Solanum torvum

Solanum torvum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Species: S. torvum
Binomial name
Solanum torvum
Sw.
Synonyms

Solanum ferrugineum Jacq.
Solanum mayanum Lundell
Solanum verapazense Standl. & Steyerm.

List source :[1] For more see "Synonyms and systematics" section below.

Solanum torvum is a bushy, erect and spiny perennial plant used horticulturally as a rootstock for eggplant. Grafted plants are very vigorous and tolerate diseases affecting the root system, thus allowing the crop to continue for a second year.

It is also known as turkey berry,[2] prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant, pea eggplant, pea aubergine, susumber ( Jamaica), boo, terongan, tekokak, berenjena cimarrona, berenjena de gallina, berenjena silvestre, tabacón, pendejera, tomatillo, bâtard balengène, zamorette, friega-platos, kudanekayi (Kannada: ಕುದನೆಕಾಯಿ), sundaikkai (Tamil: சுண்டைக்காய்),[3] (Malayalam: ചുണ്ട ), thibbatu (Sinhala), makhuea phuang (Thai: มะเขือพวง), suzume nasu (Japan: 雀茄子), jurubeba (Brazilian Portuguese), and many other names (Howard 1989, Little and others 1974, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2001).

Sold at morning markets in Malaysia

General description

The plant is usually 2 or 3 m in height and 2 cm in basal diameter, but may reach 5m in height and 8 cm in basal diameter. The shrub usually has a single stem at ground level, but it may branch on the lower stem. The stem bark is gray and nearly smooth with raised lenticels. The inner bark has a green layer over an ivory color (Little and others 1974). The plants examined by the author, growing on firm soil, had weak taproots and well-developed laterals. The roots are white. Foliage is confined to the growing twigs.

The twigs are gray-green and covered with star-shaped hairs. The spines are short and slightly curved and vary from thick throughout the plant, including the leaf midrib, to entirely absent. The leaves are opposite or one per node, broadly ovate with the border entire or deeply lobed. The petioles are 1 to 6 cm long and the blades are 7 to 23 by 5 to 18 cm and covered with short hairs. The flowers are white, tubular with 5 pointed lobes, and grouped in corymbiform cymes. They are shed soon after opening.

The fruits are berries that grow in clusters of tiny green spheres (ca. 1 cm in diameter) that look like green peas. They become yellow when fully ripe. They are thin-fleshed and contain numerous flat, round, brown seeds (Howard 1989, Liogier 1995, Little and others 1974).

dried turkey berry

Range

Turkey berry apparently is native from Florida and southern Alabama through the West Indies and from Mexico through Central America and South America through Brazil (Little and others 1974). Because of its rapid spread as a weed in disturbed lands, it is difficult to tell which populations are native and which are introduced. Turkey berry has been introduced and naturalized throughout tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands including Hawaii, Guam, and American Samoa (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2001). In Jamaica this berry is called susumba, or gully beans, and is usually cooked in a dish along with saltfish and ackee. It is believed to be full of iron (it does have a strong iron like taste when eaten) and is consumed when one is low in iron.

Ecology

In Puerto Rico, turkey berry grows in upland sites that receive from about 1000 to 4000 mm of annual precipitation. It also grows in riparian zones in drier areas. Turkey berry grows on all types of moist, fertile soil at elevations from near sea level to almost 1,000 m in Puerto Rico (Little and others 1974) and 2,000 m in Papua New Guinea (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2001). Given an equal start after disturbance, turkey berry quickly overtops most herbs, grasses, and other shrubs. It grows best in full sunlight and does well in light shade or shade for part of the day, but cannot survive under a closed forest canopy. Turkey berry single plants, groups, and thickets are most frequently seen on roadsides, vacant lots, brushy pastures, recently abandoned farmland, landslides, and river banks.

Reproduction

Flowering and fruiting is continuous after the shrubs reach about 1 to 1.5 m in height. Ripe fruits collected in Puerto Rico averaged 1.308 + 0.052 g. Air dry seeds from these fruits weighed an average of 0.00935 g or 1,070,000 seeds/kg. These seeds were sown on commercial potting mix and 60 percent germinated between 13 and 106 days following sowing. The seedlings are common in recently disturbed ground. Frugivorous birds eat the fruits and spread the seeds (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2001). Turkey berry can be propagated vegetatively by placing branch cuttings, with or without leaves, in a mist chamber for one month (Badola and others 1993).

