Trace radioisotope

A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e., extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison to the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotopes are therefore present only because they are continually produced on Earth by natural processes. Natural processes which produce trace radioisotopes include cosmic ray bombardment of stable nuclides, ordinary alpha and beta decay of the long-lived heavy nuclides, thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235, spontaneous fission of uranium-238, and nuclear transmutation reactions induced by natural radioactivity, such as the production of plutonium-239^[1] and uranium-236^[2] from neutron capture^[3] by natural uranium.

Elements

The elements that are created only from decay are listed below.

Element name	Chemical Symbol
Technetium	Tc
Promethium	Pm
Polonium	Po
Astatine	At
Radon	Rn
Francium	Fr
Radium	Ra
Actinium	Ac
Protactinium	Pa
Neptunium	Np

Isotopes of other elements:

• Tritium
• Beryllium-7
• Beryllium-10
• Carbon-14
• Fluorine-18
• Sodium-22
• Sodium-24
• Magnesium-28
• Silicon-31
• Silicon-32
• Phosphorus-32
• Sulfur-35
• Sulfur-38
• Chlorine-34m
• Chlorine-36
• Chlorine-38
• Chlorine-39
• Argon-39
• Argon-42
• Calcium-41
• Iron-60

References

1. Curtis, David; Fabryka-Martin, June; Paul, Dixon; Cramer, Jan (1999). "Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 63 (2): 275–285. Bibcode:1999GeCoA..63..275C. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8.
2. http://esarda2.jrc.it/references/Technical_sheets/ts-mass-spectrometry-071212.pdf
3. Wilcken, K.~M.; Barrows, T. T.; Fifield, L. K.; Tims, S. G.; Steier, P. (June 2007). "AMS of natural ²³⁶ U and ²³⁹Pu produced in uranium ores". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B. 259: 727–732. Bibcode:2007NIMPB.259..727W. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.210.