Watershed (broadcasting)

In British broadcasting, the watershed is the point in time after which programmes with adult content may be broadcast. In the same way that a watershed refers to the crest dividing two drainage basins, a broadcasting watershed serves as a dividing line. It divides the day into the overnight period where family-oriented programming suitable for children may be aired and where programming aimed at or suitable for a more adult audience is permitted, though not required. It may also mean the period of time during which programmes with adult content may be broadcast. Examples of adult content include, but are not limited to, graphic violence, horror, strong language, nudity, sexual intercourse, gambling and drug use, or references to these themes without necessarily portraying them. In most countries, the same set of rules also applies to advertisements on radios and television, both for the content of the commercial and the nature of the product or service being advertised.

Watershed has other names in other countries; it is known as safe harbor in the United States (a reference to the legal term of safe harbor, in this case indicating the time when broadcasters are protected from penalties for airing indecent but not obscene material), and as adult time in Venezuela.

Due to cultural differences around the world, watershed times can vary. For instance, in New Zealand, the watershed time starts at 20:30 (8:30 p.m.), and in Italy it starts at 22:30 (10:30 p.m.). Some countries also have multiple watershed layers, where less inappropriate content than others may be allowed at an earlier time of the evening, but may still be restricted. In addition, some countries are more lenient towards subscription television and radio or pay-per-view channels than towards free-to-air channels and stations (see pervasiveness doctrine for the U.S. context of this).

By country

Argentina

In Argentina, any programs broadcast between 06:00 or 07:00 and 22:00 or 22:30 must be suitable for all ages. There are also three other ratings, such as SAM 13, SAM 16 and SAM 18, and can only be broadcast during the broadcast time that was not covered by any programme suitable for family viewing.

Starting in September 2010, it is compulsory for broadcasters to show the notices "Comienza el horario apto para todo público" English: Start time of suitable for all age schedule and "Finaliza el horario apto para todo público" (English: End time of suitable for all age schedule) at 6:00 a.m. or 7:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. or 10:30 p.m. respectively. In addition, the notice "Atención: Contenido no apto para niños, niñas y adolescentes" (English: Warning: Content not suitable for children and adolescents) are shown before news broadcasts.

Australia

On Australian television, programmes are restricted to certain times based on their rating. As of December 2015, PG-rated programmes can be now shown at any time of day, M-rated programmes can be shown from 19:30, and MA15+ programmes from 20:30. As well as this, M-rated programmes can also be shown from 12:00 to 15:00 on school days.

Due to complications with Australian time zones, this can vary slightly in some areas. For example, when daylight saving time is in effect in New South Wales, NSW-based stations broadcasting to the Gold Coast, Queensland would effectively push the broadcast watersheds an hour earlier, as Queensland does not observe DST; however, complaints by Gold Coast residents have forced those stations to delay prime-time programming by one hour to compensate.

With the exception of subscription narrowcast channels, anything rated R18+ must not be shown on Australian television at any time, and must be edited to fit within MA15+ or AV15+ guidelines. Even on subscription narrowcast channels, the owner of the channel must ensure that its content is restricted to access by those with appropriate disabling devices.[1]

Austria

There is no legally binding watershed period in Austria. However, according to its regulations, the public service broadcaster's channels do not air content which might harm the physical, mental or moral development of minors before 20:15; and when fictional programmes "not suitable for children" or "only for adults" are aired, an X or O, respectively, is added to the digital on-screen graphic.[2]

Brazil

According to rules set forth by the Ministry of Justice's Department of Justice, Rating, Titles and Qualification, 16-rated content is only allowed to air between 22:00 and 06:00, and 18-rated shows cannot be screened until 23:00. The ratings, however, are administered by the television networks themselves, which are responsible for rating their shows, which means that the department acts merely as content controller, acting after the inappropriate content for children has already been aired (as it happened with Rede Globo's Duas Caras). Self-censorship is not uncommon, such as when the head of Rede Record edited all sex scenes in the telenovela Poder Paralelo, which could air such scenes, once it was broadcast after 22:00. This generated controversy, since violent scenes remained untouched.

