Thein Sein

Thein Sein
သိန်းစိန်
8th President of Myanmar
In office 30 March 2011 – 30 March 2016
Vice President	Tin Aung Myint Oo Sai Mauk Kham Nyan Tun
Preceded by	Than Shwe (Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council)
Succeeded by	Htin Kyaw
Prime Minister of Myanmar
In office 24 October 2007 – 30 March 2011 Acting: April 2007 – 24 October 2007
Leader	Than Shwe
Preceded by	Soe Win
Succeeded by	Aung San Suu Kyi (State Counsellor, 2016)
First Secretary of the State Peace and Development Council
In office 19 October 2004 – 24 October 2007
Preceded by	Soe Win
Succeeded by	Tin Aung Myint Oo
Member of Parliament for Zabuthiri
In office 7 November 2010 – 30 March 2011
Preceded by	Constituency established
Succeeded by	Sanda Min
Majority	65,620 (91.2%)
Personal details
Born	20 April 1945 Kyounku, Burma
Political party	State Peace and Development Council (Before 2010) Union Solidarity and Development Party (2010–present)
Spouse(s)	Khin Khin Win
Children	3
Alma mater	Defence Services Academy
Religion	Theravada Buddhism
Military service
Allegiance	Myanmar
Service/branch	Myanmar Army
Years of service	1968–2010
Rank	General

Thein Sein (Burmese: သိန်းစိန်; IPA: [θéɪɴ sèɪɴ]; born 20 April 1945) is a former Burmese politician and retired general in the Myanmar Army who served as the 8th President of Myanmar from 2011 to 2016. He previously served as Prime Minister from 2007 to 2011, and is considered by many in and outside Myanmar as a moderate and reformist in the post-junta government.^[1]

His government undertook a series of political reforms including some deregulation of the country's censored media, releasing many political prisoners and halting the country's controversial large Chinese-led hydro-power project. The developments that followed included Myanmar's appointment to chair ASEAN in 2014, improved relations with the US, the release of Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, and the reinstatement of major opposition party National League for Democracy (NLD) in the by-election held on 1 April 2012.^[2]

Early life

Thein Sein was born in Kyonku, British Burma (now Myanmar), a small Irrawaddy delta village near Hainggyi Island in what is now Ngapudaw Township to Maung Phyo (father) and Khin Nyunt (mother).^[3] He was the youngest of three children. His parents were landless farmers, and his father made a living carrying cargo at the river jetty and weaving bamboo mats.^[3][4] Thein Sein's father Maung Phyo became a Buddhist monk 10 years after his wife's death, and spent his remaining years as a monk.^[3]

Military career

Thein Sein graduated from the 9th intake of the Defence Services Academy with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1968, becoming a second lieutenant afterward.^[3][5] Throughout Thein Sein's four-decade long military career, he was considered a bureaucrat, not a combat soldier. In 1988, he served as a major for Sagaing Division's 55th Light Infantry Division and later served as a commander for Sagaing Division's 89th Infantry Battalion in Kalay Township. The following year, he studied at the Command and General Staff College in Kalaw, Shan State.

By 1991, he had returned to Yangon, after being promoted to the rank of colonel and 1st Grade General Staff Officer in the War Office. He was then promoted to Brigadier General, but remained at his position in the War Office, which marked the first time a Brigadier General was promoted to General Staff Officer. In 1995, he was recruited as the commander of Yangon Division's Military Operations Command 4 in Hmawbi. A year later, in 1996, he was appointed to lead the new Triangle Regional Military Command in Kyaingtong, Shan State, serving this role for four years (1997–2001).^[5]

In 1997, he became a member of the State Peace and Development Council and was appointed as Secretary-2 in 2003.^[6][7] He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General that year.^[8] After Khin Nyunt was deposed and Soe Win became Prime Minister in 2004, he was promoted to Secretary-1 and promoted to General in late 2004.^[7]

Prime Minister

Thein Sein and Thai PM Abhisit Vejjajiva during a state visit to Naypyidaw in October 2010.

