Veterans Stadium

For the stadium in New Britain, Connecticut, see Veterans Stadium (New Britain, Connecticut). For stadiums with "Veterans Memorial" in the name, see Veterans Memorial Stadium (disambiguation).
Veterans Stadium
"The Vet"
An aerial view of Veterans Stadium in 2002. Construction work on Citizens Bank Park is visible in the lower right.
Location 3501 South Broad Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19148
United States
Coordinates 39°54′24″N 75°10′16″W / 39.90667°N 75.17111°W / 39.90667; -75.17111Coordinates: 39°54′24″N 75°10′16″W / 39.90667°N 75.17111°W / 39.90667; -75.17111
Owner City of Philadelphia
Operator Philadelphia Department of Recreation
Capacity Baseball: 61,831
Football: 65,352
Field size Baseball:
Left field — 330 feet (100 meters)
Left center field — 371 feet (113 meters)
Center field — 408 feet (124 meters)
Right center field — 371 feet (113 meters)
Right field — 330 feet (100 meters)
Backstop — 54 feet (16 meters) (2003)
Surface AstroTurf (1969–2000)
NexTurf (2001–2003)
Construction
Broke ground October 2, 1967
Opened April 10, 1971
Closed September 28, 2003
Demolished March 21, 2004
Construction cost US$63 million
($369 million in 2016 dollars[1])
Architect Hugh Stubbins & Associates
George M. Ewing Co.
Stonorov & Haws
Structural engineer McCormick Taylor & Associates, Inc.
General contractor McCloskey & Co.[2]
Tenants
Philadelphia Phillies (MLB) (1971–2003)
Philadelphia Eagles (NFL) (1971–2003)
Philadelphia Atoms (NASL) (1973–1975)
Philadelphia Fury (NASL) (1978–1980)
Philadelphia Stars (USFL) (1983–1984)
Temple Owls (NCAA) (1978–2002)
Designated September 28, 2005[3]

Veterans Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Philadelphia, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It was located at the northeast corner of Broad Street and Pattison Avenue, as part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. The listed seating capacities in 1971 were 65,358 seats for football, and 56,371 for baseball.

It hosted the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) from 1971 to January 2003 and the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball from 1971 to 2003. The 1976 and 1996 Major League Baseball All-Star Games were held at the venue. The Vet also hosted the annual Army-Navy football game seventeen times, between 1980 and 2001.

In addition to professional baseball and football, the stadium hosted other amateur and professional sports, large entertainment events, and other civic affairs. It was demolished by implosion in March 2004 after being replaced by the adjacent Citizens Bank Park and Lincoln Financial Field. A parking lot now sits on its former site.

History

Inception, design and construction

Exterior of Veterans Stadium.

As early as 1959, Phillies owner Bob Carpenter proposed building a new ballpark for the Phillies on 72 acres (290,000 m2) adjacent to the Garden State Park Racetrack in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The Phillies' then-home, Connie Mack Stadium, was starting to show its age (it had been built in 1909), had inadequate parking, and was located in a declining neighborhood. Furthermore, in 1959 alcohol sales at sporting events were banned in Pennsylvania but were legal in New Jersey. The proposed ballpark would have seated 45,000 fans, been expandable to 60,000 and would have had 15,000 parking spaces.[4]

The American League's Philadelphia Athletics had moved to Kansas City, Missouri after the 1954 season and Philadelphians weren't about to lose another professional sports franchise. In 1964, Philadelphia voters approved a US$25-million-bond issue for a new stadium to serve as the home of both the Eagles (who played at the University of Pennsylvania's Franklin Field) and the Phillies. Because of cost overruns, the voters had to go to the polls again in 1967 to approve another $13 million. At a total cost of $60 million, it was one of the most-expensive ballparks to date.[5]

The stadium was named by the Philadelphia City Council, in 1968, for the veterans of all wars. As early as December 1969, the Phillies expected that they would play the first month of the 1970 season at Connie Mack Stadium before moving to the new venue.[6] However, the opening was delayed a year because of a combination of bad weather and cost overruns.