Canada

The watershed is between 21:00 (9:00 p.m.) and 06:00 (6:00 a.m.).[3] Sexually explicit content, offensive language and other adult material is not allowed outside the watershed. Because of the size of the country, however, the same issues regarding time zones that plague the US and "watershed" issues impact Canada, wherein an adult-oriented program aired post-watershed in one part of the country may be received pre-watershed in other parts of the country.

Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic, only programmes that "can be watched by children" can be aired until 22:00. After 22:00, adult-orientated programmes may be aired.

Finland

In Finland, all the major television companies (Yle, MTV Media, Nelonen Media, SBS Finland and Fox International) have agreed not to show 16-rated content before 21:00 and 18-rated content before 23:00.[4] Television channels use their own discretion to decide the ratings. Before airing a programme, the channel must provide the related rating information to the governmental bureau Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media,[5] which replaced the now-defunct Finnish Board of Film Classification in this capacity at the beginning of 2012.

France

In France, -12 rated programmes/films are not allowed before 22:00, and -16/-18 rated programmes/films are not allowed before 22:30 and 00:00 respectively. -18 rated programmes/films can only air via satellite and cable. The watershed for all ratings finishes at 06:00 the following morning except for -18 programmes that can't be issued after 05:00.[6]

There is also one additional rating that is not used in films; -10. -10 rated programmes signifies content less intense than -12 rated programmes. All programmes and films must display the respective icon on-screen for the duration of the programme. Before December 2012, -10 rated programmes had to display the respective icon on-screen at the start and in regular intervals.[6]

Germany

In Germany, the watershed is between 22:00 and 06:00 for content suitable for ages 16 and older, and between 23:00 and 06:00 for content suitable for adults (18 and older). This means that programmes marked "Keine Jugendfreigabe" (not approved for minors) by the ratings organization FSK may only be shown after 23:00. Blacklisted movies may not be aired at any time. For some content rated 12 and up, the watershed is between 20:00 and 06:00, but there is no general watershed for such content.

If a commercial broadcaster wants to air a programme not rated by the FSK, the programme’s watershed is rated by the FSF (Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Fernsehen – Voluntary Self Regulation for TV) instead. A programme with neither an FSK nor FSF rating is not usually aired by commercial broadcasters, as the KJM (Kommission für Jugendmedienschutz – Commission for the Protection of Minors in the Media) may charge a fine if it finds the content inappropriate. To avoid the original watershed for a programme or to air a blacklisted movie, commercial broadcasters can ask the FSF to tell them how to cut the movie for another rating.

Greece

Greece uses a triple-tier watershed, along with a five-tier colour-coded decal scheme, displayed at the beginning and at regular intervals during all broadcasts except for news bulletins.

The colour-coded ratings are mandatorily displayed and verbally announced at the beginning of each broadcast. These provisions are enforced by the National Radio and Television Council (ESR), an independent authority, the executive members of which are appointed by the leaders of all parliamentary parties, preferably by unanimous consent and in extremis by an 80% supermajority.

Hungary

Hungary uses a double-tier watershed.

(On the other hand, Hungarian television prime time ends about 23:30 CET.

For more information about the two ratings' meaning, see this article.

