Tupolev Tu-204

Tu-204 / Tu-214
Tu-214 of Russian Air Force
Role Narrow-body jet airliner
National origin Soviet Union/Russia
Design group Tupolev
Built by Aviastar SP (Tu-204 series)
Kazan Aircraft Production Association (Tu-214)
First flight 2 January 1989
Introduction 1995 [1]
Status In production
Primary users Red Wings Airlines
Rossiya
Vladivostok Avia
Aviastar-TU
Produced 1990[2]–present
Number built 80[3]
Unit cost
$35 million (2007)

The Tupolev Tu-204 is a twin-engined medium-range jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1989, it is intended to be broadly equivalent to the Boeing 757, with slightly lower range and payload, and has competitive performance and fuel efficiency in its class. It was developed for Aeroflot as a replacement for the medium-range Tupolev Tu-154 trijet. The latest version, with significant upgrades and improvements, is the Tu-204SM, which made its maiden flight on 29 December 2010.[4]

Design and development

The Tu-204 was designed as a family of aircraft incorporating passenger, cargo, combi and quick-change variants. It is powered by either two Aviadvigatel PS-90 or Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. The Tu-204 is produced at two of the largest Russian aircraft manufacturing plants in Ulyanovsk (Tu-204 series) and Kazan (Tu-214).[5]

A Cubana Tu-204-100E, August 2007

The Tu-204 cabin is available in several layouts, including the baseline single-class layout seating for 210 passengers and a two- or three-class layout designed for 164–193 passengers. A cargo version of the Tu-204 is being successfully operated by several airlines in Europe and Egypt.[5]

Seating configuration is 3-3 in economy and 2-2 in Business class. The business class cabin has a seat pitch of 810 millimetres (31.9 in). The passenger cabin can be divided into compartments according to class with removable bulkheads and curtains. Compartments are illuminated by reflected light. Hidden lights located over and under the overhead bins create uniform and comfortable illumination. Overhead bins for passenger baggage and coats are of the closed type. The volume of baggage per passenger is 0.052 cubic metres (1.8 cu ft).[6]

In 1994, the first certificate for Tu-204 aircraft (with PS-90A engines) was issued. Subsequently issued certificates have extended estimated operational conditions and improved overall aircraft type design. The Tu-204-120 variant, certified with Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4 engines, complies with noise regulations described in Chapter 3 of Supplement 16 to ICAO, hence meeting all current European and ICAO requirements.[7] It is currently undergoing the certification process with JAA. The Tu-204-100 variant, certified with PS-90A engines, complies with noise regulations described in Chapter 4 of Supplement 16 to ICAO which means it is quieter. The aircraft was certified to Russian standards AP-25 (harmonized with FAR-25 and JAR-25).[8]

Technology

Cockpit of a Tu-214

The Tu-204 is part of a new generation of Russian aircraft, including other recent developments such as the Ilyushin Il-96. The Tu-204 features many technological innovations such as fly-by-wire control systems, a glass cockpit, supercritical wings with winglets, and is available with Russian or foreign avionics.[9] The wings and tails are relatively resistant to ice build-up, and as such anti-icing systems are not equipped. Among today's airliners the Tu-204 is the only one which does not require wing anti-icing systems. During the test flight safety has been confirmed without the anti-icing system on the bearing surfaces and the aircraft obtained Russian and European certificates.[10]

Variants

Tu-204/204C

The Tu-204 is the basic passenger airline model, and the Tu-204C is the basic freight or cargo model. The most-used models are the -100C and the -120C.[11]

Tu-204-100/200

A Tupolev Tu-204C operated for DHL by Aviastar-TU at Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, Russia.

