Vine

A tendril

Vine twining around a steel fixed ladder

A vine (Latin vīnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vīnum "wine") in the narrowest sense is the grapevine (Vitis), but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems or runners. The word also can refer to such stems or runners themselves, for instance when used in wicker work.^[1][2]

In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the grapevine. The term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.^[3]

Growth forms

Climbing plant covering a chimney

Retaining wall covered by vines

Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available.^[4]

A vine displays a growth form based on long stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly successful growth form for plants such as kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle, both of which are invasive exotics in parts of North America. There are some tropical vines that develop skototropism, and grow away from the light, a type of negative phototropism. Growth away from light allows the vine to reach a tree trunk, which it can then climb to brighter regions.^[5]

The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with periwinkle and ground ivy. It is also an adaptation to life in areas where small patches of fertile soil are adjacent to exposed areas with more sunlight but little or no soil. A vine can root in the soil but have most of its leaves in the brighter, exposed area, getting the best of both environments.

The evolution of a climbing habit has been implicated as a key innovation associated with the evolutionary success and diversification of a number of taxonomic groups of plants.^[6] It has evolved independently in several plant families, using many different climbing methods^[7] such as:

• twining their stems around a support (e.g., morning glories, Ipomoea species).
• by way of adventitious, clinging roots (e.g., ivy, Hedera species)
• with twining petioles (e.g., Clematis species)
• using tendrils, which can be specialized shoots (Vitaceae), leaves (Bignoniaceae), or even inflorescences (Passiflora)
• using tendrils which also produce adhesive pads at the end that attach themselves quite strongly to the support, (Parthenocissus)
• using thorns (e.g. climbing rose) or other hooked structures, such as hooked branches (e.g. Artabotrys hexapetalus)

The climbing fetterbush (Pieris phillyreifolia) is a woody shrub-vine which climbs without clinging roots, tendrils, or thorns. It directs its stem into a crevice in the bark of fibrous barked trees (such as bald cypress) where the stem adopts a flattened profile and grows up the tree underneath the host tree's outer bark. The fetterbush then sends out branches that emerge near the top of the tree.^[8]

A large vine on the street in Sochi, Russia

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.

One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus Lygodium, called climbing ferns.^[9] The stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing; they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.

Use as garden plants

Gardeners can use the tendency of climbing plants to grow quickly. If a plant display is wanted quickly, a climber can achieve this. Climbers can be trained over walls, pergolas, fences, etc. Climbers can be grown over other plants to provide additional attraction. Artificial support can also be provided. Some climbers climb by themselves; others need work, such as tying them in and training them.

Horticultural climbing plants

The term "Vine" also applies to cucurbitaceae like cucumbers where botanists refer to creeping vines; In commercial agriculture the natural tendency of coiling tendrils to attach themselves to pre-existing structures or espaliers is optimized by the installation of trellis netting.

Vines widely differ in size, form and evolutionary origin. Darwin classified climbing groups based on their climbing method. He classified five classes of vines including twining plants, leaf climbers, tendril bearers, root climbers and hook climbers.

Vines are unique in that they have multiple evolutionary origins and a wide range of phenotypic plasticity. They usually reside in tropical locations and have the unique ability to climb. Vines are able to grow in both deep shade and full sun due to their wide range of phenotypic plasticity. This climbing action prevents shading by neighbors and allows the vine to grow out of reach of herbivores^[10] The environment where a vine can grow successfully is determined by the climbing mechanism of a vine and how far it can spread across supports. There are many theories supporting the idea that photosynthetic responses are closely related to climbing mechanisms.

Temperate twining vines, which twist tightly around supports, are typically poorly adapted for climbing beneath closed canopies due to their smaller support diameter and shade intolerance. In contrast, tendril vines usually grow on the forest floor and onto trees until they reach the surface of the canopy, suggesting that they have greater physiological plasticity.^[11] It has also been suggested that twining vines revolving growth is mediated by changes in turgor pressure mediated by volume changes in the epidermal cells of the bending zone^[12]

Climbing vines possess many unique characteristics in response to changes in their environments. Climbing vines can induce chemical defenses and modify their biomass allocation in response to herbivores. In particular, the twisting vine C. arvensis increases its twining in response to herbivore associated leaf damage, which may lead to reduced future herbivory.^[13] Additionally, the tendrils of perennial vine Cayratia japonica are more like to coil around nearby non-self plans than nearby self-plants in natural and experimental settings. This demonstrates the vine’s ability to self-discriminate, which has only been previously documented in roots.

