Cable Building (New York City)

Cable Building
The Cable Building from the southwest (2010)
Location	611 Broadway, New York, New York
Coordinates	40°43′33″N 73°59′49″W / 40.72583°N 73.99694°WCoordinates: 40°43′33″N 73°59′49″W / 40.72583°N 73.99694°W
Built	1894
Architect	Stanford White; McKim, Mead & White
Architectural style(s)	Beaux-Arts
New York City Landmark
Designated	June 29, 1999
Part of	NoHo Historic District
Location of Cable Building in New York City

The Cable Building is located at 611 Broadway at the northwest corner with Houston Street in NoHo and Greenwich Village, in Manhattan, New York City. Since it spans a block, the Cable Building also has addresses of 2-18 West Houston Street and 178-188 Mercer Street.

Construction and design

Entrance at west side

The Cable Building was built in 1892-1894. It is a steel and iron frame structure with brick, stone, and terra-cotta facing. It has a limestone base with a two-story arcade featuring show windows graced by iron spandrels and elegant keystones. It also has a prominent copper cornice with lions' faces, egg and dart moldings, and surmounting acanthus. It is believed to be the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White's first use of a complete steel frame in a commercial building.^[1]

In an article published on May 7, 1892 under the heading of "The Beginning of the Transformation of Broadway", the publication of record for New York real estate, the Real Estate Record and Builders Guide, reported, "At the northwest corner of Houston Street the Broadway Cable Railroad Company (Broadway & Seventh Avenue Railroad Company) is constructing its big power station and business building from the plans of McKim, Mead & White. The contracts for this work above the foundations are still to be set."^[2]

When it was completed, the Real Estate Record and Builders Guide enthused that the new Cable Building is "conspicuous among the modern buildings that are fast imparting a new and grander appearance to Broadway....its architecture expresses distinctly the highest achievement of the art in this country at this time...The exterior of this magnificent structure is a product of American genius adapted to the needs of American commercial interests and is influenced by the Italian Renaissance in its style and proportions." The publication further remarked that, with this example, "no excuse remains for building cheaply or meanly on any New York City property."^[3] The article noted that the Metropolitan Traction Company occupied the top two floors of the building and had the other six 20,000 square foot floors for lease, which it thought would be especially appealing to those businesses who had their natural centre in the wholesale dry goods district.

The Real Estate Record and Builders Guide gave special notice to the western entrance, saying: "Surmounting the charming and inviting entranceway is a round ornamental opening, making the centre to a group of two strongly modeled figures, which from their appearance and position are strongly suggestive in many ways of the Great Seal of the Empire State. These figures are 11 feet in height and are worthy of especial notice."^[4] Above this entrance are two flanking draped female figures, which were created by the distinguished Scottish-American sculptor J. Massey Rhind the oval window had a large clock in it as shown in photos from ca 1920. Like the architect Stanford White, Rhind was a leader in the "American Renaissance" movement. However, such a prominent sculptural piece on a commercial structure like the Cable Building eas considered very unusual. The figure on the right holds a sword her in hand, the handle of which was broken off ca 1920s, it remained missing for decades until it was replaced incorrectly with a flame torch to match the figure on the left.

Architects

Architects

Architect Stanford White, circa 1895

From left to right: Charles Follen McKim, William Rutherford Mead, and Stanford White

The Cable Building was designed by Stanford White, a partner in McKim, Mead & White, the preeminent American architectural firm at the turn of the twentieth century. It is a nine story Beaux-Arts structure, which impressively captures White's design principles of the "American Renaissance". This is the only McKim, Mead & White building in the NoHo Historic District. The building's detailing is similar to two of the firm's earlier designs: the 1887 Goelet Building, still standing at 900 Broadway, which Christopher Gray, writing in the New York Times called a " sleek, sophisticated amalgam of industrial-style brickwork";^[5] and the long-gone 1890 Hotel Imperial, also built for the Goelet family, at Broadway and 32nd Street. Stanford White was the partner in charge for both of these projects for the family and was a close friend.^[6]

The Cable Building's dual use as both a major powerhouse and an approximately 140,000 square-foot modern office building appears unique in the McKim, Mead & White portfolio. The firm, however, designed two other significant power house structures, both in New York State: the Adams Power Plant Transformer House, part of the historic Edward Dean Adams Power Plant, the first large-scale, alternating current electric generating plant in the world, built in 1895 to tap the power of Niagara Falls; and the IRT Powerhouse, the power station of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, located further uptown in Hell's Kitchen. However, both of these structures were single use, and most of McKim, Mead & White's prolific output was for public buildings or grand houses. Besides the Goelet Building among its few other office buildings is the Gorham Building, an Italian Renaissance Revival palazzo-style building at 390 Fifth Avenue at 36th Street in Murray Hill, for which Stanford White as also the partner-in-charge; and the New York Life Building in Kansas City, Missouri, which was fully replicated in Omaha, Nebraska as the Omaha National Bank Building. The latter two buildings are believed to be the only example in the McKim, Mead & White portfolio where one set of plans spawned two identical buildings.

