The Jazz Singer (play)
| The Jazz Singer | |
|---|---|
| Written by | Samson Raphaelson |
| Date premiered | September 14, 1925 |
| Place premiered | Fulton Theatre |
| Original language | English |
| Genre | Drama |
| Setting | New York City |
The Jazz Singer is a play written by Samson Raphaelson, based on his short story "The Day of Atonement". Producers Albert Lewis and Max Gordon staged it on Broadway, where it debuted at the Fulton Theatre in 1925. A highly influential movie adaptation was released in 1927.
Plot
Jackie Rabinowitz, the son of Jewish immigrants, has launched a career as a jazz singer, performing in blackface under the name Jack Robin. His father, a cantor for an Orthodox synagogue on the East Side of Manhattan, disapproves of Jack's choices. In the first act, Jack visits on his father's 60th birthday. They argue, and Jack is thrown out. In the second act, Jack is preparing for his Broadway debut, which he expects to be a breakthrough for his career. Jack learns that father is seriously ill, but at first he refuses to leave his rehearsals. In the third act, Jack visits his parents' home before his show, but his father has been taken to a hospital, where he dies. Rather than return to the show, Jack goes to the synagogue to take his father's place for the Yom Kippur services.
History
On April 25, 1917, Samson Raphaelson, a native of New York City's Lower East Side and a University of Illinois undergraduate, attended a performance of the musical Robinson Crusoe, Jr. in Champaign, Illinois. The star of the show was a thirty-year-old singer, Al Jolson, a Russian-born Jew who performed in blackface.[1] In a 1927 interview, Raphaelson described the experience: "I shall never forget the first five minutes of Jolson—his velocity, the amazing fluidity with which he shifted from a tremendous absorption in his audience to a tremendous absorption in his song." He explained that he had seen emotional intensity like Jolson's only among synagogue cantors.[1] A few years later, pursuing a professional literary career, Raphaelson wrote "The Day of Atonement", a short story about a young Jew named Jakie Rabinowitz, based on Jolson's real life. The story was published in January 1922 in Everybody's Magazine.[2]
Raphaelson then rewrote the story as a play, which he sold in May 1925 to the producing team of Albert Lewis and Max Gordon. After previews in several cities, the Broadway production opened at the Fulton Theatre on September 14, 1925. The play ran at the Fulton for two months, then transferred to the Cort Theatre, where it ran until June 5, 1926. The production had a total of 303 performances between the two theaters.
In 1927, a revival production was staged at the Century Theatre, where it ran for 16 performances.
Cast and characters
The characters and cast from the Broadway debut at the Fulton Theatre are given below:
| Character | Broadway cast |
|---|---|
| Gene | Ted Athey |
| Irma | Irma Block |
| Franklyn Forbes | Paul Byron |
| Rita | Rita Crane |
| Frances | Frances Dippel |
| Eddie Carter | Barney Fagan |
| Mary Dale | Phoebe Foster |
| Levy | Nathaniel Freyer |
| Grace | Grace Fuller |
| Ruth | Ruth Holden |
| Avery Jordan | Joseph Hopkins |
| Harry Lee | Arthur Stuart Hull |
| Yudelson | Sam Jaffe |
| Mildred | Mildred Jay |
| Jack Robin | George Jessel |
| Stage Doorman | Tom Johnstone |
| Dr. O'Shaughnessy | Tony Kennedy |
| Sam Post | Arthur Lane |
| Cantor Rabinowtiz | Howard Lang |
| Miss Glynn | Mildred Leaf |
| Randolph Dillings | Richard Mansfield |
| Sara Rabinowitz | Dorothy Raymond |
| Clarence Kahn | Robert Russell |
| Eleanor | Eleanor Ryan |
| Moey | George Schaeffer |
| Betty | Betty Wilton |
Adaptations
Warner Bros. acquired the movie rights to the play on June 4, 1926, and signed Jessel to a contract.[3] Moving Picture World published a story in February 1927 announcing that production on the film would begin with Jessel on May 1.[4] However, the plans to make the film with Jessel fell through,[3] and Warner Bros. cast Jolson in the role instead.[5]
Released on October 6, 1927, and also titled The Jazz Singer, the adaptation was the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound. Its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era.[6] Made for $422,000,[7] the movie grossed $3.9 million at the domestic box office.[8] Its release also had the effect of ending the touring production of the play, which could not compete with the lower-priced movie.[9]
Three subsequent screen versions of The Jazz Singer have been produced: a 1952 remake, starring Danny Thomas and Peggy Lee; a 1959 television remake, starring Jerry Lewis; and a 1980 remake starring Neil Diamond, Lucie Arnaz, and Laurence Olivier.[10] The Jazz Singer was adapted as a one-hour radio play on two broadcasts of Lux Radio Theater, both starring Jolson, reprising his screen role. The first aired August 10, 1936; the second on June 2, 1947.[11]
References
- 1 2 Carringer 1979, p. 11; Eyman 1997, p. 129
- ↑ Carringer 1979, pp. 11–12
- 1 2 Bradley 2004, p. 6
- ↑ Carringer 1979, p. 16
- ↑ Carringer 1979, p. 18
- ↑ Koszarski 1994, p. 90
- ↑ Crafton 1999, p. 111
- ↑ Block & Wilson 2010, pp. 110–113
- ↑ Jessel 2006, p. 91
- ↑ Gabbard 1996, pp. 46–49
- ↑ Siegel & Siegel 2007, p. 195
Works cited
- Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6. OCLC 310398975.
- Bradley, Edwin M (2004). The First Hollywood Musicals: A Critical Filmography of 171 Features, 1927 Through 1932. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2029-4. OCLC 34355143.
- Carringer, Robert L., ed. (1979). The Jazz Singer. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-07664-4. OCLC 5103299.
- Crafton, Donald (1999) [1997]. The Talkies: American Cinema's Transition to Sound, 1926–1931. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22128-1. OCLC 40925862.
- Eyman, Scott (1997). The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926–1930. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81162-6. OCLC 35637891.
- Gabbard, Krin (1996). Jammin' at the Margins: Jazz and the American Cinema. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-27789-5. OCLC 33078274.
- Jessel, George (2006) [1943]. So Help Me: The Autobiography of George Jessel. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger. ISBN 1-4286-5975-7. OCLC 1371325.
- Koszarski, Richard (1994) [1990]. An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08535-3. OCLC 29312541.
- Siegel, David; Siegel, Susan (2007). Radio and the Jews: The Untold Story of How Radio Influenced America's Image of Jews. Yorktown Heights, New York: Book Hunter Press. ISBN 978-1-891379-08-6. OCLC 166389867.