Timeline of Baghdad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

Prior to 16th century

• 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).^[1]
• 762 CE
  • Round City construction begins per Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur.^[2][3]
  • Al-Khassakiyya mosque built.^[4]
• 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.^[4]
• 775 – Bab al-Taq (gate) built.^[5]
• 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.^[6]
• 794 – Paper mill in operation.^[6][7]
• 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.^[4]
• 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
• 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.^[6]
• 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.^[8]
• 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.^[9]
• 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.^[10]
• 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.^[11]
• 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.^[6]
• 865 – City wall built.^[12]
• 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
• 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.^[9]
• 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.^[13]
• 908 – Khulafa Mosque built.^[4]
• 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.^[9]
• 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.^[14]
• 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.^[6]
• 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
• 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.^[14]
• 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.
• 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.^[9][15]
• 1095 – City wall rebuilt.^[12]
• 1180 – Caliph Al-Nasir in power.
• 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.^[4]
• 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).^[4]
• 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.^[8]
• 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.^[4]
• 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles Kitab al-Tabikh (1226) (cookbook).
• 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.^[4]
• 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).^[4]
• 1232 – Mustansiriya Madrasah established.^[4][13]
• 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.^[8]
• 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.^[9]
• 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).^[9]
• 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.^[16]
• 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.^[4]
• 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.^[4]
• 1393 – City captured by Timur.^[9]
• 1401 – City captured by Timur again.^[9]
• 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.^[9]
• 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.^[8]
• 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.^[6]

16th–19th centuries

• 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.^[17]
• 1534
  • Capture of Baghdad by Ottomans.^[9]
  • Jami' Abd al-Qadir al-Jaylani built.^[4]
• 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.^[8]
• 1578 – Jami' Murad Basha built.^[4]
• 1601 – Coffeehouse built.^[18]
• 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.^[8]
• 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.^[9]
• 1625 - Siege of Baghdad, Ottoman–Safavid Wars
• 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.^[19]
• 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.^[1]
• 1683 – City besieged.^[9]
• 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.^[9]
• 1795 – Jami al-Maydan built.^[4]
• 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.^[9]
• 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.^[9]
• 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).^[20]
• 1826 – Jami' Haydar Khanah built.^[4]
• 1830
  • British East Indian Company in residence (approximate date).^[9]
  • Plague.^[21]
• 1831 – Flood, then famine.^[9]
• 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.^[22]
• 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
• 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.^[1]
• 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.^[23]
• 1865
  • Basrah-Baghdad telegraph line installed.^[23]
  • Alliance Israélite boys' school established.^[1]
• 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.^[9]
• 1870
  • Municipal council established.^[9]
  • City walls demolished.^[13]
• 1871 – Population: 65,000.^[21]
• 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).^[1]
• 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).^[8]
• 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.^[1]

20th century

1900s–1940s

• 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).^[24]
• 1909 – Cinema built.^[25]
• 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
• 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).^[26]
• 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.^[9]
• 1915
  • Istanbul-Baghdad railway begins operating.^[6]
  • Al Rasheed Street laid out.^[6]
  • Cholera epidemic.^[9]
• 1917
  • March: Fall of Baghdad (1917); British in power.^[27][28]
  • Cinema opens.^[9]
• 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
• 1920
  • City becomes capital of the British Mandate of Iraq.
  • Iraqi revolt against the British.
  • Maktabat al-Salam (library) established.
• 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
• 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basrah flights.^[9]
• 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
• 1931 – Strike.^[29]
• 1936 – Military coup.^[9]
• 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.^[30]
• 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
• 1941
  • May: Anglo-Iraqi War.^[31]
  • June: Farhud (pogrom against Jews).
• 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
• 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
• 1948
  • Uprising.^[9]
  • Popular Theatre Company^[30] and filmmaking Studio of Baghdad formed.^[25]

1950s–1990s

• 1952
  • Uprising.^[9]
  • Modern Theatre Company formed.^[30]
• 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
• 1956
  • Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.^[32]
  • May: Government television begins broadcasting.^[33]
  • Uprising.^[34]
  • Iraqi Artists Society formed.^[35]
• 1957
  • University of Baghdad established.
  • Demonstration.^[34]
• 1958
  • 14 July: Iraqi coup d'état against king Faisal II at Royal Palace.^[34]
  • City becomes capital of the Republic of Iraq.
• 1959
  • Revolution City built.
  • Al-Mabda' newspaper begins publication.
  • Unknown Soldier monument erected on Firdos Square.^[32]
• 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
• 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
• 1963
  • 8–10 February: Iraqi coup d'état.
  • Khulafa Central Mosque built.
  • Al-Mustansiriya University and Al-Rasheed Sport Club established.
• 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
• 1965 – Population: 1,745,000 (approximate).^[36]
• 1966
  • Film festival held at Al-Rashid Cinema.^[37]
  • Al-Shaab Stadium and Martyrs' Mosque built.^[4]
• 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.^[30]
• 1968 – National Theatre Company established.^[30]
• 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
• 1975 – Central Post Office built.^[4]
• 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
• 1980
  • Iran–Iraq War begins.
  • Film school of the Institute of Fine Arts established.^[37]
• 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.^[4]
• 1982
  • Saddam International Airport, Al Rasheed Hotel, Palestine Meridien Hotel, and Baghdad Conference Palace^[4] built.
  • Ishtar Sheraton Hotel opens.
  • The Monument to the Unknown Soldier inaugurated.^[32]
• 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.^[4]
• 1985
  • Baghdad Festival of Arab theatre begins.^[30]
  • Amanat Al Assima Housing complex and Central Bank of Iraq building constructed.^[4]
• 1988 – Saddam University established.
• 1989 – Victory Arch erected.^[32]
• 1991
  • Gulf War.
  • 13 February: Amiriyah shelter bombing.
• 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
• 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.

