistoric, Neolithic tell, about 8 hectares (860,000 sq ft) in size, located around 105 kilometres (65 mi) east of Aleppo and 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Membij in the Ar-Raqqah Governorate of Syria.[1]

Excavation

The tell was first excavated in 1991 by the Spanish Archaeological Mission, directed by Miquel Molist, Professor of Prehistory at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.[2][3] Archaeological trenches have covered an area of approximately 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft).[3]

Construction

The large mound is located on the steppe of nearby mountains at an altitude of 349 metres (1,145 ft) above sea level and was found to be approximately 8 metres (26 ft) deep. It is situated between Wadi Fars and Wadi Abu Gal Gal on the right bank and fluvial plain of the Euphrates.[2] It is one of the largest neolithic sites yet found, described as a megasite, including the remains of twenty one rectangular houses of three to five rooms, nine with associated burials of at least one hundred and seven incomplete skeletons.[3] Burials were made under the floors of the houses, which were typically covered with a limestone plaster.[3]

Culture

Occupation of the site was detected from the middle of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) at around 7750 BC into the neolithic around 6780 BC and has provided insight into the transitions during this period, especially the emergence of agriculture during the neolithic revolution.[2] Forty levels of occupation have been detected with levels one to twenty dating to the middle PPNB; twenty one to thirty four dating to the late PPNB; and two later levels, thirty six and thirty seven, showing evidence of the Halaf culture.[3] Various arrowheads were found which were largely classed as Byblos points. Several showed signs of lime plaster around the tangs, which has been suggested to have been the method of fixing to the arrow's shaft.[2] Excavations revealed paintings of female figures on the floor of one of the buildings, which are suggested to be the oldest paintings of people in the Middle East.[4]

Agriculture and animal domestication

222 flint sickle blades were found, including the remains of a complete sickle found in one of the houses made of four blade elements fixed with bitumen, shaped in a curved edge approximately 30 cm in length.[2] Archaeozoological analyses of bovine tooth enamel show the development of herding and management practices of cattle.[5]

Samples of human mitochondrial DNA with T16304C in the HVR1 region have been found in four individuals of around 6800 BC from the site suggesting that Haplogroup H5 may have arrived in the Caucasus with farmers from the Near East.[6] D. Helmer has suggested domestication of goats also occurred at this site during the middle PPNB, in a transition from hunting gazelles.[7] Farming of sheep and cattle took place in late middle PPNB stages with a decrease in size of cow noted as a sign of domestication. The prevalence of wild animals also reduced over this period.[8] Analysis of naked emmer wheat and spikelet bases has shown this crop to have been domesticated during the middle of PPNB period at this site.[9] The bottom levels of the tell revealed no evidence of wild crops, which suggests that the first people to occupy the site brought with them fully domesticated forms of wheat, barley and flax from somewhere else where the domestication event took place.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Juan Pedro Ferrio, Jordi Voltas, Ramon Buxo, Nuria Rovira, Mari Aguilera, Jordi Bort, Maria Dolores Serret, Jose Luis Araus - Sustainability of the early Mediterranean agriculture
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 M. Molist , F. Borrell., Projectile Points, Sickle Blades and Glossed Points. Tools and Hafting Systems at Tell Halula (Syria) during the 8th millennium cal. BC, Paléorient, Volume 33, Number 33-2, pp. 59-77, 2007.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 F. Estebaranz, L.M. Martínez, J. Anfruns, A. Pérez-Pérez., Bioarchaeology of the Near East 1:65–67 (2007), Short Fieldwork Report: Tell Halula (Syria), seasons 1992–2005
  4. ↑ Michel Fortin; Musée de la civilisation (Québec) (11 November 1999). Syria, land of civilizations, The enigmatic figures of Tell Halula, p.238. Musée de la civilisation, Québec. ISBN 978-2-7619-1521-2. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Carlos Tornero1 & Maria Saña, "Evaluating the seasonal reproduction control of first domesticated cattle in PPNB tell Halula site": δ13C and δ18O values from sequential bioapatite enamel of wild and domestic populations
  6. ↑ Fernández, E. et al., Mitochondrial DNA genetic relationships at the ancient Neolithic site of Tell Halula, Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, vol.1, no. 1 (2008), pp. 271–273.
  7. ↑ Melinda A. Zeder (20 June 2006). Documenting domestication: new genetic and archaeological paradigms, p. 186. University of California Press. pp. 186–. ISBN 978-0-520-24638-6. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  8. ↑ Early Animal Husbandry in the Northern Levant, Von Den Driesch A. , Peters J. , Helmer D. , Saña Segui M., Paléorient, 1999, Volume 25, Number 25-2, pp. 27-48.
  9. ↑ Geographic distribution and domestication of wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides), Hakan O¨ zkan, George Willcox, Andreas Graner, Francesco Salamini, Benjamin Kilian., Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
  10. ↑ Akkermans, Peter M.M.G., Hunter-gatherer continuity: The transition from the epipaleolithic to the neolithic in Syria, p. 286

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/20/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.