Certified in January 1995, this initial version is powered by Soloviev (now Aviadvigatel) PS90 turbofans with 157 kN (35,300 lbf) of thrust, and uses Russian avionics in addition to its Russian engines. The Tu-204-200 is a heavier version with extra fuel for more range. Only one was built by Aviastar-SP in Ulyanovsk but has not yet been delivered (RA-64036). Now this version is only produced by KAPO in Kazan, marketed under the designation Tu-214. The Tu-204-100C and Tu-204-200C are cargo versions of the −100 and −200 respectively, fitted with a forward main deck freight door. Currently, the Tu-204-100/200 is offered with the option of an up-rated Aviadvigatel PS90A2 turbofan, which promises 40% more service between overhauls.[12]

The Tu-204-100's maximum take-off weight (MTOW) is 107.5 tonnes, and its range with 196 passengers in a two-class configuration is 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi).

Tu-204-120/220/120C/220C

To broaden product appeal, the Tu-204-120/220 offers non-Russian avionics and engines. It is powered by two Rolls-Royce RB211-535 engines, each with thrust of 192 kN (43,100 lbf). Egypt's Cairo Aviation became the debut operator in November 1998 when it took delivery of a Tu-204-120 and its cargo version the Tu-204-120C. The Tu-204-220 and Tu-204-220C cargo version, are a higher gross weight variants of the basic Tu-204-120.[13]

The Tu-204-120 has a maximum takeoff weight of 103 metric tons and a range of 4,600 kilometres (2,500 nmi) with 196 passengers in a two-class seating configuration.

Tu-204-300

Air Koryo Tu-204-300 at Pyongyang

A shortened, longer-range and more efficient derivative of the Tu-204, the Tu-204-300 is also known as Tu-234. About six meters (20 ft) shorter than the basic Tu-204, this variant is available in two versions: the longer-ranged, heavier version, powered by Aviadvigatel PS90-A2 turbofans, has a maximum take-off weight of 107.5 metric tons and range (with 166 passengers) increased to 9,300 kilometres (5,000 nmi); and the lighter, shorter-ranged version, with a maximum take-off weight of 89 metric tons and range of 3,500 kilometres (1,900 nmi) with 166 passengers. The Russian airline Vladivostok Air is the debut customer. This airline's aircraft are in a two-class seating configuration, with a 142-passenger capacity. Average numbers of flight hours during each 24-hour period is 9.35 hours, for year 2009. It is also operated by Air Koryo which currently operates one Tu-204-300 and has one additional aircraft on order with options to replace five Тu-154s and four Il-62Ms. The Тu-204s operate on the Pyongyang-Beijing, Bangkok, Vladivostok, Shenyang and Kuala Lumpur (from April 19 on every Monday and Thursday) lines.[14]

Tu-204-500

This is a version of the Tu-204-300 optimized for shorter routes, featuring smaller wings and an increased cruising speed (to Mach 0.84), which makes it a competitor to the Next Generation Boeing 737. It is ETOPS rated, and fitted with a Honeywell 331-200ER APU.[15]

Tu-206

The planned experimental Tupolev Tu-206.

This variant is a company-funded testbed for alternative fuels, flying on liquefied natural gas [16]

Tu-214

The Tu-214 is also a variation of the Tu-204 first flown on 21 March 1996.[17] It is technically a Tu-204-200, one of the differences being that it is built by a different factory. Planes designated Tu-204 are produced in Ulyanovsk by Aviastar-SP; Tu-214 in Kazan by the Kazan Aircraft Production Association (KAPO).[18][19] Both factories are independent from the Tupolev design bureau and have some control over the design of the variant they produce.

The main difference is a full-size main door at the left side of the fuselage just before the wing. The Tu-204 has two main doors and 2 emergency doors; the Tu-214 has 3 doors and one emergency door.