Thein Sein was appointed in April 2007 by the nation's ruling military junta^[9] as interim prime minister, replacing Soe Win, who was undergoing medical treatment for leukaemia.^[10][11] He was formally appointed as Soe Win's permanent successor on 24 October 2007 after Soe Win's death on 12 October 2007.^[12]

He held the position of first secretary in the ruling State Peace and Development Council junta. He was the country's fourth-highest ranking general,^[13] and also served as the chairman of the government-sponsored National Convention Convening Commission.^[14] Thein Sein carried out high-level negotiations with Bangladesh and Cambodia.^[10][11]

In 2007, sometime after his official appointment as prime minister, he was promoted to the rank of General from Lieutenant General.^[15] On his first official visit outside Myanmar as prime minister, Thein Sein carried out high-level negotiations with Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.^[16][17][18] In the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis in May 2008, he led the National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee as chairman and was criticised for the government's systematic blocking of relief efforts.^[5]

Presidency

Election and appointment

On 29 April 2010, he retired from the military, along with 22 other military officials, to lead the Union Solidarity and Development Party as a civilian.^[19] During the 2010 general election, he was head of the Union Solidarity and Development Party, which contested in a controversial election and won the overwhelming majority of seats in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. Thein Sein ran against National Unity Party candidate Kyaw Aye during the election, contesting a Pyithu Hluttaw seat to represent the constituents of Naypyidaw Union Territory's Zabuthiri Township. He purportedly won 91.2% of the votes (65,620).^[20]

On 4 February 2011, he was elected by the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw's Presidential Electoral College as the next President of Myanmar, becoming the country's first non-interim civilian president in 49 years. Tin Aung Myint Oo and Sai Mauk Kham were named as the new vice-presidents.^[21] He was sworn in on 30 March 2011 alongside the two vice-presidents and the newly elected parliament.^[22]

Regional policy

In the first month of his presidency, he sought the support of ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan to support Myanmar's bid to chair the ASEAN Summit in 2014.^[23] As of July 2011, the government has formed a planning committee led by foreign affairs minister Wunna Maung Lwin.^[24] In his presidency, Myanmar took the ASEAN chairmanship in 2014. ASEAN summit was held in Naypyidaw in the same year.^[25]

Domestic policy

Some have considered Thein Sein as a moderate because he was willing to engage with Aung San Suu Kyi; he had a high-profile meeting with her in Naypyidaw on 19 August 2011.^[26] On 17 August 2011, he was quoted by the state newspaper, The New Light of Myanmar as saying:^[27]

“

We will make reviews to make sure that Myanmar [Burmese] citizens living abroad for some reasons can return home if they have not committed any crimes. And if a Myanmar citizen in a foreign country who committed crimes applies for returning home to serve terms, we will show our benevolent attitude in dealing with his case.

”

Various news sources intrepreted his suggestion as an invitation for overseas Burmese citizens to return to their country of origin and help rebuild the Burmese economy.^[28]

United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton meets with Burma's President Thein Sein in Naypyitaw, 1 December 2011.

Thein Sein has proposed that the minority Rohingya ethnic group, which has lived in Burma for hundreds of years, be "resettled" abroad, a proposal the United Nations was quick to object to.^[29] Thein Sein has also supported domestic policies that label Rohingya as "non-citizens". He has said that the 2012 Rakhine State riots "has nothing to do with race or religion."^[30]

Thein Sein meets US President Barack Obama in Rangoon, 19 November 2012

2012 cabinet reshuffle

On 27 August 2012, Thein Sein announced a major cabinet reshuffle of 9 ministers and 15 deputy ministers, to consolidate the authority of his office by removing hardliner ministers and replacing them with political allies.^[31] Among the more prominent changes was the transfer of Kyaw Hsan from the post of Minister for Information to Minister of Cooperatives, and the appointment of Aung Min, Tin Naing Thein and Soe Thein, all former lieutenants under Thein Sein, to the posts of Minister of the President's Office.^[31]

Union Solidarity and Development Party

On 16 October 2012, Thein Sein was re-elected as the chairman of the Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) at the USDP's first party conference in Naypyidaw.^[32] This is in direct contradiction to the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, which states:^[33]

“

If the President or the Vice-Presidents are members of a political party, they shall not take part in its party activities during their term of office from the day of their election.

”

According to the constitution, he is technically barred from taking part in party activities during his term of office. Because of mounting criticism over his dual role, Thein Sein handed over the chairman position of party to Shwe Mann on 1 May 2013. But Thein Sein will continue to play a leadership role within the ruling party and did not disqualify himself from consideration as the party's presidential candidate of 2015 election.^[34][35][36]

Ordination of Thein Sein into the Sangha

Monkhood

A day after Thein Sein left office, the Democratic Voices of Burma published a news article that the ex-president would be ordaining as a monk on 1 April 2016 for a few days. According to the DVB, a 'spokesperson close to the President' refused to disclose where he would be ordained, but it would be in a "small, peaceful town".^[37]

