Typhoon Dujuan (2015)

This article is about the 2015 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see Typhoon Dujuan.
Typhoon Dujuan (Jenny)
Typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 4 (Saffir–Simpson scale)

Typhoon Dujuan approaching Taiwan on September 28
Formed September 19, 2015
Dissipated September 30, 2015
Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
1-minute sustained: 240 km/h (150 mph)
Lowest pressure 925 hPa (mbar); 27.32 inHg
Fatalities 3 confirmed
Damage At least $660.9 million (2015 USD)
Areas affected Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, East China
Part of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Dujuan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Jenny, was the second most intense tropical cyclone of the Northwest Pacific Ocean in 2015 in terms of ten-minute maximum sustained winds, tied with Noul. The twenty-first named storm and the thirteenth typhoon of the 2015 Pacific typhoon season, Dujuan brought extremely powerful winds throughout the Yaeyama Islands and Taiwan in late September, causing 3 deaths in Taiwan. The typhoon also caused over 4.15 billion RMB (652 million USD) damage in East China.

Originally a monsoon depression, when Dujuan developed into a tropical storm on September 22, it was very poorly organized and was forecasted to recurve. After slowly consolidating under an improving environment, the system intensified into a typhoon on September 25, and it started to present a large eye two days later. Dujuan reached its peak intensity on September 27 and made landfall over Taiwan on the next day. Interaction with the mountainous terrain of Taiwan significantly weakened the typhoon, yet Dujuan made its second landfall over Fujian on September 29.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm according to the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale

The origin of Typhoon Dujuan can be traced back to a tropical disturbance that formed over the Maloelap Atoll late on September 14.[1] Convection remained very fragmented until September 20, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the low-pressure area to a tropical depression east-northeast of Guam early on that day.[2][3] Moreover, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert at the same time and indicated a monsoon depression, although the low-level circulation center (LLCC) was exposed and located east of the deep convective banding.[4] In the afternoon on September 21, the JMA began to issue tropical cyclone warnings to the system, shortly before the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical depression and designated it as 21W, based on the convective structure and a RapidSCAT image.[5][6] On September 22, although the structure remained asymmetric with a fully exposed LLCC under easterly moderate vertical wind shear, the system still intensified into a tropical storm late on the same day and received the name Dujuan from the JMA.[7][8]

Tropical Storm Dujuan with a fully exposed LLCC on September 23

Many meteorological agencies initially forecasted a recurving track south of Japan to Dujuan, but those agencies changed it to a west-northwest track pointing to Taiwan after 24 hours.[9] Dujuan developed smaller vortices rotating around a larger circulation centroid with deep convection along the western periphery on September 23;[10] however, right after the storm entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was named Jenny by PAGASA, there was only one partially exposed LLCC within the consolidating structure in the afternoon, leading more model guidances to show a stairstep track vice a recurve scenario.[11][12] When moving and organizing slowly on September 24, Dujuan was upgraded to a severe tropical storm early on that day, with an apparent eye revealed by a microwave imagery.[13][14] Based on a ragged eye under decreasing vertical wind shear, both of the JTWC and then the JMA upgraded Dujuan to a typhoon early on September 25, as the system started to track northwestward along the southwestern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge.[15][16][17]

Good divergent outflow as well as low vertical wind shear allowed Dujuan to intensify stably on September 26, yet dry air and subsidence were impacting the system at the same time, causing the western eyewall to break down.[18] Due to decreasing dry air, Dujuan improved its overall structure significantly late on the same day when starting to track west-northwestward.[19] Due to sea surface temperatures of 29 °C and improved radial outflow enhanced by a microscale anticyclone aloft, the JTWC indicated that the typhoon with an enlarged 80 km (50 miles) eye embedded in the highly deep and symmetric core had one-minute maximum sustained winds at 230 km/h (145 mph) early on September 27, equivalent to Category 4 of the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[20] This was increased to 240 km/h (150 mph) in post-season reanalysis, making Dujuan a super typhoon. Right after record-breaking winds were observed in Yonaguni of Okinawa, Japan around 16:00 JST (07:00 UTC) on September 28, the JMA raised Dujuan's estimated intensity of ten-minute maximum sustained winds to 205 km/h (125 mph) immediately, although the deep convective banding had begun to loosen with unraveling along the western side.[21][22]