The Tu-214 is essentially a higher gross weight variant of the Tu-204, being fitted with extra fuel tanks and structural adjustments to deal with the heavier gross weight. For this reason, the Russian government prefers to use it as the platform upon which all further modifications for the 'Special Mission' variants will be based. Some of the special mission variants are disclosed to be capable of a non-stop 10,000 kilometre flight range.[20]

In April 10, 2016 a total of 10 Tupolev Tu-214 aircraft are in airline service with a few on order. Tu-214 users are: Rossiya (5), Transaero had an additional 7 orders for the aircraft.[21]

Tu-214ON

Observation version of Tu-204-200 equipped for Treaty on Open Skies missions built by Kazan Aircraft Production Association. Vega Radio Engineering Corporation was contracted for the development of airborne surveillance system, ground-based complex and other mission equipment for the aircraft. It is equipped with one A-84ON panoramic camera, one AK-111 topographic camera and two perspective AK-112 digital aerial cameras to capture high-resolution aerial photography.[22] Two video cameras, a Raduga infrared thermographic camera and Ronsard Side looking airborne radar are also fitted.[23]

The first Tu-214ON (RA-64519) was demonstrated at the MAKS-2011 international air show in Moscow. It performed its first test flight on 1 June 2011, which was followed by a series of 24 flights by December 2011. The Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation conducted state tests to verify the air and ground equipment of the Tu-214ON aircraft in April 2013. The jet was delivered to the Russian Defence Ministry on 22 August 2013. The second airliner (RA-64525) made its first flight in 18 December 2013 and was delivered in 4 July 2014.[24] The Tu-214ON is set to replace the Tupolev Tu-154 and Antonov An-30 aircraft in the role.

Tu-214PU

Airborne command post version. Two operated for the Russian President.[25][26]

Tu-214SR

Communications relay version. Two operated by GTK Rossiya for the Russian government, with three more planned.[25][27][28]

Tu-214SUS

Communications relay version for the Russian President. Two on order.[25]

Tu-214R

Tu-214R inflight from Borisoglebskoye airfield (2014)

Special-mission versions of the Tu-214 commercial transport aircraft, developed under the codename ‘Project 141', to replace the Il-20 Coot ELINT platform. The aircraft are configured to carry the MRC-411 multi-intelligence payload, to include electronic intelligence (ELINT) sensors, side-looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and other Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and Communications Intelligence (COMINT). In addition, the aircraft will carry multi-spectral electro-optical systems.[29] The aircraft has conducted test flights over the Sea of Japan but the programme experienced problems in January 2013. (Jane's Defence Weekly 16 January 2013)

The Tu-214R made its public debut on August 2013 at Moscow Air Show MAKS and was heralded as a platform for conducting surveillance of the U.S., in accordance with the Treaty on Open Skies, to monitor compliance with the relevant treaties.[30][31]

As of January 2015, two were conducting test flights with the Russian Air Force.[32]

In February 2016, Russia was reported to have deployed one Tu-214R to its base in Latakia, Syria.[33][34]

In July 2016, two flights have been reported to have been conducted near the Latvian, Estonian and Finnish borders, with the plane (registry reported as RA-64514) conducting close approaches a few dozen kilometers of the Finnish border on July 5th and 7th.[35]

After Syria operation, the aircraft was declared combat-ready. One plane was redeployed to Syria in summer 2016.[36]

Tu-204SM

The Tu-204SM, a medium-range airliner, is an upgraded version of the Tu-204-100/300.[37][38] While the Tu-204SM will retain key design and aerodynamic features of the Tu-204-100/100E/100V series, there are numerous upgrades, largely aimed at meeting the current and near-future Russian and international standards, including those of ICAO and Eurocontrol.

The new cockpit features allow the Tu-204SM to be flown by a two-pilot crew (as compared with the three-pilot arrangement of the original Tu-204 series). These features include a new computer (VSUPT-85-2040), a new flight management system (ASO-204/FMS), wide LCD displays (KSEIS-204E), head-up displays (HUD), and an automated board system maintenance and diagnostic system. The electronic flight bag concept will be implemented and all controls and displays will be in English.

The Tu-204SM will be powered by two PS-90A2 engines. The latter is significantly improved over the original PS-90A power plants.[39] and features a unified twin-spool turbofan with a high bypass ratio. The PS-90A2 is expected a life cycle cost saving of 35% over the original engine with a simultaneous increase in reliability in the 50 to 100% range. The PS-90A2 is designed to meet the Russian AP-33 aviation standard, which is harmonized with the US FAR Part 33 and the European JAR33.