According to a Facebook post, he was ordained under Ashin Nandamalabhivamsa in a monastery in Pyin Oo Lwin under the monastic name U Santi Dhamma.^[38][39]

Personal life

Thein Sein is married to Khin Khin Win. The couple have 3 daughters.^[3] One of his daughters, Yin Thuzar Thein, is married to a military captain, Han Win Aung.^[40] He suffers from heart disease and uses a pacemaker.^[41][42]

References

1. Ba Kaung (15 August 2011). "Will Naypyidaw's Olive Branch Bear Fruit?". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
2. "One Year of Myanmar's Thein Sein Government: Background and Outlook of Reforms". KUDO Toshihiro. Retrieved May 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
3. Keller, Bill (30 September 2012). "A Conversation with President U Thein Sein of Myanmar". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
4. Fuller, Thomas (14 March 2012). "A Most Unlikely Liberator in Myanmar". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
5. "President Thein Sein". Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
6. "THEIN SEIN profile". Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
7. "Lt-Gen Thein Sein is new PM". Myanmar Times. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
8. Tun Tun (3 February 2011). "Profiles of vice president nominees". Mizzma News. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
9. "Countries Me-My". Rulers.org. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
10. Burmese junta choose stand-in PM, BBC.co.uk; retrieved 20 May 2007.
11. Burmese Junta Tips New Prime Minister; retrieved 20 May 2007.
12. Myanmar appoints new PM, Xinhua; retrieved 24 October 2007.
13. Myanmar paramount leader not nominated for president: MPs, Reuters; retrieved 1 February 2011.
14. Work coordination meeting of National Convention Convening Commission, Work Committee and Management Committee held, The New Light of Myanmar; retrieved 20 April 2004.
15. Myanmar PM to visit Laos, Vietnam, Xinhua. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
16. Burma's PM visits Vietnam, Associated Press via The Age. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
17. Laos, Myanmar set to enhance relations, Xinhua; retrieved 11 November 2007.
18. Myanmar's prime minister visits Cambodia to garner support against sanctions
19. Wai Moe (5 May 2010). "Tight Censorship on Reporting USDP". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
20. "People's parliament candidates in Zabuthiri constituency (Naypyitaw Union Territory)". Retrieved 21 August 2011.
21. Burma ex-Prime Minister Thein Sein named new president, BBC, 4 February 2011.
22. "President sworn in, junta dissolved- DVB Multimedia Group". Dvb.no. 2011-03-30. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
23. "Burma as Asean Chair in 2014? Think Again.". The Irrawaddy. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
24. Nyi Thit (25 July 2011). "Burma organizes committee to host Asean Summit". Retrieved 22 August 2011.
25. "ASEAN Summit 2014, Myanmar". asean-summit-2014.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
26. "Aung San Suu Kyi meets Burma's president Thein Sein". The Guardian. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
27. Ko Htwe (18 August 2011). "'Welcome Home' Greeted with Skepticism". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
28. "Burmese President Invites Return of Citizens Abroad". Voice of America. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
29. "UN refugee chief rejects call to resettle Rohingya". The Huffington Post. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
30. Voice of America, Burma: Sectarian Violence Not About Race or Religion, 10 August 2012, http://www.voanews.com/content/burma-sectarian-violence-not-about-race-or-religion/1483768.html
31. Fuller, Thomas (27 August 2012). "President of Myanmar Reshuffles His Cabinet". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
32. Wang Yuanyuan (16 October 2012). "President U Thein Sein re-elected as Myanmar's ruling party leader". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
33. "Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (PDF). Government of Myanmar. 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
34. "Thein Sein resigns as chairman of Burma's ruling party". DVB News. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
35. Win Ko Ko Latt (6 May 2013). "Speaker confirmed as new USDP chairman". The Myanmar Times. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
36. WENG, LAWI (3 May 2013). "Thein Sein Still a USDP Leader, May Be Party's 2015 Presidential Pick: Lawmaker". The irrawaddy. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
37. "Ex-president Thein Sein to ordain as monk: report- DVB Multimedia Group". DVB Multimedia Group. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
38. "Myanmar Ex-president Mr. U Thein Sein... - Bhikkhu Bhaddiya | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
39. "Burma's Former President Thein Sein Joins Monkhood". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
40. Min Lwin (5 February 2009). "Burmese PM's Daughter Camera Shy on Her Wedding Day". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
41. "Profile: Burmese leader Thein Sein". BBC News. 4 February 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
42. McCoy, Clifford (4 May 2011). "Man in the mirror in Myanmar". Asia Times. Retrieved 22 August 2011.