Trees (poem)

Joyce Kilmer's Columbia University yearbook photograph, c. 1908

"Trees" is a lyric poem by American poet Joyce Kilmer. Written in February 1913, it was first published in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse that August and included in Kilmer's 1914 collection Trees and Other Poems.^[1][2][3] The poem, in twelve lines of rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse, describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of art created by humankind to replicate the beauty achieved by nature.

Kilmer is most remembered for "Trees", which has been the subject of frequent parodies and references in popular culture. Kilmer's work is often disparaged by critics and dismissed by scholars as being too simple and overly sentimental, and that his style was far too traditional and even archaic.^[4] Despite this, the popular appeal of "Trees" has contributed to its endurance. Literary critic Guy Davenport considers it "the one poem known by practically everybody."^[5] "Trees" is frequently included in poetry anthologies and has been set to music several times—including a popular rendition by Oscar Rasbach, performed by singers Nelson Eddy, Robert Merrill, and Paul Robeson.

The location for a specific tree as the possible inspiration for the poem has been claimed by several places and institutions connected to Kilmer's life—among these are Rutgers University, the University of Notre Dame, and towns across the country that Kilmer visited. However, Kilmer's eldest son, Kenton, declares that the poem does not apply to any one tree—that it could apply equally to any. "Trees" was written in an upstairs bedroom at the family's home in Mahwah, New Jersey that "looked out down a hill, on our well-wooded lawn."^[6][7] Ironically, Kenton Kilmer stated that while his father was "widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental—the most distinguished feature of Kilmer's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home."^[8]:p.28

Writing

The Kilmer family home in Mahwah, New Jersey, where "Trees" was written in February 1913

Mahwah: February 1913

According to Kilmer's oldest son, Kenton, "Trees" was written on 2 February 1913, when the family resided in Mahwah, New Jersey in the northwestern corner of Bergen County.^[6][7] The Kilmers lived on the southwest corner of the intersection of Airmount Road and Armour Road in Mahwah for five years and the house overlooked the Ramapo Valley.^{[9][n. 1]}

It was written in the afternoon in the intervals of some other writing. The desk was in an upstairs room, by a window looking down a wooded hill. It was written in a little notebook in which his father and mother wrote out copies of several of their poems, and, in most cases, added the date of composition. On one page the first two lines of 'Trees' appear, with the date, February 2, 1913, and on another page, further on in the book, is the full text of the poem. It was dedicated to his wife's mother, Mrs. Henry Mills Alden, who was endeared to all her family.^[1][9][10]

In 2013, the notebook alluded to by Kilmer's son was uncovered by journalist and Kilmer researcher Alex Michelini in Georgetown University's Lauinger Library in a collection of family papers donated to the university by Kilmer's granddaughter, Miriam Kilmer.^[9][11] The "Mrs. Henry Mills Alden" to whom the poem was dedicated was Ada Foster Murray Alden (1866–1936), the mother of Kilmer's wife, Aline Murray Kilmer (1888–1941).^[3] Alden, a writer, had married Harper's Magazine editor Henry Mills Alden in 1900.^[12][13]

Kilmer's inspiration

Kilmer's poetry was influenced by "his strong religious faith and dedication to the natural beauty of the world."^[4][14]

Although several communities across the United States claim to have inspired "Trees",^{[15][16][17][18]} nothing can be established specifically regarding Kilmer's inspiration except that he wrote the poem while residing in Mahwah. Both Kilmer's widow, Aline, and his son, Kenton, refuted these claims in their correspondence with researchers and by Kenton in his memoir.^[1][7] Kenton wrote to University of Notre Dame researcher Dorothy Colson:

Mother and I agreed, when we talked about it, that Dad never meant his poem to apply to one particular tree, or to the trees of any special region. Just any trees or all trees that might be rained on or snowed on, and that would be suitable nesting places for robins. I guess they'd have to have upward-reaching branches, too, for the line about 'lifting leafy arms to pray.' Rule out weeping willows.^[1]

According to Kenton Kilmer, the upstairs room in which the poem was written looked down the hill over the family's "well-wooded lawn" that contained "trees of many kinds, from mature trees to thin saplings: oaks, maples, black and white birches, and I do not know what else."^[6][7] A published interview with Joyce Kilmer in 1915 mentioned the poet's large woodpile at the family's Mahwah home:

... while Kilmer might be widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental—the most distinguished feature of Kilmer's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home. The house stood in the middle of a forest and what lawn it possessed was obtained only after Kilmer had spent months of weekend toil in chopping down trees, pulling up stumps, and splitting logs. Kilmer's neighbors had difficulty in believing that a man who could do that could also be a poet.^[8]

Scansion and analysis

"Trees" (1913)

I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is prest
Against the earth's sweet flowing breast;

A tree that looks at God all day,
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in Summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.^{[1][2][3][n. 1]}

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference TreesinAUG1913PoetryMagazine was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ Cite error: The named reference KilmerTreesOtherPoems1914 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
3. ^ Kilmer, Joyce. "Trees" in The Poems of Joyce Kilmer (1918), reproduced at ELCore.net

Cite error: There are <ref group=n.> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=n.}} template (see the help page).

"Trees" is a poem of twelve lines in strict iambic tetrameter. All but one of the lines has the full eight syllables of iambic tetrameter. The eleventh, or penultimate, line begins on the stressed syllable of the iambic foot and drops the unstressed syllable—an acephalous (or "headless") catalectic line—that results in a truncated seven-syllable iambic tetrameter line. Making the meter of a line catalectic can change the feeling of the poem, and is often used to achieve a certain effect as a way of changing tone or announcing a conclusion.^[19][20] The poem's rhyme scheme is rhyming couplets rendered aa bb cc dd ee aa.^[21]

Despite its deceptive simplicity in rhyme and meter, "Trees" is notable for its use of personification and anthropomorphic imagery: the tree of the poem, which Kilmer depicts as female, is depicted as pressing its mouth to the Earth's breast, looking at God, and raising its "leafy arms" to pray. The tree of the poem also has human physical attributes—it has a "hungry mouth", arms, hair (in which robins nest), and a bosom.^[4][22][23]

Rutgers-Newark English professor and poet Rachel Hadas described the poem as being "rather slight" although it "is free of irony and self consciousness, except that little reference to fools like me at the end, which I find kind of charming."^[24] Scholar Mark Royden Winchell points out that Kilmer's depiction of the tree indicates the possibility that he had several different people in mind because of the variety of anthropomorphic descriptions. Winchell posits that if the tree described were to be a single human being it would be "an anatomically deformed one."^[23]

"In the second stanza, the tree is a sucking babe drawing nourishment from Mother Earth; in the third it is a supplicant reaching its leafy arms to the sky in prayer ... In the fourth stanza, the tree is a girl with jewels (a nest of robins) in her hair; and in the fifth, it is a chaste woman living alone with nature and with God. There is no warrant in the poem to say that it is different trees that remind the poet of these different types of people."^[23]

However, Winchell observes that this "series of fanciful analogies ... could be presented in any order without damaging the overall structure of his poem."^[23]

Publication and reception

The cover of Joyce Kilmer's Trees and Other Poems, published in 1914

Publication

"Trees" was first published in the August 1913 issue of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse.^[2] The magazine, which had begun publishing the year before in Chicago, Illinois, quickly became the "principal organ for modern poetry of the English-speaking world" publishing the early works of poets who became the major influences on the development of twentieth-century literature (including T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, H.D., Wallace Stevens, Robert Frost and Edna St. Vincent Millay).^[25][26] Poetry paid Kilmer six dollars to print the poem,^[5] which was immediately successful.^[27] The following year, Kilmer included "Trees" in his collection Trees and Other Poems published by the George H. Doran Company.^[3]

Joyce Kilmer's reputation as a poet is staked largely on the widespread popularity of this one poem. "Trees" was liked immediately on first publication in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse;^[27] when Trees and Other Poems was published the following year, the review in Poetry focused on the "nursery rhyme" directness and simplicity of the poems, finding a particular childlike naivety in "Trees", which gave it "an unusual, haunting poignancy".^[28] However, the same review criticized the rest of the book, stating "much of the verse in this volume is very slight indeed."^[28]