Soon, the eye shrunk quickly and became cloud-filled when the eyewall was interacting with the terrain of Taiwan, indicating a weakening trend from both the JMA and the JTWC.[23] The Central Weather Bureau (CWB) announced that Typhoon Dujuan had made landfall over Nan'ao, Yilan at 17:40 TST (09:40 UTC);[24] at around 01:00 TST on September 29 (17:00 UTC on September 28), Dujuan emerged into the Taiwan Strait from Fangyuan, Changhua.[25] Severely eroded by the Central Mountain Range and the Xueshan Range in Taiwan, the system rapidly weakened and was downgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA at 00:00 UTC on September 29.[26][27] Dujuan made its second landfall over Xiuyu District, Putian of Fujian, China at around 08:50 CST (00:50 UTC) on September 29, shortly before the JTWC issued the final warning.[28][29] The JMA downgraded the system to a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC and then a tropical depression at noon.[30][31] One day later, the system was absorbed into a stationary front which later became a powerful extratropical cyclone.[32][33]

Impact and records

Japan

Typhoon Dujuan brought extremely powerful sustained winds and gusts in the Yaeyama Islands on September 28. The Yonaguni weather station observed a maximum gust of 81.1 m/s (292 km/h) and maximum 10-minute sustained winds at 54.6 m/s (197 km/h), surpassing all previous records on the island; based on the observations in Yonaguni, Dujuan caused the fourth strongest gust and the seventh strongest sustained winds in the history of Japan, and that gust was also the strongest in Japan since September 1966.[34] The typhoon also broke the record of maximum sustained winds near the Yonaguni Airport (Tokorono), which observed 42.6 m/s (153 km/h). Overall, five weather stations throughout the Yaeyama Islands observed hurricane-force sustained winds from Dujuan.[35]

Agricultural damage throughout the Yaeyama Islands is estimated at 180.1 million JPY (1.49 USD), including 33.6 million JPY (282 thousand USD) for animal husbandry in Ishigaki and Yonaguni.[36] [37] 322 houses in Yonaguni were damaged, and 10 of them were completely destroyed by the typhoon.[38] Roofs of many schools and gymnasium halls were blown away on the island, and products such as sugar canes were severely damaged. All cargo ships and ferries to Yonaguni were suspended during Dujuan, including a large cargo which carries everyday goods from main islands of Okinawa. A power outage also affected about 400 houses in Yonaguni.[39]

Taiwan

A cut-off tree in Taipei, originally tilted by Typhoon Dujuan

Typhoon Dujuan caused three deaths and 376 injuries in Taiwan. A female driver went into a skid and crashed in Nangang District, Taipei. She died later after being sent to a hospital. In Tucheng District, New Taipei, an elderly man died after being knocked down by strong winds. A group of people tried to fix a fallen fence at a construction site in Beitun District, Taichung; however, when a man was standing on a corrugated sheet, strong winds rolled them up. The man died due to a three meter fall. Over 2.25 million houses throughout Taiwan suffered from power outage, and over 180 thousand houses in Taipei and New Taipei faced water outage.[40]

Preliminary losses to agriculture are estimated at 217.01 million TWD (6.59 million USD), and Yunlin County suffered the biggest losses, estimated at 82.89 million TWD (2.53 million USD), accounting for 38 percent of the country's total losses. Losses in the category of crops were estimated at 201.45 million TWD (6.16 million USD), with 8,018 hectares affected.[41] Heavy rainfall on September 28 and 29 led to serious rockslides at a section of the Alishan Forest Railway which was destroyed by Typhoon Morakot and reconstructed recently, ruining plans by the Taiwan Railways Administration to reopen the full length of the railway on December 25.[42]