21st century

2000s

• 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
• 2003
  • 3–12 April: Battle of Baghdad; United States in power; Green Zone established.
  • 9 April: Firdos Square statue destruction.
  • 7 August: Jordanian embassy bombing.
  • 19 August: Canal Hotel bombing.
  • 27 October: Bombings.
• 2004
  • 2 March: Ashura bombings.
  • 29 May: Alaa al-Tamimi becomes mayor.^[38]
  • 25 August: Baghdad International Airport reverts to civilian control.
  • 12 September: Haifa Street helicopter incident.
  • 14 September: Bombing.
• 2005
  • 8 August: Municipal coup d'état.^[38]
  • 31 August: 2005 Baghdad bridge stampede.
  • Baghdad International Film Festival begins.^[39]
• 2006
  • 7 April: Buratha Mosque bombing.
  • 1 July: Sadr City bombing.
  • 9 July: Hay al Jihad massacre.
  • 23 November: Sadr City bombings.
• 2007
  • 16 January: Mustansiriya University bombings.
  • 22 January: Bombings.
  • 3 February: Market bombing.
  • 14 February: Baghdad Security Plan effected.
  • 18 February: Bombings.
  • 5 March: Mutanabbi Street bombed.^[40]
  • 29 March: Bombings.
  • April: Adhamiyah neighborhood Wall construction begins.^[41]
  • 26 July: Market bombing.
  • 1 August: Bombings.
• 2008
  • Baghdad Metro resumes operation.
  • 6 March: Bombing.
  • 17 June: Bombing.
• 2009
  • 1 January: Control of Green Zone transferred from US to Iraq.
  • Dismantling of war-time blast walls begins.^[42]
  • 19 August: Bombings.

2010s

• 2010
  • 17 August: Bombings.
  • Baghdad FC Stadium opens.
• 2012
  • 5 January: Bombings.
  • 27 January: Bombing.^[43]
  • 23 February: 23 February 2012 Iraq attacks.^[43]
  • 4 June: Bombing of Shia office.^[43]
• 2015 - Air pollution in Baghdad reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 208 PM10, much higher than recommended.^[44]
• 2016 - 3 July: Bombing in Karrada.

See also

• History of Baghdad
• List of Abbasid Caliphs
• Neighbourhoods of Baghdad
• List of mosques in Baghdad
• Administrative districts in Baghdad (formed in 2003)
• List of hospitals in Baghdad Governorate

Other cities in Iraq

• Timeline of Basra
• Timeline of Mosul

References

1. "Bagdad", Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
2. Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2. JSTOR 162258.
3. Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Baghdad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
4. ArchNet. "Baghdad". Archived from the original on December 2012.
5. Jacob Lassner (1966). "Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9. JSTOR 3596170.
6. Jacqueline Griffin (1996), "Baghdad", in Trudy Ring, Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
7. History of Printing Timeline, American Printing History Association, retrieved 6 May 2016
8. Charles Wilson, ed. (1895), "Baghdad", Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc., London: John Murray, OCLC 8979039
9. Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
10. Jim Al-Khalili (2010), Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846141614
11. Felix Jones (1856). "Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad". Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. Bombay. 12.
12. George Makdisi (1959). "Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes". Arabica: 178–197. JSTOR 4055493.
13. Francoise Micheau (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era". The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9789004162402.
14. George Makdisi (1961). "Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24: 1. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0014039x. JSTOR 610293.
15. "West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
16. Michael Cooperson (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative". Muqarnas. 13.
17. Justin Marozzi (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1.
18. Markman Ellis (2004). The Coffee-House: a Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297843192.
19. "Bagdad". Edinburgh Gazetteer (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1829.
20. Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bagdad", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
21. Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras.
22. Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 : A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. 1988.
23. Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39. JSTOR 4284278.
24. Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta.
25. Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
26. "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912
27. "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
28. Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
29. Peter Sluglett (2007), Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231142007
30. Don Rubin, ed. (1999), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415059321
31. Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
32. Caecilia Pieri (2008). "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42. JSTOR 23063540.
33. Douglas A. Boyd (1982). "Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country". Middle Eastern Studies. 18. JSTOR 4282908.
34. Kwasi Kwarteng (2011), Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world, New York: PublicAffairs
35. Orit Bashkin (2008), The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804759922
36. L. W. Jones (1969). "Rapid Population Growth in Baghdad and Amman". Middle East Journal. 23. JSTOR 4324436.
37. Terri Ginsberg; Chris Lippard (2010), Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema, USA: Scarecrow Press
38. "Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced". New York Times. 10 August 2005.
39. "Baghdad International Film Festival". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
40. "Baghdad car bomb hits book market". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2007.
41. "Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost". Reuters. 6 February 2008.
42. "When the Walls Come Down". New York Times. 14 October 2009.
43. Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
44. World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva

Further reading

Published in the 17th–18th centuries

• Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "(Bagdat)". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris.
• Allain Manesson Mallet (1683), "De la ville de Bagdet", Description de l'univers (in French), Paris: Denys Thierry
• Barthélemy d' Herbelot (1777), "Bagdad", Bibliotheque orientale (in French), The Hague: J. Neaulme & N. van Daalen

Published in the 19th century

• J.B.L.J. Rousseau (1809). Description du pachalik de Bagdad (in French).
• Abraham Rees (1819), "Bagdad", The Cycloppædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
• Robert Ker Porter (1821), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, OCLC 5524754
• Robert Mignan (1829), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Chaldæa, London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley
• David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Bagdad". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
• Anthony Norris Groves (1832), Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831, London: J. Nisbet, OCLC 5000777
• "Bagdad". American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Boston: Boston Bewick Co. 1. 1834.
• Josiah Conder (1834), "Bagdad", Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg
• James Raymond Wellsted (1840), "Bagdat", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027
• Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Bagdad". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly.
• Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Bagdad", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge
• George Henry Townsend (1867), "Bagdad", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
• William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Baghdad", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
• Grattan Geary (1878), "City of the Caliphs", Through Asiatic Turkey, London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, OCLC 4918876
• Ibn Serapion; Guy Le Strange (1895). "Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London.
• Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "Baġdād", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400

Published in the 20th century

• Guy Le Strange (1900), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Bibliography + Index).
• "Bagdad", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
• Pedro Teixeira (1902), "Concerning the City of Bagdad", The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society
• Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1904), L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî (in French), translated by George Salmon, Paris: É. Bouillon, OCLC 23419471
• "Bagdad", Jewish Encyclopedia, 2, New York, 1907
• "Bagdad". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908.
• Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Bagdad", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
• "Baghdad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1913. p. 563?+.
• Sven Hedin (1918), "Bagdad einst und jetzt", Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive (in German), Leipzig: Brockhaus
• Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (1923–1924). Manāqib Baghdād (in Arabic). Edited by M. Bahjat al-Atharī. Baghdād: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām.
• Freya Stark (1932). Baghdad Sketches.
• Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Baghdad", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 140, OL 6112221M
• Ibn al-Banna; George Makdisi (1956–1957). "Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18: 9. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00122189.
• "Baghdad", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 92, OL 5812502M
• J. Gulick (1967). "Baghdad: portrait of a city in physical and cultural change". Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 33.
• Jacob Lassner. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1970.
• Gaston Wiet (1971), Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate, translated by Seymour Feiler, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080610922X
• "Iraq: Baghdad", Middle East, Australia: Lonely Planet, 1994, p. 302+, OL 16516298W

Published in the 21st century

• John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Baghdad". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 43+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.
• Stefano Bianca (2000), "Baghdad: an Arab Metropolis between Conservation and Redevelopment", Urban form in the Arab world, Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725
• Hoshiar Nooradin (2004). "Globalization and the search for modern local architecture: learning from Baghdad". In Yasser Elsheshtawy. Planning Middle Eastern Cities: An Urban Kaleidoscope. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-134-41010-1.
• Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq (2007). Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook. Translated by Nawal Nasrallah. Brill. ISBN 90-04-15867-7.
• Dina Rizk Khoury (2008). "Violence and spatial politics between the local and imperial: Baghdad 1778-1810". In Gyan Prakash; Kevin Michael Kruse. Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13343-3.
• Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "Baghdad Urbexplosion". Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective. Presses de l'Université du Québec. p. 195+. ISBN 978-2-7605-2209-1.
• Gabor Agoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009). "Baghdad". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
• Mona Damluji (2010). "'Securing Democracy In Iraq': Sectarian Politics and Segregation in Baghdad, 2003-2007". Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review. International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments. 21 – via University of California, Berkeley.

External links

• "History of Baghdad". University of Baghdad.
• Yezin Al-Qays (ed.). "Heart of Baghdad".
• "Movie Theaters in Baghdad, Iraq". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC.
• Harold W. Morgan (1917–1919). "Photograph album of Capt. W. Harold Morgan: Mesopotamia". (includes photos of Baghdad)
• Europeana. Items related to Baghdad, various dates.

Coordinates: 33°19′30″N 44°25′19″E / 33.325°N 44.422°E