The stadium's design was nearly circular, and was known as an "octorad" design, which attempted to facilitate both football and baseball. Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego had been similarly designed. As was the case with other cities where this dual approach was tried (other examples include RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C.; Shea Stadium in New York City, the Astrodome in Houston; Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in Atlanta; Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis; Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati; and Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh), the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of the playing fields made the stadium inadequate to the needs of either sport.

First game

Baseball Statue.
Sculptor Joe Brown's statue "Batter" as it stood outside Veterans Stadium.

The Phillies played their first game at the stadium on Saturday, April 10, 1971, beating the Montreal Expos, 4–1, before an audience of 55,352. Jim Bunning (named to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996) was the winning pitcher while Bill Stoneman took the loss. Entertainer Mike Douglas, whose daily talk show was taped in Philadelphia, sang The Star-Spangled Banner before the game. The emcee for the opening ceremonies was newly arrived Harry Kalas. Boots Day opened the game by grounding out to Bunning. Larry Bowa had the stadium's first hit and Don Money slugged the first home run.[7]

Final games

The Phillies' final game at the Vet; September 28, 2003.

As the stadium aged, its condition deteriorated. A hole in the wall allowed visiting teams' players to peep into the Eagles Cheerleaders dressing room. So many mice infested the stadium that the security force employed cats as mousers.[8] The final football game played at the Vet was the Eagles' 27–10 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game on January 19, 2003. The Eagles moved into Lincoln Financial Field in August 2003.[9]

The final game ever played at the stadium was the afternoon of September 28, 2003, a 5-2 Phillies loss to the Atlanta Braves.[10] The final win was recorded by Greg Maddux of the Braves, the final loss by the Phils' Kevin Millwood. The final Phillies run was scored by Marlon Byrd at the top of the 3rd inning, and the final run altogether by the Braves' Andruw Jones on a double by Robert Fick (who also had the last hit at Tiger Stadium as a Detroit Tiger 4 years earlier) at the top of the 5th. The final hit at the Vet was a single by the Phills' Pat Burrell at the bottom of the 9th. The next batter, Chase Utley, grounded into a double play to end the game and the Vet. However, the ceremony that followed pulled at the heartstrings of the sellout crowd. Both Paul Owens, a former general manager, and Tug McGraw, a former pitcher, made their final public appearances at the park that day; later that winter both men died.[11][12] The last publicly broadcast words uttered in the park were by Harry Kalas — a veteran announcer who helped open the facility on April 10, 1971 — who paraphrased his trademark home run call: "And now, Veterans Stadium is like a 3-1 pitch to Jim Thome or Mike Schmidt. It's on a looooooong drive...IT'S OUTTA HERE!!!" The team moved into Citizens Bank Park in 2004, with the first game being played there on April 12, 2004.

Demolition and commemoration

On March 21, 2004, the 32-year-old stadium was imploded in 62 seconds. Frank Bardonaro, President of Philadelphia-based AmQuip Crane Rental Company pressed the "charge" button and then Bardonaro and Nicholas T Peetros Sr., Project Manager for Driscoll/Hunt Construction Company combined to press the "fire" button to trigger the implosion[13] while Greg Luzinski and the Phillie Phanatic, the Phillies' mascot, pressed a ceremonial plunger for the fans.[14] A parking lot for the current sporting facilities was constructed in 2004 and 2005 at the site.

On June 6, 2005, the anniversary of World War II's D-Day, a plaque and monument to commemorate the spot where the stadium stood and a memorial for all veterans was dedicated by the Phillies before their game against the Arizona Diamondbacks. On September 28, 2005, the second anniversary of the stadium's final game, a historical marker commemorating where the ballpark once stood was dedicated. In April 2006, granite spaces marking the former locations of home plate, the pitcher's mound, and the three bases for baseball, as well as the goalpost placements for football, were added in Western Parking Lot U.

Seating capacity

Baseball

Football

Stadium features

Veterans Stadium on Phillies Opening Night, 1986.