In tendrilled vines, the tendrils are highly sensitive to touch and the coiling action is mediated by the hormones octadecanoids, jasmonates and indole-3-acetic acid. The touch stimulus and hormones may interact via volatile compounds or internal oscillation patterns.^[14] Research has found the presence of ion translocating ATPases in the Bryonia dioica species of plants, which has implications for a possible ion mediation tendril curling mechanism. In response to a touch stimulus, vanadate sensitive K+, Mg2+ ATPase and a Ca2+ translocating ATPase both rapidly increase in their activity. This increases transmembrane ion fluxes that appear to be involved in the early stages of tendril coiling.^[15]

Examples

Spring growth of Virginia Creeper

• Actinidia arguta, the tara vine
• Actinidia polygama, the silver vine
• Adlumia fungosa, the Allegheny vine
• Aeschynanthus radicans, the lipstick vine
• Akebia, the chocolate vine
• Ampelocissus acetosa, known as wild grape or djabaru
• Ampelopsis glandulosa var. brevipedunculata, known as wild grape or porcelain berry
• Anredera cordifolia
• Antigonon, the coral vine
• Antigonon leptopus, the confederate vine
• Berchemia scandens, the rattan vine
• Bignonia, the cross vine
• Bougainvillea, a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees
• Campsis, the trumpet vine
  • Campsis grandiflora, the Chinese trumpet vine
• Cardiospermum halicacabum, the balloon vine
• Celastrus, the staff vine
• Ceropegia linearis, the rosary vine or sweetheart vine
• Cissus antarctica, the kangaroo vine
• Cissus hypoglauca, the water vine
• Cucumis sativus, the cucumber
• Cyphostemma juttae, known as wild grape
• Fallopia baldschuanica, the Russian vine
• Hedera helix, known as common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or ivy
• Kennedia coccinea, the common coral vine
• Lagenaria siceraria, known as the bottle gourd, calabash, opo squash, or long melon
• Lathyrus odoratus, the sweet pea
• Lonicera japonica, known as Suikazura or Japanese honeysuckle
• Luffa, a genus of tropical and subtropical vines classified in the cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) family
• Lygodium, a genus of about 40 species of ferns, known as climbing ferns
• Momordica charantia, the bitter gourd
• Mikania scandens, the hemp vine
• Muehlenbeckia adpressa, the macquarie vine
• Nepenthes, a genus of carnivorous plants known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups
• Pandorea pandorana, the wonga wonga vine
• Parthenocissus quinquefolia, known as the Virginia creeper, Victoria creeper, five-leaved ivy, or five-finger
• Passiflora edulis, the passionfruit
• Periploca graeca, the silk vine
• Podranea ricasoliana, the pink trumpet vine
• Pueraria lobata, the kudzu vine
• Scindapsus pictus, the silver vine
• Sechium edule, known as chayote, christophene, or several other names
• Solandra, a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family
• Solanum laxum, the potato vine
• Strongylodon macrobotrys, the jade vine
• Syngonium, the goosefoot vine
  • Syngonium podophyllum, the arrowhead vine
• Thunbergia grandiflora, known as the Bengal clock vine or blue trumpet vine
• Thunbergia erecta, the bush clock vine
• Toxicodendron radicans, known as poison ivy
• Vitis, any of about sixty species of grape
• Wisteria, a genus of flowering plants in the pea family

See also

• Vine (disambiguation)
• Bine (botany), a type of plant similar to and often confused with vines.
• Liana, any of various long-stemmed, woody vines
• List of world's longest vines
• Vine training systems
  • Pergola
  • Trellis (architecture)

References

1. Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
2. Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. London, 4th ed 1928
3. Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 0199206872.
4. "Creepers". mannuthynursery. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
5. Glimn-Lacy, Janice; Kaufman, Peter B. (2006). Botany Illustrated. Springer.
6. Gianoli, Ernesto (2004). "Evolution of a climbing habit promotes diversification in flowering plants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1552): 2011–2015. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2827. PMC 1691831. PMID 15451690.
7. Francis E. Putz. "Vine Ecology". Retrieved 2012-03-01.
8. Alan Weakley Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States (2010) p661
9. "Japanese climbing fern". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
10. Gianoli, Ernesto, and Marco A. (2005). "Leaf Damage Induces Twining in a Climbing Plant" (167.2): 385–90.
11. Carter, Gregory A., and Alan H. Teramura (1988). "Vine Photosynthesis and Relationships to Climbing Mechanisms in a Forest Understory". American Journal of Botany (75.7): 1101.
12. Millet, B., Melin, D., Badot P.M. (1988). "Circumnutation in Phaseolus vulgaris. I. Growth, osmotic potential and cell ultrastructure in the free moving part of the shoot". Physiologia Plantarum (72): 133–138.
13. Molina-Montenegro, Marco A.; Gianoli, Ernesto; Becerra, José (2007). "Interactive Effects of Leaf Damage, Light Intensity and Support Availability on Chemical Defenses and Morphology of a Twining Vine". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33 (1): 95–103. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9215-8.
14. Fukano, Yuya; Yamawo, Akira (26 August 2015). "Self-discrimination in the tendrils of the vine is mediated by physiological connection". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1814). doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1379.
15. Liss, H.; Weiler, E.W. (July 1994). "Ion-translocating ATPases in tendrils of Bryonia dioica Jacq.". Planta. 194 (2): 169–180. doi:10.1007/BF00196385.

External links

•  Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Twiner". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.