Growth and management

Turkey berry grows about 0.75 to 1.5 m in height per year. The species is not long-lived; most plants live about 2 years. Physical control of the shrub may be done by grubbing out the plants; lopping will not kill them. They can be killed by translocated herbicides applied to the leaves or the cut stumps (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2001).

Cuisine

Pla duk phat phet is a fried Thai catfish curry, here containing solanum torvum

The green fresh fruits are edible and used in Thai cuisine, as an ingredient in certain Thai curries or raw in certain Thai chili pastes (nam phrik).[4][5] They are also used in Lao cuisine (Royal Horticultural Society 2001) and Jamaican cuisine.[6] The fruits are incorporated into soups and sauces in the Côte d'Ivoire (Herzog and Gautier-Béguin 2001).

In Tamil Nadu, India, the fruit is consumed directly, or as cooked food like Sundaikkai Sambar, Sundaikkai Poriyal, Sundaikkai Aviyal & Sundaikkai Pulikulambu. After soaking in curd and drying, the final product is fried in oil as Sundaikkai vattral (available in all Tamil Nadu supermarkets), it is famous all around in Tamil Nadu. In siddha medicine one of the traditional systems of India Sundaivattral Choornam is used to improve digestion.

Haitian Mythology

This fruit is reportedly used in Haitian voodoo rituals.[7]

Chemistry

Turkey berry contains a number of potentially pharmacologically active chemicals including the sapogenin steroid, chlorogenin.[8]

Aqueous extracts of turkey berry are lethal to mice by depressing the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets in their blood (Tapia and others 1996). A related chemical, cholecalciferol, is the active ingredient in a number of commercial rodenticides.[9]

Extracts of the plant are reported to be useful in the treatment of hyperactivity,[10] colds and cough,[11] pimples, skin diseases, and leprosy.[12]

Methyl caffeate, extracted from the fruit of S. torvum shows an antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.[13]

Cholinergic poisioning has been reported as a result of the consumption of Solanum torvum berries prepared in Jamaican dishes.[14][15]

Hybrids

Turkey berry is being crossed with eggplant in an attempt to incorporate genes for resistance to Verticillium wilt into the vegetable (Bletsos and others 2001).

Synonyms and systematics

Several other Solanum species have at one time been included in S. torvum as subspecies or varieties:[16]

Also, a number of more or less ambiguous and now-invalid names have been used for S. torvum:

Solanum acanthifolium of Philip Miller is S. campechiense as described by Carl Linnaeus.
Solanum crotonoides of Sieber from Presl is S. lanceifolium as described by von Jacquin.
Solanum heterophyllum of Lamarck is S. subinerme
Solanum maccai of Dunal in Poiret is S. stramoniifolium as described by von Jacquin.
Solanum mammosum of Pavón Jiménez from Dunal in de Candolle is S. circinatum.
Solanum mannii var. compactum of C.H. Wright is S. anomalum.
Solanum sanctum of Carl Linnaeus is S. incanum as described by the same author.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Name - Solanum torvum Sw. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
  2. ↑ "Solanum torvum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  3. ↑ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ↑ Pea eggplant
  5. ↑ http://simplethaifood.com/thai-recipes/dips-sauce/shrimp-chili-paste-nam-prik-ga-pi/
  6. ↑ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120517/cook/cook5.html
  7. ↑ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100128/lead/lead4.html
  8. ↑ Badola and others 1993
  9. ↑ American Board of Veterinary Toxicology 2001
  10. ↑ Null, 2001
  11. ↑ CPR Environmental Education Centre, 2001
  12. ↑ Liogier, 1990
  13. ↑ Antihyperglycemic activity and antidiabetic effect of methylcaffeate isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, Michael Gabriel Paulraj, Ponnusamy Sasikumar, European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 670, Issues 2–3, 30 November 2011, Pages 623–631, doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.159
  14. ↑ Susumber berries: Unexpected cause of cholinergic poisoning. Ariel Antezana, Johanne Policard, Harini Sarva, and George Vas. Neurol Clin Pract December 2012 vol. 2 no. 4 362-363 doi:10.1212/CPJ.0b013e31826af1f6
  15. ↑ Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry.Smith SW, Giesbrecht E, Thompson M, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS. Toxicon. 2008 Nov;52(6):667-76 doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.016
  16. ↑ Solanaceae Source [2008]

Footnotes

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