The stadium was a complicated structure with its seating layered in seven separate levels. The lowest, or "100 Level", extended only part way around the structure, between roughly the 25-yard lines for football games and near the two dugouts for baseball. The "200 Level" comprised field-level boxes, and the "300 Level" housed what were labeled "Terrace Boxes". These three levels collectively made up the "Lower Stands". The "400 Level" was reserved for the press and dignitaries; the upper level began with "500 Level" (or "loge boxes"), the "600 Level" (upper reserved, or individual seats), and finally, the 700 Level (general admission for baseball). Originally, the seats were in shades of brown, terra cotta, orange and yellow, to look like an autumn day, but in 1995 and 1996, blue seats replaced the fall-hued ones.

At one time, the stadium could seat over 71,000 people for football, but restructuring in the late 1980s brought capacity down to around 66,000.

The stadium was harshly criticized by baseball purists. Even by multi-purpose-stadium standards, the upper deck was exceptionally high, and many of the seats in that area were so far from the field that it was difficult to see the game without binoculars. Like most of its contemporaries, foul territory was quite roomy. Approximately 70% of the seats were in foul territory, adding to the stadium's cavernous feel. There was no dirt in the infield except for sliding pits around the bases. In the autumn, the football markings were clearly visible in the spacious outfield area. Although the stadium's size enabled the Phillies to shatter previous attendance records, during the years the Phillies were not doing as well, even crowds of 35,000 looked sparse.

The stadium had been known for providing both the Eagles and the Phillies with great home-field advantage. In particular, the acoustics greatly enhanced the crowd noise on the field, making it nearly impossible for opposing teams to hear one another.

700 Level

The "700 Level" was well known for being home to the rowdiest fans at Philadelphia Eagles games, and to a lesser extent, Philadelphia Phillies games. In his book If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?,[15] Jereé Longman described the 700 Level as having a reputation for "hostile taunting, fighting, public urination and general strangeness." Due to an improvement in facilities, there is no equivalent in either Lincoln Financial Field or Citizens Bank Park. The name has also been the inspiration for websites relating to Philadelphia sports, as well as a weekly "Letters to the Editor" section in the Sunday Sports pages of The Philadelphia Inquirer.

Playing surface

Veterans Stadium during the 1980 NFC Championship Game against the Dallas Cowboys, January 11, 1981.

The field's surface, originally composed of AstroTurf, contained many gaps and uneven patches. In several places, seams were clearly visible, giving it the nickname "Field of Seams". It perennially drew the ranking of the "NFL's worst field" in player surveys conducted by the NFL Players Association, and visiting players often fell prey to the treacherous conditions resulting in numerous injuries.[16] The NFLPA reportedly threatened to sue the city for the poor conditions, and many sports agents told the Eagles not to even consider signing or drafting their clients. The Eagles, for their part, complained to the city on numerous occasions about the conditions at the stadium. Baseball players also complained about the surface. It was much harder than other AstroTurf surfaces, and the shock of running on it often caused back pain.

Two of the most-publicized injuries blamed on the playing surface occurred exactly six years apart. On October 10, 1993, Chicago Bears receiver Wendell Davis had his cleat get caught in a seam while running a simple pass route. He tore both of his patella tendons, ending his career.[17] On October 10, 1999, Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin suffered a neck injury that led to his premature retirement. (The previously winless Eagles rallied from a 10–0 deficit and won 13–10.)

In 2001, the original AstroTurf was eventually replaced by a new surface, NexTurf. It was far softer, and reportedly much easier on the knees.[18] However, the city crew that installed the new turf reportedly did not install it properly, resulting in seams being visible in several places.

The first football game on the new turf was scheduled to take place on August 13, 2001, when the Eagles were to play the Baltimore Ravens in a preseason game. However, Ravens coach Brian Billick refused to let the Ravens take the field for warm-ups when he discovered a trench around an area where third base was covered up by a NexTurf cutout. City crews unsuccessfully tried to fix the problem, forcing the game to be canceled. Later, players from both teams reported that they sank into the turf in locations near the infield cutouts. Team president Joe Banner was irate after the game, calling the stadium's conditions "absolutely unacceptable" and "an embarrassment to the city of Philadelphia."[19] City officials, however, promised that the stadium would be suitable for play when the regular season started.