Bon Jovi's only two concerts at the Taipei World Trade Center Nangang Exhibition Hall on September 28 and 29 were canceled due to Typhoon Dujuan, as the Taipei City government announced school and office closures for the two days.[43] During the first landfall, the weather station in Su'ao, Yilan observed the maximum gust at 68.4 m/s (246 km/h) and maximum sustained winds at 40.4 m/s (145 km/h), and that gust became the second strongest of the station in history.[44][45][46]

China

Across East China, nearly 1.7 million people were affected by the typhoon.[47][48] The most severe damage took place in Fujian Province where 400 homes collapsed, 31,000 hectares (76,600 acres) of farmland were flooded, and total economic losses reached ¥2.4 billion (US$377.5 million). In neighboring Zhejiang Province, economic losses amounted to ¥1.75 billion (US$275.4 million). Ningbo was particularly hard-hit by flooding.[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Index of /tcdat/tc15/WPAC/21W.DUJUAN/ir/geo/1km". US Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans 170600Z-180600Z Sep 2015". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2015-09-20T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  4. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  5. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 211200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 21W (Twentyone) Warning Nr 01". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 05". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  8. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 221800". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Log of DUJUAN (2015) Multi-Agency TC Forecast". Typhoon2000.com. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 07". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Alert: Tropical Storm "Jenny" Severe Weather Bulletin #1". PAGASA. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 09". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  13. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 240600". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 14". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  16. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 250600". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 15". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  18. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 19". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  20. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 23". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  21. ↑ "TY 1521 (DUJUAN) Tropical Cyclone Information Issued at 07:40 UTC, 28 September 2015". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 27". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  23. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 280900". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  24. ↑ "海上陸上颱風警報第12-2報" (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  25. ↑ "海上陸上颱風警報第15報" (in Chinese). Central Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  26. ↑ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 28". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  27. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 290000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  28. ↑ "中央气象台9月29日10时发布台风黄色预警" (in Chinese). National Meteorological Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Typhoon 21W (Dujuan) Warning Nr 030". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  30. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 290600". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  31. ↑ "RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 291200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  32. ↑ "300600 UTC Sep. 2015 Surface Analysis". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  33. ↑ "301200 UTC Sep. 2015 Surface Analysis". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  34. ↑ "歴代全国ランキング" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  35. ↑ "昨日の全国観測値ランキング（9月28日）" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  36. ↑ "台風２１号被害 農水産１．８億円　与那国の報告追加" (in Japanese). Ryukyu Shimpo. October 3, 2015. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
  37. ↑ "台風21号：農水被害1億3500万円　畜舎破損など判明" (in Japanese). Okinawa Times. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  38. ↑ "与那国町、仮設住宅を検討　台風２１号" (in Japanese). Ryukyu Shimpo. October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  39. ↑ Sakamoto, Takeshi (September 29, 2015). "Typhoon Dujuan Caused Huge Damage in Yonaguni, South Island of Okinawa". Zaikei News.
  40. ↑ "杜鵑颱風災害應變處置報告第 4 報" (PDF) (in Chinese). Central Emergency Operation Center. September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  41. ↑ "Agricultural losses from Typhoon Dujuan top NT$217 million". Taipei, Taiwan: Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. September 30, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  42. ↑ "Typhoon damage stops Alishan forest railway at Fenchihu relay station". Taipei, Taiwan: Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. October 4, 2015. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  43. ↑ Chen, Christie (September 28, 2015). "Bon Jovi's second Taipei concert also canceled over typhoon (update)". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Su-ao Latest 24-hour data". Central Weather Bureau. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  45. ↑ "颱風資料庫". Central Weather Bureau. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
  46. ↑ 葦庭, 陳 (September 28, 2015). "颱風杜鵑創風力紀錄 午夜後有機會減弱[影]" (in Chinese). Central News Agency. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  47. ↑ "Typhoon Dujuan causes losses of 1.4 bln yuan". Beijing, China: Xinhua News Agency. September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  48. 1 2 "Typhoon Dujuan leaves heavy damage in east China". Fuzhou, China: Xinhua News Agency. October 1, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
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