There will also be a new APU (TA-18 APU-200) and upgraded fuel management, hydraulic and fire safety systems.

The updated passenger cabin accommodates a maximum of 210 passengers or 174 in a typical two-class layout. The upgrades include[37][38] new larger storage bins, multicolored LED lighting, sound-absorbing structures and a modern in-flight entertainment system (IFE) .

The price for one Tu-204SM is estimated at USD 40–47 million.[40]

The first test flight of Tu-204SM was successfully carried out on 29 December 2010.[4] First deliveries of Tu-204SM were originally planned for 2011.[38] As of April 2015, no Tu-204SM aircraft have been delivered.

Tu-204SM orders

Red Wings Airlines will be the first airline to operate the Tu-204SM. Ilyushin Finance Co. (IFC) said it would complete negotiations with Red Wings for 44 Tu-204SM aircraft in February, to sign a firm order in March, 2011. Red Wings already operates a fleet of Tu-204-100 and Tu-204-100V jetliners, to which it added one airframe in 2010.[41] Russia’s largest aircraft lessor, Ilyushin Finance, has previously placed Tu-204-100 aircraft with Cubana, Air Koryo and Red Wings, and Tu-204-300s with Vladivostok Avia and Air Koryo. Additionally, IFC leases three Tu-214s (Tu-204-200s) to Transaero. Faced with low production rates for the Tu-204 models, Tupolev asked component providers to lower their prices in order to cut the plane's overall price by 27–30%. These suppliers agreed, on condition that 44 more firm orders be secured for the Tu-204SM through 2016.

By January 2012 a firm order from Red Wings had not been signed, the stumbling blocks being requests for guarantees of the residual value of the airframes and after-sales support at a cost the same as an equivalent Airbus or Boeing model.[42] It was subsequently announced that Red Wings had cut back its initial commitment from 44 to 15 Tu-204SMs due to delays to the flight-test programme and after the lessor Ilyushin Finance reportedly "lost interest".[43]

A large order by Iran Air Tours is under threat because of sanctions against the Iranian economy, as the American company Pratt & Whitney has been involved in the development of the engine with the Perm Engine Company. Completing the sale by re-equipping the Tu-204SMs with the Tu-204's Russian-made PS-90A engines has been proposed.[44]

At the Singapore Air Show in 2016 the Vice President of the Russian United Aircraft Corporation stated that every company that has ordered the Tu-204 has gone bankrupt so there currently no orders for the Tu-204SM and Tupolev will a freeze on development work on the aircraft.[45]

Operators

This Tu-204-300A is the first Tu-204 to be converted into a VIP configuration. Business Aero operates this aircraft for VTB

Total users (September 2016)

Airline Aircraft Type In Service On Order Stored
Egypt Cairo Aviation 2 x 204-120C 2 0 6
Russia Aviastar-TU 204-100C 1 0 1
China Air China Cargo 204-120F 0 4 0
China China Cargo Airlines 204-120CE 0 2 0
Russia Aviastar-TU Co. Ltd 204 4 2 4
Russia Rossiya (commercial) 204 0 0 2
Russia Rossiya (government)[46] 214
204–300 		12 0 0
Cuba Cubana 1 x 204-100E 1 0 3
North Korea Air Koryo 1x 204–300
1x 204-100 		2 0 0
Russia Red Wings 204-100 8 0 0
Russia Business Aero (for VTB) 204–300A 1[47] 0 0
Russia VIM 204SM 0 3 0
Total All versions 39 18 29