The problem was caused by heavy rain over the weekend prior to the game, which made the dirt in the sliding pits and pitcher's mound so soft that the cutouts covering them in the football configuration became mushy and uneven. Even when new dirt was shoveled on top, it quickly became just as saturated as the old dirt. The problem was solved by using asphalt hot mix, which allowed for a solid, level playing surface, but required a jackhammer for removal whenever the stadium was converted from football back to baseball (between August and October of each year).

Fans

Virginia Tech and Temple meet at The Vet in 2001.

Fans who attended games in the stadium for a football game gained a reputation of being among the most vociferous in sports, especially those in the notorious 700 Level, the highest seating level in the stadium prior to the construction of luxury skyboxes behind that seating area. The stadium became famous for the rowdiness of Eagles fans, although it was not the site of the incident in which fans booed Santa Claus during a halftime show. (The Santa Claus incident occurred on December 15, 1968, at Franklin Field, the Eagles' home stadium at the time.[20])

One of the more well-known examples of the fans' behavior was during the 1989 season at a follow-up game to what many called the "Bounty Bowl". On Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1989, the Eagles had defeated the Dallas Cowboys at Texas Stadium, 27-0.[21] In that game, Cowboys placekicker Luis Zendejas suffered a concussion during a rough block by linebacker Jessie Small after a kickoff. After the game, Cowboys rookie head coach Jimmy Johnson commented that Eagles coach Buddy Ryan instituted a bounty on Zendejas and Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman. Two weeks later, on December 10, they played the rematch dubbed "Bounty Bowl II" at the stadium which the Eagles won 20-10.[22] The stadium seats were covered with snow in the stands. The volatile mix of beer, the "bounty" and the intense hatred for "America's Team" (who were 1–15 that season) led to fans throwing snowballs at Dallas players and coaches.[23] Beer sales were banned after that incident for two games. A similar incident in 1995 at Giants Stadium during a nationally telecast San Diego Chargers–New York Giants game[24] led the NFL to rule that seating areas must be cleared of snow within a certain time period before kickoff.

The Eagles fans' behavior during a Monday Night Football loss[25] to the San Francisco 49ers in 1997 and a 34-0 loss to Dallas a year later[26] was such that the City of Philadelphia assigned a Municipal Court Judge, Seamus McCaffrey, to the stadium on game days to deal with fans removed from the stands in what was referred to as "Eagles Court".[8] Two years later, fans threw D-Cell batteries at St. Louis Cardinals outfielder J. D. Drew after he spurned the Phillies' offer to play with them, and wound up going back into the draft and picked by the Cardinals.[27]

Notable games and incidents

Veterans Stadium before and during one of U2's Zoo TV Tour shows in 1992
The 1994 Army–Navy Game at Veterans Stadium

Other events at Veterans Stadium

Amateur baseball

The Liberty Bell Classic, Philadelphia Division I college baseball tournament, was played at the stadium from its inception in 1992 through 2003. The original eight schools were:

In the first championship game in 1992, Delaware defeated Villanova 6-2.[44]

The stadium hosted the 1998 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Tournament, won by Fordham.[45]

Minor League baseball

In November 1987, the new owners of the Phillies AAA franchise, the Maine Guides, considered playing the 1988 season at the Vet because Lackawanna County Stadium would not be ready until the 1989 season. The team would have had to play 12:35pm day games when the Phillies had night games scheduled at the Vet.[46] Ownership elected to remain in Old Orchard Beach for 1988, renamed the club the 'Maine Phillies', and moved to Moosic, Pennsylvania in 1989 as the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons.