Despite the enduring popular appeal of "Trees", most of Joyce Kilmer's works are largely unknown and have fallen into obscurity. A select few of his poems, including "Trees", are published frequently in anthologies. "Trees" began appearing in anthologies shortly after Kilmer's 1918 death, the first inclusion being Louis Untermeyer's Modern American Poetry (1919).^{[8]:pp.26,40[29]} Journalist and author Mark Forsyth, ranks the first two lines of "Trees" as 26th out of 50 lines in an assessment of the "most quoted lines of poetry" as measured by Google hits.^[30]

Popular appeal

With "Trees", Kilmer was said to have "rediscovered simplicity",^[28] and the simplicity of its message and delivery is a source of its appeal. In 1962, English professor Barbara Garlitz recounted that her undergraduate students considered the poem as "one of the finest poems ever written, or at least a very good one"—even after its technical flaws were discussed—because of its simple message and that it "paints such lovely pictures".^[31] The students pointed to "how true the poem is", and it appealed to both her students' "romantic attitude towards nature" and their appreciation of life, nature, solace, and beauty because of its message that "the works of God completely overshadow our own feeble attempts at creation."^[31] Considering this sentiment, the enduring popularity of "Trees" is evinced by its association with annual Arbor Day observances and the planting of memorial trees as well as the several parks named in honor of Kilmer, including the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest tracts within the Nantahala National Forest in Graham County, North Carolina.^[5][32]

"Trees" has been described by literary critic Guy Davenport as "the one poem known by practically everybody."^[5][33] According to journalist Rick Hampson, "Trees" was "memorized and recited by generations of students ... It comforted troops in the trenches of World War I. It was set to music and set in stone, declaimed in opera houses and vaudeville theaters, intoned at ceremonies each April on Arbor Day."^[5] According to Robert Holliday, Kilmer's friend and editor, "Trees" speaks "with authentic song to the simplest of hearts." Holliday added that this "exquisite title poem now so universally known made his reputation more than all the rest he had written put together" and was "made for immediate widespread popularity."^[34]

Critical reception

The Joyce Kilmer Tree in New York City's Central Park, located near several World War I monuments, planted after the poet's death

Several critics—including both Kilmer's contemporaries and modern scholars—have disparaged Kilmer's work as being too religious, simple, overly sentimental, and suggested that his style was far too traditional, even archaic.^[35] Poet Conrad Aiken, a contemporary of Kilmer, lambasted his work as being unoriginal—merely "imitative with a sentimental bias" and "trotting out of the same faint passions, the same old heartbreaks and love songs, ghostly distillations of fragrances all too familiar."^[35] Aiken characterized Kilmer as a "dabbler in the pretty and sweet" and "pale-mouthed clingers to the artificial and archaic."^[35]

Kilmer is considered among the last of the Romantic era poets because his verse is conservative and traditional in style and does not break any of the formal rules of poetics—a style often criticized today for being too sentimental to be taken seriously.^[35] The entire corpus of Kilmer's work was produced between 1909 and 1918 when Romanticism and sentimental lyric poetry fell out of favor and Modernism took root—especially with the influence of the Lost Generation. In the years after Kilmer's death, poetry went in drastically different directions, as is seen in the work of T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and academic criticism grew with it to eschew the more sentimental and straightforward verse.^[36]

The poem was criticized by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren in their textbook Understanding Poetry first published in 1938.^[37] Brooks and Warren were two of the major contributors to the New Criticism movement, where its supporters opposed using literature as a surrogate for religion. New Criticism proponents analyzed poetry on its aesthetic formulae and excluded reader's response, the author's intention, historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis.^[38] They attributed the popularity of Trees largely to its religious appeal and believed it was a "stock response that has nothing to do, as such, with poetry,"^[37] adding:

"It praises God and appeals to a religious sentiment. Therefore, people who do not stop to look at the poem itself or to study the images in the poem and think about what the poem really says, are inclined to accept the poem because of the pious sentiment, the prettified little pictures (which in themselves appeal to stock responses), and the mechanical rhythm."^[37]

Literary critic Mark Royden Winchell believed that Brooks and Warren's criticism of Kilmer's poem was chiefly to demonstrate that "it is sometimes possible to learn as much about poetry from bad poems as from good ones."^[23]