Previous Operators

Aeroflot's previously operated Tupolev Tu-204 at the Paris Airshow.
S7 Airlines (Siberia Airlines) previously operated Tupolev Tu-204.
Dalavia previously operated Tupolev Tu-214.
Airline Aircraft Type Status Notes
Russia Aeroflot 204-100 Delivered After the break-down, given to other airlines including Vnukovo Airlines
Germany Blue Wings 204-100/204SM Ordered The airline planned to acquire some from parent airline Red Wings Airlines.
Orders cancelled due to bankruptcy.
Russia Dalavia 214 Delivered Airline went bankrupt in 2009
Russia Kavminvodyavia 204-100 Delivered Airline went bankrupt in 2011
Russia Kras Air 214 Delivered Airline went bankrupt in 2008
Russia Omskavia 204-100 Ordered orders cancelled due to bankruptcy
Russia S7 Airlines 204-100 Delivered Acquired after the bankruptcy of Vnukovo Airlines
Russia Transaero 214 Delivered Launch customer of that type.
Ceased operations in 2015 due to financial difficulties.
Russia Vladivostok Avia 204–300 Delivered Launch customer of type
Russia Vnukovo Airlines 204-100 Delivered Launch customer. Airline went bankrupt in 2001

Production by year

Year 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Produced 1 1 2 2 5 2 1 3 1 1
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Produced 2 4 3 4 4 2 3 4 2 10
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013[48] 2014 2015[3] 2016
Produced 6 3 5 3 2 1 2 1

Specifications

204-100 204-120 214 204-300 204SM
Cockpit crew Three Two
Seating capacity 190 (1-class, standard)
172 (2-class, standard)
210 (maximum) 		210 (1-class, standard)
180 (2-class, standard) 		156 (1-class, standard)
142 (2-class, standard) 		194 (1-class, standard)
176 (2-class, standard)
215 (maximum)
Seat pitch 32 in (1-class, standard)
47 & 32 in (2-class, standard) 		32 in (1-class, standard)
39 & 32 in (2-class, standard) 		32 in (1-class, standard)
46 & 32 in (2-class, standard) 		32 in (1-class, standard)
38 & 32 in (2-class, standard)
Length 46.14 metres (151 ft 5 in) 40.19 metres (131 ft 10 in) 46.14 metres (151 ft 5 in)
Wingspan 41.8 metres (137 ft 2 in)
Wing area 184.2 square metres (1,983 sq ft)
Height 13.9 metres (45 ft 7 in)
Fuselage width 3.8 metres (12 ft 6 in)
Fuselage height 4.1 metres (13 ft 5 in)
Cabin width 3.57 metres (11 ft 9 in)
Cabin height 2.16 metres (7 ft 1 in)
Maximum take-off weight 105,000 kilograms (231,000 lb) 103,000 kilograms (227,000 lb) 110,750 kilograms (244,160 lb) 107,000 kilograms (236,000 lb) 108,000 kilograms (238,000 lb)
Maximum landing weight 88,000 kilograms (194,000 lb) 93,000 kilograms (205,000 lb) 88,000 kilograms (194,000 lb) 89,500 kilograms (197,300 lb)
Maximum payload 21,000 kilograms (46,000 lb) 25,200 kilograms (55,600 lb) 18,000 kilograms (40,000 lb) 23,000 kilograms (51,000 lb)
Takeoff run at MTOW 1,780 metres (5,840 ft) 2,030 metres (6,660 ft) 1,870 metres (6,140 ft) 1,950 metres (6,400 ft)
Service ceiling 12,100 metres (39,700 ft) 12,200 metres (40,000 ft)
Cruising speed 810 to 850 km/h (500 to 530 mph)
Maximum speed 900 km/h (560 mph)
Range (Max payload) 4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) 4,100 kilometres (2,500 mi) 4,340 kilometres (2,700 mi) 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi) 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi)
Maximum fuel capacity 35,700 kilograms (78,700 lb) 35,700 kilograms (78,700 lb) 36,000 kilograms (79,000 lb) 35,800 kilograms (78,900 lb)
Engine (x 2) Aviadvigatel PS-90A Rolls-Royce RB211-535E4 Aviadvigatel PS-90A Aviadvigatel PS-90A2
Max. thrust (x 2) 157 kN
16,000 Kgf; 35,274 lbf 		192 kN
19,000 Kgf; 43,100 lbf 		158.2 kN
16,140 Kgf; 35,582 lbf 		171.6 kN
17,500 Kgf; 38,581 lbf

Sources: United Aircraft Corporation,[49] Tupolev,[50] 204SM.[51]