The Eastern League Trenton Thunder played two home games at the stadium in April 1994. The Thunder beat the Canton–Akron Indians, 10-9, in front of 483 fans on April 20, 1994, and won 9-3 on April 21. Future Phillies broadcaster Tom McCarthy was in the booth for the Thunder during these two games.[47]

Soccer

The stadium was the home field for the Philadelphia Atoms and the Philadelphia Fury, both North American Soccer League teams. The Fury drew 18,191 fans for their April 1, 1978, opener at the stadium which they lost 3-0 to the Washington Diplomats. The Fury averaged 8,279 per-match in 1978 NASL, 5,624 per-match in 1979 NASL, and 4,778 in the 1980 NASL seasons. The club was moved to Montreal in 1981 NASL season.[48]

The stadium hosted an exhibition match on August 2, 1991, between the U.S. National Team and English professional soccer club Sheffield Wednesday. John Harkes played for Wednesday, the first American to play in the English Premier League. 44,261 fans saw the U.S. score two second-half goals to defeat Sheffield Wednesday 2-0.[49]

Philadelphia established a bid committee to host matches for the 1994 World Cup which was to be played in the United States. Phillies president Bill Giles was on the Philadelphia bid committee and hoped to use Veterans Stadium for games. In addition to the challenge of installing a natural grass field for the games, FIFA would have required the Phillies to vacate the stadium for a month to allow for sufficient preparation time prior to the matches. Giles could only offer 17-days.[50] Of the nine venues eventually chosen to host matches, not one was home to a professional baseball club.

High School football

Veterans Stadium hosted Philadelphia's City Title high-school football championship game from 1973 to 1977 and in 1979. The series was suspended in 1980.[51] With the entry of the Philadelphia Catholic League into what is now PIAA District XII (which was formed when the Public League joined the PIAA in 2002), the "City Title Game" was restored in 2008.

Professional wrestling

The only professional wrestling event held in Veterans Stadium was National Wrestling Alliance/Jim Crockett Promotions "Great American Bash" on July 1, 1986, with an attendance of 10,900. The event was the start of a 14-city summer tour.

Concerts

The stadium has hosted many stadium concerts, by famous artists of many different genres.

Other events

The venue also played host to religious events including annual Jehovah's Witnesses conventions, which was open to the public each year it took place. It also played host to a Billy Graham crusade in 1992.

