Volhynian Governorate

Volhynian Governorate Волынская губерния
Governorate of Russian Empire Ukrainian People's Republic
←   ←   ← 1797–1925 →   →   →   →   →
Coat of arms
Capital		Novograd-Volynsky Zhytomyr (officially since 1804)
History
•	Transformed into Volhynian Governorate	1797
•	Peace of Riga
•	abolished (Okruhas of Ukraine)	1 August 1925
Area
•	1897	42.000 km^2 (16 sq mi)
Population
•	1897	2,989,482
	Density	71,178.1 /km^2  (184,350.5 /sq mi)
Political subdivisions		Governorates of Russian Empire

Volhynian Governorate (Russian: Волынская губерния, Ukrainian: Волинська губернія) was an administrative-territorial unit initially of the Russian Empire, created at the end of 1796 after the Third Partition of Poland from the territory of the short-lived Volhynian Vice-royalty and Wołyń Voivodeship.

After the Peace of Riga, part of the governorate became the new Wołyń Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic,^[1] while the other part stayed as a part of the Ukrainian SSR until 1925.

History

Three partitions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Until 1796 the guberniya was administrated as a namestnichestvo (Vice-royalty). It was initially centered in Iziaslav and was called the Izyaslav namesnichestvo. It was created mostly out of the Kiev Voivodeship and the east part of the Wolyn Voivodeship.

On 24 October 1795 the Third Partition of Poland happened.

On 12 December 1796 the Volhynian Governorate (guberniya) was created and included the rest of the Wolyn Voivodeship and Kowel Voivodeship.

In 1796 the administration moved to Novograd-Volynsky, but because no buildings were found suited for administrative purposes the seat (capital) was moved again to Zhytomyr.

In 1802 Zhytomyr was finally bought out of the properties of Prince (knyaz) Ilyinsky and in 1804 it became officially the seat of the Volyn Governorate.

From 1832 to 1915 the Volhynian Governorate and the Kiev Governorate and the Podolie Governorate were part of the Southwestern Krai General-Governorate, a type of militarized administrative-territorial unit.

In the 1880s the general-governorate was extended and included also other governorates.

In 1897 the population of the gubernia was 2,989,482 and in 1905 – 3,920,400. The majority of the population of the governorate spoke in old Ukrainian language with slight variety of dialects.

During the Ukrainian–Soviet War Zhytomir served as the provisional capital of Ukraine in 1918.

After the Polish-Soviet war in 1920 and according to the Peace of Riga (1921) most of the territory became part of the Second Polish Republic and transformed into Wołyń Voivodeship with the capital in Łuck (Lutsk). The eastern portion existed to 1925 and later split into three okruhas Shepetivka Okruha, Zhytomyr Okruha, and Korosten Okruha.

Heads of Guberniya

Revkom

• 1919 Mikhail Kruchinskiy (concurrently the head of Volyn Cheka)

Volyn Executive Committee

• 1920 Oleksandr Shumsky
• 1920 Vasiliy Averin
• – 1921 Danylevych
• 1921–1922 Ivan Nikolayenko

Head of Security Services

Cheka

• 1919 Vasyl Viliavko
• 1919 M.Shuf
• 1919 Mikhail Kruchinskiy
• November 1919 – December 1919 Vsevolod Balytsky
• December 1919 Vasyl Levotsky (acting)
• – 2 November 1921 Semen Kesselman (Zapadny)
• January 1922 – 2 June 1922 Janis Biksons

GPU

• -1923 Pavel Ivonin
• March 1923 – October 1923 Foma Leoniuk
• 1 July 1923 – 1 September 1924 Symon Dukelsky
• 1924 – 1925 Aleksandr Safes (Grozny)

Principal cities

Russian Census of 1897

• Zhytomir – 65 895 (Jewish – 30 572, Russian – 16 944, Ukrainian – 9 152)
• Rovno – 24 573 (Jewish – 13 704, Russian – 4 278, Ukrainian – 4 071)
• Kremenets – 17 704 (Ukrainian – 8 322, Jewish – 6 476, Russian – 1 863)
• Kovel – 17 697 (Jewish – 8 502, Russian – 4 828, Ukrainian – 2 093)
• Novograd-Volynsky – 16 904 (Jewish – 9 363, Russian – 2 939, Ukrainian – 2 662)
• Starokonstantinov – 16 377 (Jewish – 9 164, Ukrainian – 4 886, Russian – 1 402)
• Lutsk – 15 804 (Jewish – 9 396, Russian – 2 830, Ukrainian – 1 478)
• Ostrog – 14 749 (Jewish – 9 185, Ukrainian – 2 446, Russian – 2 199)
• Dubno – 14 257 (Jewish – 7 096, Russian – 2 962, Ukrainian – 2 474)
• Zaslavl – 12 611 (Jewish – 5 991, Ukrainian – 3 990, Russian – 1 722)

Administrative division

No.	Counties (Uyezd)	Area, sq.versta	Population (1897)	No. of volosts	Date of creation
1	Vladimir-Volynsky	5 695,8	198,688	23	1795
2	Dubno	3 483,0	158,734	13	?
3	Zhytomir	6 740,0	281,387	?	1804
4	Zaslavl	3 055,0	93 381	?	?
5	Kovel	6 728,0	121,326	18	1795
6	Kremenets	3 041,0	196,751	16	?
7	Lutsk	6 626,0	203,761	16	?
8	Novograd-Volynsky	6 331,0	273,123	20	1804
9	Ovruch	9 329,0	194,976	16	?
10	Ostrog	2 694,0	166,882	14	1795
11	Rovno	7 529,0	275,119	?	1795
12	Starokonstantinov	2 249,8	211,768	?	1796

Language

• By the Imperial census of 1897.^[2] In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language.

Language	Number	percentage (%)	males	females
Ukrainian	2,095,537	70.10	1049032	1046505
Yiddish	394,774	13.21	191608	203166
Polish	184,161	6.16	90701	93460
German	171,331	5.73	84949	86382
Russian	104,889	3.51	63862	41027
Czech[3]	27 670	0.93	13855	13815
Tatar	3 817	0.13	3703	114
Belorussian	3 794	0.13	2143	1651
Other[4]	3 412	0.11	2 889	523
Persons, that did not identified their native language	97	>0.01	61	36

Religion

• By the Imperial census of 1897.^[5] In bold are religions with more members than the Eastern Orthodox.

Religion	Number	percentage (%)	males	females
Eastern Orthodox	2,106,521	70.46
Judaism	395,782	13.24
Roman Catholics	298,110	9.97
Lutherans	163,990	5.49
Baptists	10 375	0.35
Other[6] (Old Believers, Magometians)	14 704	0.49

References

1. Eberhardt, Piotr; Jan Owsinski (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. p. 260. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8.
2. Language Statistics of 1897 (Russian)
3. including Slovakian language
4. Languages, number of speakers which in all gubernia were less than 1000
5. Religion Statistics of 1897 (Russian)
6. Religions, number of believers which in all gubernia were less than 10000

Coordinates: 50°15′16″N 28°39′28″E / 50.2544°N 28.6578°E