Accidents and incidents

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Related lists

References

  1. ↑ "Aviation News Magazine - Russian survivor – Tupolev's 204". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Алексей Усанов. "✈ OKBTupolev ✈: Aircraft Tu-204". Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Tu-204/214 Production list". RussianPlanes.net. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Новый опытный самолет Ту-204СМ совершил первый полет". Tupolev.ru. 29 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Tupolev Tu-204, Tu-214, Tu-224 & Tu-234". Airliners.net. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  6. ↑ "Best seats Tupolev Tu 204 100". Seatmaestro.com. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  7. ↑ "Tu-204SM begins airworthiness certification programme". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  8. ↑ European Aviation Safety Agency (8 October 2008), Type Certificate Data Sheet for Noise, retrieved 29 December 2012 Archived 16 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ "Civil Aviation". 10950.08sc.thinkquest.nl. 2 January 1989. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  10. ↑ Кощеев А. Б.
  11. ↑ In Russian Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
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  14. ↑ "PSC "Tupolev" – TU-204-300". Tupolev.ru. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  15. ↑ "Tupolev Tu-204". Awesome80s.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  16. ↑ "PSC "Tupolev" – Cryogenic aircraft". Tupolev.ru. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
  17. ↑ "JSC "Kazan Aviation Production Association named after S.P.Gorbunov" | Our products". Oaokapo.ru. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  18. ↑ PSC «Tupolev» – MAKS 2005 Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ John Pike. "Kazan Aircraft Production Association (KAPO) n.a. Gorbunov - Russian Defense Industry". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  20. ↑ "Rossiya special aircraft division will acquire five Russian-produced aircraft - News - Russian Aviation". Ruaviation.Com. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
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  25. 1 2 3 Mladenov, Alexander (May 2012). "Tu-214SUS Delivery Expected in 2012". Air International. Vol. 82 no. 5. p. 13. ISSN 0306-5634.
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  28. ↑ Mladenov, Alexander (March 2012). "Three more Tu-214SRs for GTK Rossia". Air International. Vol. 82 no. 3. p. 9.
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  30. ↑ "На МАКС 2013 впервые публично покажут один из самых секретных самолетов России Ту-214Р". military-informant.com. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
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  32. ↑ "TUPOLEV COMPLETES TEST FLIGHTS 2ND TU-204R SPY PLANE". AIRheads FLY. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  33. ↑ Аналитики обнаружили в Сирии секретный российский самолет-разведчик NEWSru, 16 Feb 2016.
  34. ↑ "Russia has just deployed its most advanced spyplane to Syria". 15 February 2016.
  35. ↑ "Tältä ei niin vain piiloudutakaan – Venäjän uusi supervakoilukone skannasi koko Suomen itärajan kahteen kertaan" [One does not simply hide from this - Russia's new spy plane conducts two scans of the entire Finnish east border]. Iltasanomat (in Finnish). 2016-07-11.
  36. ↑ Sputnik. "Russia's State-of-the-art Tu-214R Spy Plane Successfully Passes Syria Test".
  37. 1 2 "Presentation booklet on the aircraft Tu-204SM". Tupolev.ru. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
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  46. ↑ ""Авиастар-СП" планирует до 2014 г. поставить администрации президента РA 6 самолетов Ту-204-300 // АвиаПорт.Дайджест". Aviaport.ru. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
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  57. ↑ Hradecky, Simon "Accident: Red Wings T204 at Moscow on December 29th 2012, overran runway on landing" The Aviation Herald, 29 December 2012. (updated 31 December 2012).
  58. ↑ Hradecky, Simon "Incident: Red Wings T204 at Novosibirsk on December 20th 2012, runway excursion on landing" The Aviation Herald 20 December 2012 (updated 30 December 2012)
  59. ↑ Bad brakes cited in Moscow crash landing Agence France-Presse (via NDTV.com) 30 December 2012
  60. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David "Tu-204 directive warns pilots to check thrust-reverse status" Flightglobal.com, 2 January 2013
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