Topography of Pakistan
Topography
Topography is the study and description of the surface features of land, which means it is the study of the surface of the earth such as that of relief features which is whatever is on the surface of anything
Pakistan is divided into five major geographic areas the northern highlands; the Indus River plain, the Desert areas, the Pothohar Plateau and Balochistan Plateau and Salt Range, and the Sistan Basin. All the Rivers of Pakistan, i.e., Sindh, Ravi River, Chenab River, Jhelum River, and Sutlej River originate from the Himalayas mountain range. Some geographers designate Plateau is to the west of the imaginary southwest line; and the Indus Plain lies to the east of that line.
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sea level
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m [1]
The northern mountains and the mountains of western North In the north, northeast and north-west of Pakistan there lie three ranges of mountains. Between these ranges of the Himalayas are the great people of central and South Asia consider to be the roof of the world. Himalayas stretching continuously for about 2500 km from east to west. It is bounded to them in the north-west of the Hindu Kush mountain range to and from the north by the Karakoram. This consists of three mountain ranges, namely: Karakoram, Himalayas and Hindu Kush. The clash between these ranges of the three major geology makes for an interesting and very complex in northern Pakistan. Three main domains: A) Karakoram[1] B) Himalayas I. And Siwaliks Second. Below the Himalayas or the external Third. Central Himalayas C) Hindu Kush[2]
The Indus Plain
Land between two rivers is called DOAB in the local language.The name Indus comes from the Sanskrit word "sindhu", meaning "ocean", from which also come the words Sindh, Hindu, and India. The Indus River, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometers west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometers, and all of Pakistan's major rivers—the Kabul River, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej flow into it. The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years. The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. In Punjab (meaning the "land of five waters") are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers.[2] The Sutlej river, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border.
In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. The irrigation project, which facilitated the emergence of intensive cultivation despite semi-arid conditions, resulted in important social and political transformations. Satellite image of the Tarbela Dam Pakistan has two major river dams: the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, near the early Buddhist site at Taxila, and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River, where Punjab borders Azad Kashmir built as part of the Indus Basin Project.[2] The Warsak Dam on the Kabul River near Peshawar is smaller. These dams, along with a series of headworks and barrages built by the British and expanded since independence of Pakistan in 1947, are of vital importance to the national economy and played an important role in calming the raging floodwaters of 1992, which devastated large areas in the northern highlands and the Punjab plains.
The Desert Areas
The Cholistan desert spans an area of 16,000 square kilometers. The name "Cholistan" is derived from the Turkish word "chol," meaning "desert," though the desert is locally known as Rohi. The desert hosts an annual jeep rally, which draws many tourists.
Indus Valley Desert
The Indus Valley Desert is located in the northern area of Pakistan. The desert spans an area of 19,500 square kilometers and is surrounded by northwestern scrub forests. The Indus Valley Desert lies between two major rivers in the region, the Chenab and the Indus.
Kharan Desert
The Kharan Desert is located in Northeast Balochistan (a Pakistani state). The desert was used for nuclear testing by the Pakistan military, making it the most famous of the five deserts. The desert is in the center of a large empty basin.
Thal Desert
Home in Thal The Thal Desert is located in northeastern Pakistan between the Indus and Jhelum rivers. A large canal-building project is currently underway to irrigate the land. Irrigation will make most of the desert suitable for farming.
Thar Desert View of Thar desert The Thar Desert spans a stammering 446 square kilometers and covers large areas of both Pakistan and India. It is the seventeenth largest desert on the planet and the third largest in Asia.
Potohar Plateau
Tilla Jogian, 2nd highest peak in Potwar The Potwar Plateau (also spelled Pothwar, Potowar or Pothohar) is a plateau in the province of Punjab, Pakistan and the western parts of Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The area was the home of the [Soanian | Soanian Culture], which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The local people speak the Potwari language. Pothohar Plateau is bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus River, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range.
Balochistan Plateau
The Balochistan plateau is located in the south-west of Pakistan with altitudes mainly ranging from 600–3010 metres. This is an extensive area of 347,190 km2 with a number of distinct natural topographical and drainage features.
Salt Range
The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra Salt Mine, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found. It is believed that the Salt Range was founded by the horses of Alexander the Great's army.
Sistan Basin
Satellite image of the Sulaiman Range Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau and in the border region between Southwest, Central, and South Asia. It is geographically the largest of the four provinces at 347,190 km² or (134,051 square miles) of Pakistani territory; and composes 48% of the total land area of Pakistan. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The southern region is known as Makran. The central region is known as Kalat.[1] The Sulaiman Mountains dominate the northeast corner and the Bolan Pass is a natural route into Afghanistan towards Kandahar. Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of inhabitable towns mostly near rivers and streams. The largest desert is the Kharan Desert which occupies the most of Kharan District. This area is subject to frequent seismic disturbances because the tectonic plate under the Indian plate hits the plate under Eurasia as it continues to move northward and to push the Himalayas ever higher. The region surrounding Quetta is highly prone to earthquakes. A severe quake in 1931 was followed by one of more destructive force in 1935. The small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and the adjacent military cantonment was heavily damaged. At least 20,000 people were killed. Tremors continue in the vicinity of Quetta; the most recent major earthquake occurred in October 2008. In January 1991 a severe earthquake destroyed entire villages in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, but far fewer people were killed in the quake than died in 1935. A major earthquake centred in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage.
References
- 1 2 3 http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Pakistan-TOPOGRAPHY.html, Retrieved 15 Aug 2016
- 1 2 3 http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/24.htm, Topography and Drainage of Pakistan on countrystudies.us/Pakistan website, Retrieved 15 Aug 2016