India

India currently does not have a watershed. The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is responsible for regulating television programming. The current law only permits material rated with a 'U' (Universal) certificate to be broadcast on television, but this law is regularly disobeyed.[7] The government has, at times, ordered individual programmes and films to be broadcast between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.[8] There have been several proposals in the past to introduce a watershed between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. daily, when programming rated 'A' (Adults Only) can be broadcast, but all proposals till date have been rejected by the government.[9]

Ireland

In Ireland, there is no statutory requirement for a watershed.[10] The Code of Programme Standards of the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) requires television and radio broadcasters to use at least one of three methods to advise viewers of content, namely: an explicit watershed for adult-oriented programmes; prior warnings before potentially offensive programming; and/or a descriptive classification system.[11] A 2005 survey for the drafters of the Code found that 83% of viewers thought a watershed was a good idea; only 39% knew the pre-existing watershed was 21:00; 52% felt it should be 22:00 or 23:00.[12] The 2007 Code specifies that broadcasters using a watershed must regularly promote it, and its start and end times, for viewers' awareness.[13]

RTÉ Television implements a watershed of 21:00,[14][15] as well as an onscreen classification system.[15] Programmes with the MA ("mature audience") classification may only be shown after the watershed.[15] Programmes running through the watershed are treated as pre-watershed.[16] RTÉ's guidelines state, "A cornerstone of our contract with television viewers is the watershed and the understanding that prior to 21.00 material broadcast should be suitable for a family audience. ... The immediately post 21.00 broadcast period should be regarded as a graduation period towards more adult material and due allowance must be made for the potential presence of children in the audience".[14] More nuanced limits may also be applied; for example, RTÉ cleared a trailer for horror film Paranormal Activity for broadcast after 19:00, except during the Saturday evening film which many children watch.[17] TV3 operates what it calls "the internationally accepted watershed" of 21:00.[18] Radio broadcasting does not apply a watershed.[19]

In 2005, all television broadcasters operated a main watershed starting at 21:00.[20] In the case of RTÉ, it ended at 06:30, while for TV3 and TG4, which then had shorter broadcast hours, it ended at nighttime closedown.[20] RTÉ Radio did not use a watershed.[21] TG4 claimed it had "a number of different watersheds coming into effect throughout the day",[22] while all stations had a second, less formal watershed at 22:00 for "material which is decidedly over 18".[23] Quinn notes that the period from 18:00 to 21:00 attracts most viewer complaints, as "audience expectations of what should be shown often differ greatly".[24]

The BAI's code regarding advertising and children states, "In general terms, programmes broadcast after 9 p.m. are not regarded as children‟s programmes. After this time, the primary responsibility for what a child is watching is seen to lie with the parents/guardians. The Code recognises, however, that children‟s viewing does not end abruptly at 9 p.m. and, therefore, the Code will offer some protection in the hour between 9 p.m. and 10 p.m."[25]

Italy

According to Codice TV e minori (Code for Children and Television, 2002[26]), all the channels must broadcast "general audience" programmes from 07:00 to 22:30. After 22:30, +14 programmes can be aired. +18 programmes are prohibited from television altogether, with the only exception of satellite and cable premium adult channels.

Mexico

Department of Radio, Television and Film (Mexico) regulates television programming in Mexico. Any programs shown on Mexican television must be classified A (suitable for all ages) for broadcast between 05:00 to 20:00. Broadcast for programs classified as B, B-15, C and/or D can be broadcast at certain times only.

The Netherlands

The number in the age rating indicates the lowest age for which it is suitable.

New Zealand

On free-to-air channels (but not those on satellite), programming rated Adults Only is only allowed between 20:30 and 05:00. Adults Only programming is also allowed to air between midday and 15:00 on school days. Sports programming and news bulletins are exempt from the system altogether, but do still carry warnings before certain stories containing graphic images.

Peru

Peru has adult time from 22:00 to 6:00 (next day). During the rest of the time, nevertheless, some +14 programming signs may be posted on the screen. As of 2015, there have been complaints that adult time is not enforced (either from the TV channels or the authorities) since some programs such as "Combate", "Esto es Guerra", "Amor Amor Amor" and "Al fondo hay sitio" have broadcast violence, or sexually suggestive material, during "unrestricted" time.

Philippines

For further information about the SPG rating, see the Television section of the MTRCB article.

