Tolui

For the village in Iran, see Tolui, Iran.
Tolui Khan

Painting of Tolui Khan by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, early 14th century.
Regent of Mongol Empire
Reign 25 August 1227 – 13 September 1229
Predecessor Genghis Khan
Successor Ögedei Khan
Sorghaghtani as Head of the Toluid appanages
Born 1192
Died 1232 (aged 40)
Mongolia
Spouse Sorghaghtani Beki
Saruk Khatun
Lingkun Khatun
Nayan Khatun
Doquz Khatun
Issue Möngke Khan (1209–1259)
Kublai Khan (1215–1294)
Hulagu Khan (1217–1265)
Ariq Böke (1219–1266)
Full name
Given name: Tolui (Тулуй)
Posthumous name
Emperor Rensheng Jingxiang (仁圣景襄皇帝, posthumously given in 1266)
Temple name
Ruizong (睿宗, posthumously given in 1266)
House Borjigin
Father Genghis Khan
Mother Börte Ujin

Tolui, (Classic Mongolian: ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠢ Toluy, Tului, Mongolian: Тулуй хаан, Chinese: 拖雷, Tolui Khan (meaning the Khan Tolui)) (1192–1232) was the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun Börte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm Ögedei as second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368). Before that he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin dynasty, the Western Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur. He is a direct ancestor of most of the Emperors of Mongolia and the Ilkhanids.

Tolui never used the title of Khagan himself; neither Genghis Khan nor his immediate three successors ever use any reigning titles unlike the neighboring Chinese dynasties in the south. Tolui was awarded the title of Khagan by his son Möngke and was given a temple name (Chinese: 元睿宗; pinyin: Yuán Ruìzōng; Wade–Giles: Jui-Tsung) by his other son Kublai, when he established the Yuan dynasty a few decades later.

Early years

During the rise of Genghis Khan, Tolui was too young to be involved in the battles. Tolui was almost killed by a Tatar when he was about five years of age. He was saved by his sister Altani and two companions of Genghis.[1] In 1203, His father bestowed on Tolui his wife Sorghaghtani, the niece of Ong Khan. Their first son Möngke was born in 1209. He first entered combat against the Jin dynasty in 1213, scaling the walls of Dexing with his brother-in-law Chiqu.

In 1221, Genghis Khan dispatched him to Khorasan in Iran. The cities in this area had revolted several times. The defenders of Nishapur killed Toquchar, the brother-in-law of Tolui in November 1220. Tolui's army evacuated Nishapur onto the plains. He ordered the total massacres of Nishapur and Merv.[2]

Genghis Khan's succession

When Genghis Khan was deciding who should succeed him, he had trouble choosing between his four sons. Tolui had amazing military skills and was very successful as a general, but Genghis Khan chose Ögodei, who was more capable politically. Genghis Khan felt that Tolui would be too cautious to be an effective leader. Tolui was with his father on campaign against Xi Xia in 1227.

After Genghis Khan's death, Tolui generally supervised the Mongol Empire for two years. The Mongol nobles accepted this partly because of the tradition that the youngest son inherits his father's properties, and partly because Tolui had the largest and most powerful army in central Mongolia at the time. Tolui supported the choice of the next Khagan by election, and Ögedei was chosen, fulfilling his father's wishes.

Tolui campaigned with Ögedei in north China, serving as strategist and field commander in 1231–32. Two armies had been dispatched to besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin. After most of the Jin's defences were breached, they returned north.[3]

Death and legacy

According to The Secret History of the Mongols, Tolui sacrificed himself in order to cure Ögödei from a very severe illness during a campaign in China. The shamans had determined that the root of Ögödei's illness were China's spirits of earth and water, who were upset that their subjects had been driven away and their land devastated. Offering land, animals, and people had only led to an aggravation of Ögödei's illness, but when they offered to sacrifice a family member, Ögödei got better immediately. Tolui volunteered and died directly after consuming a cursed drink. However, Ata-Malik Juvayni says he died from alcoholism.[4]

Perhaps more important than himself was the role of his family, the Toluids, in shaping the destinies of the Mongol Empire. Through his Nestorian Christian wife Sorghaghtani Beki, Tolui fathered Möngke, Kublai, Ariq Böke, and Hulagu. The first three of these would all go on to claim the title of Great Khan, while Hulagu founded the Ilkhanate and Kublai the Yuan Dynasty of China. It was the rivalry between Tolui's own sons, Kublai and Ariq Böke, that fragmented the power of the empire and set the western khanates against each other in the Toluid Civil War between 1260 and 1264.

Rivalry between the Toluids and the sons of Ögedei and Jochi caused stagnation and infighting during the regency periods after the deaths of Ögedei and his son Güyük. Möngke posthumously awarded his father the title of Khagan in 1252.[5] When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, he had his father Tolui placed on the official record as Ruizong.

Tolui's line ruled Mongolia and south Mongolia from 1251 to 1635, and Mongolia until 1691.

Family

Tolui had many concubines and wives. But the chief one was Sorghaghtani who was the mother of Tolui's four ruling sons.

Tolui's sons included:

Ancestry

Hoelun
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yesugei Baghatur
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Börte
 
Temüjin (Genghis Khan)
 
Hasar
 
Hachiun
 
Temüge
 
Belgutei
 
Behter
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jochi
 
 
Chagatai
 
 
 
Ögedei
 
 
Tolui

References

  1. ↑ The secret history of the Mongols
  2. ↑ William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar The Cambridge History of Iran, p.313
  3. ↑ Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China 900-1800, p.447
  4. ↑ Kahn, Paul; Cleaves, Francis Woodman. The Secret History of the Mongols, p.xxvi
  5. ↑ Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world, p.169

See also

Tolui
House of Borjigin (1206–1635)
Born: 1192 Died: 1232
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Genghis Khan		 Regent of the Mongol Empire
1227–1229 		Succeeded by
Ögedei Khan
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