Refuted claims regarding inspiration

Due to the enduring popular appeal of "Trees", several local communities and organizations across the United States have staked their claim to the genesis of the poem. While the accounts of family members and of documents firmly establish Mahwah being the place where Kilmer wrote the poem, several towns throughout the country have claimed that Kilmer wrote "Trees" while staying there or that a specific tree in their town inspired Kilmer's writing. Local tradition in Swanzey, New Hampshire asserts without proof that Kilmer wrote the poem while summering in the town.^[39] Montague, Massachusetts claims that either "a sprawling maple dominated the grounds near a hospital where Kilmer once was treated" or "a spreading maple in the yard of an old mansion," inspired the poem.^[40][41]

In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Kilmer's hometown, the claim involved a large white oak on the Cook College campus (now the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences), at Rutgers University.^[15] This tree, the "Kilmer Oak", was estimated to be over 300 years old. Because it had been weakened by age and disease, the Kilmer Oak was removed in 1963, and in reporting by The New York Times and other newspapers the local tradition was repeated with the claim that "Rutgers said it could not prove that Kilmer had been inspired by the oak."^[16][18] Currently, saplings from acorns of the historic tree are being grown at the site, throughout the Middlesex County and central New Jersey, as well as in major arboretums around the United States. The remains of the original Kilmer Oak are presently kept in storage at Rutgers University.^[42][43]

Because of Kilmer's close identification with Roman Catholicism and his correspondence with many priests and theologians, a tree located near a grotto dedicated to the Virgin Mary at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana has been asserted as the inspiration for the poem. According to Dorothy Corson, the claim was first made by a priest named Henry Kemper.^[17][44] There are several accounts that Kilmer visited the campus of Notre Dame to lecture and to visit friends, but none of these accounts or occasions date before 1914.^[17]

In his 1997 book of essays entitled The Geography of the Imagination, American writer Guy Davenport suggests a different inspiration for Kilmer's poem.

"Trees were favorite symbols for Yeats, Frost, and even the young Pound. ... But Kilmer had been reading about trees in another context[,] the movement to stop child labor and set up nursery schools in slums. ... Margaret McMillan ... had the happy idea that a breath of fresh air and an intimate acquaintance with grass and trees were worth all the pencils and desks in the whole school system. ... The English word for gymnasium equipment is 'apparatus.' And in her book Labour and Childhood (1907) you will find this sentence: 'Apparatus can be made by fools, but only God can make a tree.'^[33]

It appears that Davenport must have loosely and erroneously paraphrased the sentiments expressed by McMillan, as this exact quote does not appear in her text. Instead, McMillan is expressing the observation that several nineteenth-century writers, including William Rankin, William Morris and Thomas Carlyle, opposed the effects of machinery on society and craftsmanship and thus eschewed machine-made items.^[45] Davenport's observation likely was derived in some way from McMillan's examination and quotation of Carlyle:

"He (Carlyle) often makes comparisons between men and machines, and even trees and machines, greatly to the disadvantage of the latter. For example, 'O, that we could displace the machine god and put a man god in his place!' and 'I find no similitude of life so true as this of a tree! Beautiful! Machine of the universe!'^[45][46]

Adaptations and parodies

Musical adaptations

Several of Kilmer's poems, including "Trees", were set to music and published in England by Kilmer's mother, Annie Kilburn Kilmer, who was a writer and amateur composer.^[47] The more popular musical setting of Kilmer's poem was composed in 1922 by American pianist and composer Oscar Rasbach.^[48] This setting had been performed and recorded frequently in twentieth century, including Ernestine Schumann-Heink,^[49] John Charles Thomas,^[50] Nelson Eddy,^[51] Robert Merrill,^[52] Perry Como,^[53] and Paul Robeson.^[54] Rasbach's song appeared on popular network television shows, including All in the Family,^[55] performed by the puppets Wayne and Wanda in The Muppet Show,^[56] and as an animated feature segment featuring Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians performing the song in the 1948 animated film Melody Time, the last of the short-film anthology features produced by Walt Disney.^[57]

Rasbach's setting has also been lampooned, most notably in the Our Gang short film "Arbor Day" (1936), directed by Fred C. Newmeyer, in which Alfalfa (played by Carl Switzer), sings the song in a whiny, strained voice after a "woodsman, spare that tree" dialogue with Spanky (George McFarland), sings "Trees." Film critic Leonard Maltin has called this "the poem's all-time worst rendition."^[58][59] In his album Caught in the Act, Victor Borge, when playing requests, responds to a member of the audience: "Sorry I don't know that 'Doggie in the Window'. I know one that comes pretty close to it," and proceeds to play the Rasbach setting of "Trees."^[60]