References

  1. ↑ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Index". Ballparks.com. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  3. ↑ "PHMC Historical Markers Search" (Searchable database). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2015-09-28.
  4. ↑ Bernstein, Ralph (March 1, 1959). "Philadelphia On Verge of Losing Phils". The Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. p. 2C.
  5. ↑ "Stadium Facts". Lincoln Financial Field. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Phillies Card 28 Spring Exhibitions". St. Petersburg Times. December 17, 1969. p. 2-C. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
  7. ↑ "April 10, 1971 Montreal Expos at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  8. 1 2 Anderson, Dave (October 29, 2002). "Sports of The Times; To Eagles, Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Bucs Stop McNabb to Earn First Super Bowl Berth". ESPN. Associated Press. January 19, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  10. ↑ "September 28, 2003 Atlanta Braves at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  11. ↑ Roberts, Kevin (December 26, 2003). "Former Phillies GM Owens Dies at 79". USA Today. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Former Relief Pitcher Tug McGraw Dead at 59". ESPN. January 6, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  13. ↑ Guts and Bolts: The Implosion of Veterans Stadium. The History Channel. July 10, 2004.
  14. 1 2 Westcott, Rich; Daulton, Darren (2005). Veteran's Stadium: Field of Memories. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 78, 204. ISBN 1-59213-428-9.
  15. ↑ Longman, Jeré (2006). If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-084373-1.
  16. ↑ Hooper, Ernest (December 28, 2009). "They Say the Vet Stadium Turf Is Hard as Concrete — Maybe That's Why Last Week It Was Treated Like Piece of Philly Highway". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  17. ↑ Mitchell, Fred (October 10, 1993). "Bears—Yes, Bears—Gain First-Place Tie". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  18. ↑ Williams, Pete (January 15, 2001). "Versatility Wins Southwest Rec's Nexturf a Gig at Veterans Stadium". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  19. ↑ "N.F.L.: ROUNDUP; Eagles' Turf Unsafe For Ravens' Game". The New York Times. August 14, 2001. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  20. ↑ Polaneczky, Ronnie (December 15, 2008). "This is Philly: After 40 Years, We'll Still Boo a Bad Santa". Philadelphia Daily News. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
  21. ↑ "Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys – November 23rd, 1989". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  22. ↑ "Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – December 10th, 1989". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
  23. ↑ Eskenazi, Gerald (December 11, 1989). "Eagles Top Cowboys in an Emotional Contest". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  24. ↑ Sandomir, Richard (December 31, 1995). "DECEMBER 24-30;Icy Reception". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  25. ↑ "San Francisco 49ers at Philadelphia Eagles – November 10th, 1997". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  26. ↑ "Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – November 2nd, 1998". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  27. ↑ "'They Were Throwing Batteries'; Phillies Fans Hurl Insults, Projectiles at J. D. Drew". CNN/Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. August 11, 1998. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
  28. ↑ "June 25, 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  29. ↑ Mandel, Ken (June 25, 2003). "Stargell's Star a Lasting Tribute; Blast is Marking Point for All Hitters". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  30. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Frank (June 30, 2003). "Blast From the Past; Stargell's Upper-Deck Home Run at Veterans Stadium in '71 Still Has Plenty of Clout". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  31. ↑ "Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles – January 11, 1981". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  32. ↑ Wulf, Steve (January 19, 1981). "Eagles That Didn't Need Wings". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
  33. 1 2 "July 2, 1993 San Diego Padres at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  34. ↑ Gennaria, Mike (August 19, 2003). "Mulholland Recalls Vet No-Hitter". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  35. ↑ "August 15, 1990 San Francisco Giants at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  36. ↑ "Phillies' Mulholland Pitches Season's 8th No-Hitter". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 16, 1990. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  37. ↑ "April 27, 2003 San Francisco Giants at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  38. ↑ "September 24, 1988 Montreal Expos at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
  39. ↑ Chass, Murray (September 5, 1991). "BASEBALL; Maris's Feat Finally Recognized 30 Years After Hitting 61 Homers". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Washington Redskins at Philadelphia Eagles – November 12th, 1990". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Ex-Bama Star Fades in Philly". Rome News-Tribune. Associated Press. November 13, 1990. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  42. ↑ Didinger, Ray; Lyons, Robert S. (2005). The Eagles Encyclopedia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 250–251. ISBN 1-59213-449-1. Retrieved April 2, 2009.
  43. ↑ Berger, Ken (December 7, 1998). "Nine Injured in Fall When Railing Breaks at Veterans Stadium". Daily Pennsylvanian. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 14, 2009.
  44. ↑ "At Bat in Our Community: Liberty Bell Classic". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  45. ↑ "Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Record Book" (PDF). Atlantic 10 Conference. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Park Delay May Force Guides back". Lewiston (Maine) Daily Sun. November 19, 1987. p. 21. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
  47. ↑ Edwards, Christopher T. (1997). Filling in the Seams: The Story of Trenton Thunder Baseball. B B& A Publishers. pp. 62–65. ISBN 0-912608-97-8.
  48. ↑ Holroyd, Steve. "Remembering the "Pseudo-Atoms" — The Philadelphia Fury, 1978–1980". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
  49. ↑ "This May Be the Kick American Soccer Needs". Business Week. September 16, 1991. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
  50. ↑ Jensen, Mike (June 5, 1991). "World Cup Bid Might Fall Short; Sites Needed for One Month". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  51. ↑ "FB City Title Recaps". Ted Sillary. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
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Further reading

Events and tenants
Preceded by
Franklin Field		 Home of the Philadelphia Eagles
1971–2003 		Succeeded by
Lincoln Financial Field
Preceded by
Connie Mack Stadium		 Home of the Philadelphia Phillies
1971–2003 		Succeeded by
Citizens Bank Park
Preceded by
Temple Stadium		 Home of the Temple Owls
1978–2002 		Succeeded by
Lincoln Financial Field
Preceded by
Milwaukee County Stadium
The Ballpark in Arlington		 Host of the All-Star Game
1976
1996 		Succeeded by
Yankee Stadium
Jacobs Field
Preceded by
Tampa Stadium
Edward Jones Dome		 Host of NFC Championship Game
1981
2003 		Succeeded by
Candlestick Park
Lincoln Financial Field
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