Of the twenty-nine American cities that built cable traction systems between 1870 and 1900 along with their accompanying cable powerhouses, this is the only powerhouse that was built by an architect of such stature, creating a building of enduring artistic refinement.^[7] A cable car powerhouse is usually a very utilitarian building, constructed for one clear purpose, as can be seen clearly in the LaSalle Street Cable Car Powerhouse in Chicago, or the Baltimore City Passenger Railway Power House and Car Barn. It was simply the mechanical back office of the cable railroad. In this instance, being situated on such a prominent street, Broadway, probably propelled the investors, with deep ties to New York business and real estate, to make a grand statement.

Tenant

"A Typical Cable 'Accident' on Broadway." Introducing a new means of transportation in crowded New York City was not without its upheavals.

The Cable Building was originally the headquarters and power station for the Metropolitan Traction Company, one of the city's cable car companies. MTC had been assembled in 1892 as a holding company for street railways, including the Broadway & Seventh Avenue Railroad. It was composed of a very powerful quartet, including the patriarch of the Whitney family, William Collins Whitney; an extremely wealthy financier, Thomas Fortune Ryan; Philadelphia industrialist Peter Arrell Brown Widener; and a major New York builder, John D. Crimmins.^[8] Their original investment in the building was $750,000. In all MTC spent $12 million on a cable car railway system to move cars on Broadway from Bowling Green to 36th Street. It was the most expensive system on a per-mile basis of any in the nation. When it became operational in the summer of 1893, its fleet comprised 125 cable cars and served 100,000 daily passengers. This was the central power station; other stations were at 51st Street and Front Street.^[9]

The building's basement, which had been excavated 46' under the street surface, housed four 32-foot winding wheels that carried the cables that pulled the cable streetcars. They were powered by four Corliss steam engines 38" x 60", 1200 HP each, developed by the Dickson Manufacturing Company of Scranton, Pennsylvania. The upper seven floors contained offices arranged around a large internal court with two rectangular light wells.

Less than ten years after it was finished and occupied, cable traction became obsolete in 1901 and the company switched to electricity, but the building retained its original name. The last Broadway cable car left the Battery Station at 8:27PM on May 21, 1901. Its final journey marked the end of cable street transportation in New York City.^[10] Subsequently, the Metropolitan Traction Company went into receivership, and was reorganized the following year as the New York Railways Company.

Recent history

The New York Railways Company sold the building in 1925, and it was soon occupied by small businesses and manufacturers. From the 1940s to 1970s, the Cable Building housed mainly garment makers, which was the prevailing use in that area at the time. It was converted back to offices in 1983, with new ground-floor storefronts. M. D. Carlisle Real Estate has owned The Cable Building since 1985.

The basement space that originally contained the cable powerhouse became the Angelika Film Center. They operate a multi-screen theater, which specializes in art house films. It was designed by architect Igor Josza^[11] and built by contractor Don Schimenti^[12] in 1989. Part of the ground floor and all of the second floor has been occupied since 2002 by a 40,217 square-foot Crate & Barrel store.^[13] Offices tenant the other seven floors.

Historic preservation

Drawing of the Cable Building in 1893

The building was designated as part of the NoHo Historic District in 1999 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The report stated:

The NoHo Historic District, which comprises approximately 125 buildings, represents the period of New York City's commercial history from the early 1850s to the 1910s, when this section prospered as one of its major retail and wholesale dry goods centers. Acclaimed architects were commissioned to design ornate store and loft buildings in popular architectural styles, providing a rich fabric against which shoppers promenaded, looked at display windows, and bought goods, and merchants sold products. The district also contains early-nineteenth century houses, nineteenth- and twentieth-century institutional buildings, turn-of-the-century office buildings, as well as modest twentieth-century commercial structures, all of which testify to each successive phase in the development of the historic district. Today, the effect is of powerful and unifying streetscapes of marble, cast-iron, limestone, brick, and terracotta facades.^[14]

However, the Cable Building is not currently listed in its own right on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

1. NYC Landmarks Preservation Committee, Pages 95-97. "NOHO HISTORIC DISTRICT Designation Report" (PDF). Retrieved 5 March 2014.
2. "The Beginning of the Transformation of Broadway". The Real Estate Record and Builders Guide. May 7, 1892. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
3. Gray, Christopher (Nov 7, 1999). "Streetscapes/The 1893 Cable Building, Broadway and Houston Street; Built for New Technology by McKim, Mead & White". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
4. "The Cable Building, Northwest Corner of Broadway and Houston Street" (PDF). V. 52, No.1344, Dec. 16, 1893, page 760. Real Estate Record and Builders Guide. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
5. Gray, Christopher (January 15, 2006). "Streetscapes | Broadway and 20th Street Same Parents, No Resemblance". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
6. Broderick, Mosette (2010). Triumvirate: McKim, Mead & White: Art, Architecture, Scandal, and Class in America's Gilded Age. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf.
7. Hilton, George W. (1997). The Cable Car in America, page 129. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
8. "John D. Crimmins Dies of Pneumonia Financier and Philanthropist expires at his Home after Brief Illness at 73". The New York Times. Nov 10, 1917.
9. "The Broadway Cable Railway". The Street Railway Journal. January 1893.
10. Hilton, George W. (1997). The Cable Car in America, page 310. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
11. "Igor Josza Architecture".
12. "Lynbrook resident Donald Schimenti dies".
13. Pristin, Terry (January 26, 2002). "Crate & Barrel to Open a Store in Lower Manhattan Landmark". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
14. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. "NoHo Historic District Designation Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-03-05.