Dutch composer Henk van der Vliet, included a setting of "Trees" as the third in a set of five songs written in 1977, which included texts by poets Christina Rossetti, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Kilmer, Matthew Prior, and Sir John Suckling.^[61]

Parodies

Because of the varied reception to Kilmer's poem and its simple rhyme and meter, it has been the model for several parodies written by humorists and poets alike. While keeping with Kilmer's iambic tetrameter rhythm and its couplet rhyme scheme, and references to the original poem's thematic material, such parodies are often immediately recognizable, as is seen in "Song of the Open Road" written by poet and humorist Ogden Nash: "I think that I shall never see / A billboard lovely as a tree. / Indeed, unless the billboards fall, / I'll never see a tree at all."^[62]

"Chee$e"

I think that we should never freeze
Such lively assets as our cheese.
The sucker's hungry mouth is pressed
Against the cheese's caraway breast.
...
Poems are nought but warmed-up breeze.
DOLLARS are made by Trappist Cheese.^[1]

1. ^ Merton, Thomas. "Chee$e" in The Collected Poems of Thomas Merton (New York: New Directions, 1977), 799-800.

A similar sentiment was expressed in a 1968 episode of the animated series Wacky Races titled "The Wrong Lumber Race", where the villainous Dick Dastardly chops down a tree and uses it as a roadblock against the other racers, declaring proudly: "I think that I shall never see / A roadblock lovely as a tree."^[63]

Further, Trappist monk, poet and spiritual writer Thomas Merton used Kilmer's poem as a model for a parody called "Chee$e"—with a dollar sign purposefully substituted for the letter "s"—in which Merton ridiculed the lucrative sale of homemade cheese by his monastery, the Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky.^[64] This poem was not published during Merton's lifetime.^[65] Merton often criticized the "commodification of monastic life and business for a profit", claiming that it affected the well-being of the spirit.^[66][67] In his poem, Merton attributed his parody to "Joyce Killer-Diller."^[68]

from Superman II

LUTHOR: ... Give me another one...
(EVE, hands him another crystal at random. LUTHOR shoves it in the mechanism - JOR-EL reappears.)
JOR-EL: Education crystal 108. Earth Culture. A typical ode, much loved by the people you will live among, Kal-El. "Trees" by Joyce Kilmer. "I think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree; a tree whose branches wide and strong..."
(LUTHOR, to his credit, quickly yanks the tape out.)
LUTHOR: Good god!
EVE: Hey wait! I love "Trees."
LUTHOR: So does the average Cocker Spaniel.^[1]

1. ^ Mankiewicz, Tom. "Scene 350: "Intruders at the Fortress of Solitude" in Shooting Script for "Superman II" (18 April 1977). Note that this scene was later labelled as Scenes 161 and 162 after Lester took over the production Shooting Script for Superman II (Revised). Retrieved 21 July 2013.

Like Kilmer, Merton was a graduate of Columbia University and a member of its literary society, the Philolexian Society, which has hosted the annual Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest since 1986.^[69] "Trees" is read at the conclusion of each year's event.^[69][70]

Kilmer's poem was recited in the 1980 film Superman II, as well as its 2006 director's cut. In the scene, villain Lex Luthor (played by Gene Hackman) and others enter Superman's Fortress of Solitude and comes across a video of an elder (John Hollis) from planet Krypton reciting "Trees" as an example of "poetry from Earth literature".^{[n. 2]} Luthor ridicules the poem.^[71]

References

Notes

1. There is also an Airmont Road in Mahwah, the Kilmer's lived in Airmount, not Airmont.
2. The original footage filmed by director Richard Donner before he was fired from the production featured Marlon Brando (playing as Superman's father Jor-El). Brando's scenes were not included in the 1980 theatrical release due to ongoing financial and contractual disputes between Brando and the producers. Lester reshot Brando's scenes with Hollis. Brando's scenes were restored for the re-edited director's cut Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut released in 2006 that featured Donner's original vision for the film. For a comparison of the two versions of the film, see: Wheeler, Jeremy. AMG Review: Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut - Critics' Reviews. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
3. The fourth line is quoted as "Against the sweet earth's flowing breast;" (with "sweet" at a different position) in text archive Bartleby.com's copy of the poem. (This seems to be a typo rather than a variant.)