The Philippines does not have a blocktime for watershed programming, but the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board or the MTRCB uses the SPG or the Strong Parental Guidance rating as an alternative to watershed programming. Programs containing some sexual scenes uses the S or sex sub-rating in part of the six sub-ratings (Themes (tema), Language (lenggwahe), Violence (karahasan), Sex (sekswal), Horror and Drugs (droga)). Some SPG programming airs in the afternoon and at primetime depending on the episode aired (GMA Network's reality show Anak Ko' Yan! was the first programme, at one time, to be assigned an SPG rating in the morning).

PG programming may be also be alternative to watershed, but some scenes may not be suitable for young audience like children.

Cable television channels show the full screen advisory before each programme, and may show, or not show the rating at all (except for STAR Movies and Fox, which had their own ratings).

ABS-CBN news programs like TV Patrol, Bandila and News+ use the SPG rating without the opening advisory depending on the content of the story. Other networks' news programming does not follow this practice.

Poland

Poland uses a double-tier watershed system, as well as five age ratings. All age ratings must be displayed throughout the whole of the programme, with the exception of commercial breaks and news bulletins. Watershed in Poland is named as Czas chroniony ("Protected time"). The ratings are:

Icon Description
All - no age restrictions
7 - for minors above 7 years old
12 - for minors above 12 years old
16 - for minors above 16 years old
18 - only for viewers above 18 years old

The number in the age rating indicates the lowest age for which it is suitable.

Portugal

Open channel terrestrial television stations (RTP, SIC and TVI) can broadcast programmes and films rated 16 or 18 only between 23:00 and 06:00. On cable television, however there are no restrictions of broadcasting, except for pornography which cannot be broadcast at all if the signal is not encrypted, requiring an IRD to be seen.

Slovenia

The national broadcaster RTV Slovenija uses two watersheds: between 21:00 and 05:00 programmes rated 12+ and 15+ can be shown and between 00:00 and 05:00 18+ content can be shown. Children's programmes have to be screened until 19:00.[27]

A warning has to be broadcast before airing a programme with an age restriction. The rating symbol is shown accompanied by a voice that says: "Opozorilo! Predvajane programske vsebine vključujejo prizore, ki so primerni samo za ..." (The following programmes include scenes appropriate only for ...) followed by "otroke v spremstvu in pod vodstvom staršev ali skrbnikov/otroke nad 12 letom starosti/mladoletne nad 15 letom starosti/odrasle" (children accompanied and under guidance of parents or guardians/children older than 12/teenagers older than 15/adults).[28]

The ratings used are:

Rating symbols:

The respective rating symbol has to be shown for the duration of the programme.[29]

South Africa

South Africa takes a very hands-on approach when it comes to what children are allowed to see on television, and the parents or guardians of the child may be fined if they are caught not following the rules. The ratings used are:

Spain

In Spain, the watershed is simpler than a lot of other countries as there is only one watershed time, but there is a quadruple-tier age rating system that is used alongside it. The ratings used in Spain are "All", "7", "12", "16" and "18". However, only 18-rated programmes are restricted. 18-rated programmes are only allowed between 22:00 and 06:00, and are required to broadcast a warning sound before it is shown.

Serbia

In 2015, the Serbian broadcasting regulator, the REM (Regulatory body for Electronic Media) introduced a two-tier watershed. The watershed is based on the new TV rating system.

Programs marked "16" are only allowed to be shown between 22pm and 6am and may contain coarse language and mild references to gambling, drugs and sex.

Programs marked "18" are only allowed to be shown between 12am and 6am and may contain extensive scenes of drugs and sex.

