Urban Indian reserve

Not to be confused with Indian colony.

An urban Indian reserve is land that the Canadian federal government has designated as a First Nations reserve that is situated within an urban area.[1] Such lands allow for aboriginal commercial ventures which enjoy the tax exemptions offered to traditional reserves.[2] They may be located within either a municipality or, in the case of Saskatchewan, a Northern Administration District.[1]

An urban reserve may result from either encroachment of a municipal area into existing reserve lands, or from the designation of land in an existing urban territory.[3]

Some commercial urban reserves exist as satellites to rural reserves. It has been suggested that the generated revenue will help maintain the economic well-being of the associated rural community.

History

The first such reserve was established in 1981 at Kylemore, Saskatchewan as operated by the Fishing Lake First Nation (Treaty 4). Another urban reserve under the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation (Treaty 6) followed at Prince Albert in 1982.[2]

It is argued that the first formal commercial urban reserve was a property of 33 acres (13 ha) established within Saskatoon in 1988 for the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation.[4] By 2004, the reserve's commercial activity grew to provide employment for 350 people under 37 businesses, today known as the McKnight Commercial Centre.[4][5]

The Treaty Land Entitlement Framework Agreement (TLEFA) was signed on 9 September 1992[2] to settle unresolved treaty land claims for 28 First Nation groups in Saskatchewan. Article 9 of this accord provides a mechanism for First Nations groups to contract with municipal governments to allow designation of certain properties as reserves.[1][4]

At least four urban reserves are also established in Manitoba.[3] One of these, situated north of Winnipeg under the auspices of the Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation (Treaty 1), includes a gas station and a tobacco retailer with plans to include a medical facility and larger operations such as automobile retail.[6]

Opinions

Critics such as the Canadian Taxpayers Federation are concerned that such reserves are entitled to exemptions from taxation that other businesses in a community do not enjoy. Furthermore, there are complications in disposing of urban reserve lands which require approval of the operating First Nation, and that reserve lands would revert to federal government control.[7] Other critics such as the Frontier Centre for Public Policy concede that urban reserves have benefits, but wish the abolishment of the reserve system and other racially based policies as a whole.[5]

Proponents of urban reserves note that these encourage a diverse land base which provides business opportunities for First Nations people. It is also claimed that there are advantages to the surrounding community due to spin-off business activity which contributes favourably to those outside the reserve.[4]

Examples

Examples include:

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Urban Reserves in Saskatchewan". Western Economic Diversification Canada. April 2005. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
  2. 1 2 3 "Relationships: Treaty awareness in Saskatchewan / Urban Reserves" (PDF). Office of the Treaty Commissioner (Saskatchewan). Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  3. 1 2 "Urban Reserves". Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2 January 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Sully, Lorne A.; Emmons, Mark D. (22 April 2004). "Urban Reserves: The City of Saskatoon's Partnership with First Nations" (PDF). City of Saskatoon, City Planning Branch. p. 6. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
  5. 1 2 "Urban Reserves, A Temporary Stop-Gap". Frontier Centre for Public Policy. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  6. ↑ "Medical clinic planned for newly opened urban reserve". CBC News. 27 November 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  7. ↑ Fiss, Tanis; Batra, Adrienne (15 September 2005). "Urban Reserve - Coming to a City Near You". Canadian Taxpayers Federation. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
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