Citations

1. Letter from Kenton Kilmer to Dorothy Colson in Grotto Sources file, Dorothy Corson Collection, University of Notre Dame (South Bend, Indiana).
2. Kilmer, Joyce. "Trees" in Monroe, Harriet (editor), Poetry: A Magazine of Verse. (Chicago: Modern Poetry Association, August 1913), 2:160.
3. Kilmer, Joyce. Trees and Other Poems. (New York: Doubleday Doran and Co., 1914), 18.
4. Hart, James A. Joyce Kilmer 1886–1918 (Biography) at Poetry Magazine. (Retrieved 15 August 2012).
5. Hampson, Rick. "Shift in education priorities could topple poem 'Trees'" in USA Today' (6 May 2013). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
6. Kilmer, Miriam A. Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918) - Author of Trees and Other Poems (website of family member). Retrieved 22 May 2013
7. Kilmer, Kenton. Memories of My Father, Joyce Kilmer (New Brunswick: Joyce Kilmer Centennial Commission, 1993), 89.
8. Hillis, John. Joyce Kilmer: A Bio-Bibliography. Master of Science (Library Science) Thesis. Catholic University of America. (Washington, DC: 1962).
9. Pries, Allison. "Letter backs Mahwah's claim on Joyce Kilmer poem 'Trees'" in The Record (10 May 2013). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
10. In a 1929 letter, Kilmer's widow, Aline, wrote a verbatim account: "The poem, I definitely remember, was written at home, in the afternoon, in the intervals of some writings. The desk was in an upstairs room, by a window looking down a wooded hill" in Letter, Aline Kilmer to Joanna Zanders (25 March 1929) in the Georgetown University Lauinger Library (Washington, DC).
11. McGlone, Peggy. "Mystery solved: Joyce Kilmer's famous 'Trees' penned in N.J." in The Star-Ledger (10 May 2013). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
12. "Mrs. Henry Alden, Writer, dies at 70. Was Widow of Editor of Harper's. Won National Award at 76. Published at 15. Poem, 'Trees,' Was Dedicated to her by Author, Joyce Kilmer, Her Son-in-Law." The New York Times 12 April 1936.
13. "In and Around the Village" in Metuchen Recorder (24 February 1900).
14. Hartley, Marsden. "Tribute to Joyce Kilmer" in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (December 1918), 149–154.
15. What a Difference a Tree Makes citing Lax, Roer and Smith, Frederick. The Great Song Thesaurus. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). ISBN 0-19-505408-3. Retrieved 25 December 2006.
16. Devlin, John C. "Kilmer Recalled as Oak is Felled; Kilmer's Tree (Or Was It?) Will Inspire No More" in The New York Times (19 September 1963).
17. Corson, Dorothy V. A Cave of Candles: The Story behind the Notre Dame Grotto, found online here (accessed 15 August 2012).
18. Curley, John. "End of Legend: Kilmer's Oak to Fall" The Free Lance-Star. (17 September 1963).
19. Harmon, William. "Catalexis" in A Handbook to Literature. (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005).
20. Fenton, James. An Introduction to English Poetry. (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2002), 128.
21. Dunnings, Stephen. "Scripting: A Way of Talking" in The English Journal, Vol. 63, No. 6 (September 1974), 32-40, passim.
22. Boyle, Frederick H. "Eighth Graders Discover Poetry" in The English Journal, Vol. 46, No. 8 (November 1957), 506-507.
23. Winchell, Mark Royden. Cleanth Brooks and the Rise of Modern Criticism (Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1996), 159.
24. Hadas' comments were on the public radio program segment exploring legacy of Kilmer's poem as "one of the most quoted poems in American history" and its many interpretations in "A poem as lovely as a tree" on American Public Media's Weekend America (3 December 2005), segment producer: Sarah Elzas, editors: Amanda Aronczyk and Jim Gates. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
25. "Monroe, Harriet". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia Of Literature. (Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1995), 773.
26. Goodyear, Dana, "The Moneyed Muse: What can two hundred million dollars do for poetry?" in The New Yorker (double issue: 19 February/26 February 2007). Retrieved 1 August 2013.
