Tzitzak

This individual is sometimes confused with Byzantine Empress Irene, who was her daughter-in-law.

Tzitzak
Byzantine empress
Born	8th century
Died	c. 750
Spouse	Constantine V
Issue	Leo IV the Khazar
Full name Tzitzak (baptismal name Irene)
Dynasty	Isaurian Dynasty
Father	Bihar

Tzitzak (Turkish: Çiçek; died c. 750), baptised Irene (Greek: Ειρήνη), was a Khazar princess, the daughter of khagan Bihar, who became the first wife of Byzantine Emperor Constantine V (r. 741-775).^[1]

Empress

In 732, the Byzantine Empire was under threat of invasion from the Umayyad Caliphate. Seeking allies, Leo III the Isaurian sent an embassy to Bihar, Khagan of the Khazars. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Tzitzak to Constantine V, son and junior co-ruler of Leo.

Tzitzak was escorted to Constantinople for her marriage. Constantine was about fourteen years old, while Tzitzak may have been even younger as she would not give birth for eighteen years. Tzitzak became a Christian under the baptismal name Irene. Tzitzak's wedding gown became famous, starting a new fashion craze in Constantinople for male robes called tzitzakia.

The chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor records that Tzitzak learned to read religious texts. He describes her as pious and contrasts her with the "impiety" of her father-in-law and husband. The emperors Leo III and Constantine V were iconoclasts while Theophanes was an iconodule monk. His praise probably reflected the fact that Irene herself shared his views.^[2]

It is uncertain whether her mother-in-law Maria was still the senior empress at the time of Tzitzak's marriage. Leo III died on 18 June 741. Constantine V succeeded him with Irene as his empress consort. However, civil war broke out almost immediately as Artabasdos, brother-in-law of Constantine, claimed the throne for himself. The civil war lasted until 2 November 743. The role of Irene in the war is not described by Theophanes.

On 25 January 750, Constantine and Tzitzak had a son, Leo, who would succeed his father as Emperor Leo IV—better known as "Leo the Khazar". Leo's birth is the last mention of Irene in the historical record. By the following year, Constantine was already married to his second wife Maria. Lynda Garland has suggested Tzitzak died in childbirth.^[2]

The word tzitzak is most likely a Hellenized version of the Turkic word çiçek, meaning "flower."

References

1. The Student's Gibbon: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Harper. 1894-01-01. p. 407.
2. "Irene, wife of Constantine V" (2000)

Bibliography

• Kevin Alan Brook. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2006.
• Douglas M. Dunlop. The History of the Jewish Khazars, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1954.
• The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.

External links

• A short article on her by Lynda Garland