27. Cargas, Harry J. I Lay Down My Life: Biography of Joyce Kilmer (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1964), 43. Retrieved 23 July 2013
28. Tietjens, Eunice. Trees and Other Poems by Joyce Kilmer (book review) in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse (December 1914), 140–141. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
29. Kilmer, Joyce. "Trees" in Untermeyer, Louis. Modern American Poetry. (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1919).
30. Although an unscientific poll, Kilmer's couplet is ranked 26th of 50 with 1,080,000 Google hits, see: Forsyth, M(ark). H. "The Most Quoted Lines of Poetry" in The Inky Fool: On Words, Phrases, Grammar, Rhetoric and Prose (blog). (8 February 2010). Retrieved 22 May 2013.
31. Garlitz, Barbara. “Uprooting "Trees" in College English 23(4) (January 1962), 299-301.
32. Brewer, Alberta, and Brewer, Carson. Valley So Wild. (Knoxville, Tennessee: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1975), 350-351.
33. Davenport, Guy. "Trees", in The Geography of the Imagination. (Boston: David R. Godine, 1997), 177-179. ISBN 1-888173-33-5.
34. Holliday, Robert Cortes. "Memoir," in Joyce Kilmer, edited by Holliday (New York: Doran, 1918), I: 17–101.
35. Aiken, Conrad Potter. "Chapter XVIII: Confectionery and Caviar: Edward Bliss Reed, John Cowper Powys, Joyce Kilmer, Theodosia Garrison, William Carlos Williams," in Scepticisms: Notes on Contemporary Poetry. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1919), 178–86.
36. Perkins, David. A History of Modern Poetry in two volumes: Volume I: From the 1890s to the High Modernist Mode (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1976 - ISBN 978-0-674-39941-9) and Volume II: Modernism and After (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1987: ISBN 978-0-674-39947-1), passim.
37. Brooks, Cleanth and Warren, Robert Penn. Understanding Poetry (3rd Edition - New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1960), 391.
38. Several writers formulated the views of the "New Criticism" school of thought. In addition to Brooks and Warren's Understanding Poetry, see Ransom, John Crowe The New Criticism (New York: New Directions, 1941); Ransom, John Crowe. "Criticism, Inc." in The Virginia Quarterly Review (Autumn 1937); Brooks, Cleanth. "The New Criticism," in The Sewanee Review 87: 4 (1979). For analysis of the New Criticism, see: Leitch, Vincent B., et al. (editors). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001); Jancovich, Mark. The Cultural Politics of the New Criticism. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Searle, Leroy. "New Criticism" in Groden, Michael; Kreiswirth, Martin; and Szeman, Imre (editors). The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory. 2nd Edition. (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
39. Federal Writers' Project for the Works Progress Administration of the State of New Hampshire. New Hampshire: A Guide to the Granite State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co., 1938), 103.
40. Kelly, Mike. "Did Mahwah's trees inspire Joyce Kilmer's famous poem?" in The Bergen Record (26 January 2013). Retrieved 18 June 2013.
41. Associated Press. "Doomed Oak Said Kilmer Poem Source" in The Berkshire Eagle (16 September 1963), 8.
42. Kilmer Oak Tree, Highland Park (NJ) Environmental Commission (no further authorship information given). Retrieved 26 December 2006.
43. Press Release: "Cook Student Named New Jersey Cooperative Education and Internship Association Student of the Year" (Press Release: 13 June 2006), published by Cook College, Rutgers University and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, no further authorship information given. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
44. Corson cites: "They say the big tree that shades Our Lady's niche 'a tree that looks at God all day and lifts her leafy arms to pray,' was the inspiration that made the patriot convert, Joyce Kilmer, famous, with his best-known poem." Kemper, Henry. "University Statue Shrine Stories" in The Kerrville Times (1943), 24, in the University of Notre Dame Archives.
45. McMillan, Margaret. Labour and Childhood. (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1907), 127.
46. McMillan is quoting Carlyle, Thomas. "LECTURE I: The Hero as Divinity. Odin. Paganism: Scandinavian Mythology" in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History. (London: Chapman & Hall, 1840), 25.
47. Brother Roberto, C.S.C., Death Beneath the Trees: A Story of Joyce Kilmer. (South Bend, Indiana: Dujarie Press-University of Notre Dame, 1967), 68.
48. Rasbach, Oscar (composer). "Trees (song). Poem by Joyce Kilmer. Music by Oscar Rasbach." (New York: G. Schirmer, Inc., 1922).
49. Recording of Oscar Rasbach's setting of "Trees" (from poem by Joyce Kilmer) sung by Ernestine Schumann-Heink, (Matrix B-30950, 1924; Matrix BVE-30950 1926, the latter released on Victor 1198, Gramophone 3-3125, and Gramophone DA-838 1926).
50. Recording of Oscar Rasbach's setting of "Trees" (from poem by Joyce Kilmer) sung by John Charles Thomas (Victor 1525-A) on Victor Red Seal label 78RPM.
51. Recording of Oscar Rasbach's setting of "Trees" (from poem by Joyce Kilmer) sung by Nelson Eddy (Victor #4366-A/C27-1), on Victor Red Seal label, 10" 78RPM.
52. Recording of Oscar Rasbach's setting sung by Robert Merrill on "Robert Merrill Songs you Love"(Dutton Vocalion CDVS 1952)
53. "Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall" (TV series) episode aired 21 March 1959.
54. Recording of Oscar Rasbach's setting of "Trees" (from poem by Joyce Kilmer) sung by Paul Robeson (Victor 26168, 1939) on Victor black-and-gold label 10" 78RPM record.
55. All in the Family Season 9, Episode 11 "The Bunkers Go West" (aired 10 December 1978), directed by Paul Bogart, script written by Norman Lear, Johnny Speight, Larry Rhine, and Mel Tolkin.
56. "The Muppet Show" Season 1, Episode 13 (aired 4 December 1976). The episode featuring guest performer Bruce Forsyth.
57. Crowther, Bosley. "Disney's Newest Cartoon Array, 'Melody Time,' Opens at Astor -- Seven Scenes Featured" in The New York Times (28 May 1948). Retrieved 21 July 2013.
58. Maltin, Leonard. The Little Rascals: Remastered and Uncut, Volume 10 (Introduction) [Videorecording]. (New York: Cabin Fever Entertainment/Hallmark Entertainment, 1994); and Maltin, Leonard and Bann, Richard W. The Little Rascals: The Life and Times of Our Gang. (New York: Crown Publishing/Three Rivers Press, 1977, rev. 1992).
59. Movies: Arbor Day (1936) (review summary) on The New York Times website. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
60. Victor Borge Caught in the Act. (1999, Collectables Records 6031, CD)
61. van der Vliet, Henk (composer). "Trees / tekst van J. Kilmer" from 5 Songs for medium voice and piano (1977) (Amsterdam: Donemus, 1978 - publisher's number 05099). Retrieved 21 July 2013.
62. Nash, Ogden. "Song of the Open Road" first published in Argosy. Vol. 12 No. 8. (July 1951), 63.
63. Screenplay for Wacky Races episode WR-8 "The Wrong Lumber Race" written by Larz Bourne, Dalton Sandifer, Tom Dagenais, Michael Maltese and directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Aired on CBS 2 November 1968.
64. Cooper, David D. (editor). Thomas Merton and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), 382.
65. Cunningham, Lawrence. Thomas Merton and the Monastic Vision. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999), 60.
66. Merton, Thomas. Conjectures of a Guilty Bystander (New York: Image, 1968), 25.
67. Mahon, J. Patrick. "Technology and Contemplation", ChristFaithPower: Online Faith Community Dedicated to Thomas Merton (blog) (27 September 2011). Retrieved 17 June 2013.
68. Merton Center Manuscripts:'CHEE$E, by Joyce Killer-Diller : A Christmas Card for Brother Cellarer' at The Thomas Merton Center at Bellarmine University. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
69. Jaynes, Gregory. "About New York: No, Not a Curse But a Jersey Prize For Worst Verse" in The New York Times (5 December 1987). Retrieved 24 June 2013.
70. Haenschen, Katherine. "Poets Perform in Off-Beat Event" in The Columbia Spectator (1 December 2000). Retrieved 21 July 2013.

External links

• The Poems of Joyce Kilmer (1918)