Switzerland

Switzerland has no watershed. However, broadcasters are required by law to avoid any confrontation of minors with unsuitable programming through the choice of transmission time.[30]

United Kingdom

According to Ofcom, the watershed on free-to-air television in the UK is between 21:00 (09:00 p.m.) and 05:30 (05:30 a.m.),[31] while premium or pay-per-view services are allowed to start the watershed at 20:00 (8:00 p.m.). Until 1 October 2011, the watershed ended at 05:30 for premium channels as it still does for the free-to-air channels. On 1 October 2011, the watershed rules for the premium channels were relaxed, now ending at 06:00. Programmes that are rated 15 cannot be shown outside this period. However, some 12-rated shows can be shown before 21:00, such as The Simpsons, Malcolm in the Middle, Doctor Who, Atlantis and Futurama. There is no watershed on PIN protected channels (such as Sky Movies). On this type of channel, trying to view adult material before 20:00 will require a PIN.

There should be a gentle transition to adult material,[32] and 18-rated content must not air until 22:00 (10:00pm) on most channels that are without PIN protection. However, channels that are dedicated to airing adult content such as Horror Channel may be allowed to start 18-rated content at 21:00 without PIN protection. R18-rated material is not allowed at all, and must be edited to fit 18-rated content guidelines if shown on television.

A notable breach of the watershed was in 1976, during a live interview on Bill Grundy's Today show, when members of the Sex Pistols uttered swear words at Grundy.

Advertisements also have to comply with the same set of rules, and can be restricted when shown outside the watershed (such as those for junk food, bingo, alcohol and condoms). Advertisements that may have an adult-related context, such as bingo, are less likely to be allowed on children's-oriented channels. Some advertisements, often those for 18-rated films and video games, are not allowed before the watershed at all.

Although ratings do not have to be displayed on-screen, the channel is legally required to broadcast a verbal advisory before shows that may be unsuitable for children. Failure to do this may result in the broadcaster being given a fine.

See also: The Ofcom Broadcasting Code – Section 1

United States

The term "watershed" is not used in this context in the United States. In the U.S., the "safe harbor" for adult programming begins at 10:00 p.m. and ends at 6:00 a.m. the next day. This "safe harbor" was established by the U.S. Supreme Court case Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation. That case distinguished "obscene" material (which is always banned by U.S. law) from the broader category of "indecent" material (which may be broadcast during safe harbor). Because the FCC's jurisdiction only covers channels broadcast on the publicly owned spectrum and not those only available on cable, restricted-access networks (like premium channels such as Cinemax and HBO, with shows such as Sex and the City, or adult channels like Playboy TV and Spice) have taken considerably more leeway in their programming.

Some American television scenes famous for "pushing the envelope" (such as limited nudity on NYPD Blue) were aired in the 10:00 to 11:00 p.m. hour; however, these broadcasts were before the safe harbor in the Central and Mountain time zones, where programming scheduled for 10:00 p.m. EST would typically be broadcast starting at 9:00 (using a one-hour delay in Mountain Time broadcast areas).

Because each U.S. time zone enters safe harbor separately (at 10:00 p.m. local time), it is possible for not all network affiliates that air an "indecent" programme at the same moment to face the same penalties. Such was the case with CBS, whose affiliates faced a proposed fine of US$3.63 million for a repeat of the episode "Our Sons and Daughters" of Without a Trace in December 2004. The programme was flagged for depicting an orgy involving teenagers. It was televised at 10:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (within the safe harbor), but at 9:00 p.m. in Central and Mountain times (outside the safe harbor). The FCC split its fine among the 111 CBS affiliates covering these time zones. After a court settlement, the network agreed to pay US$300,000 in fines.[33][34]

From 1975 to 1977, the ill-fated Family Viewing Hour tried to make the 8:00 to 9:00 p.m. hour (7:00 to 8:00 for areas within the Central and Mountain Time Zones) safe for family consumption, but was overturned in court owing to the way it was instituted.

Venezuela

In Venezuela, the watershed begins at 23:00 and ends at 05:00 in the following morning and is called "Adult time" according to Article 7 of the Law on Social Responsibility on Radio, Television and Electronic Media.[35] During this block, adult-oriented programs may be transmitted as long as they do not contain hardcore pornography, political or religious intolerance, racism or xenophobia.[36]

By time

This is a list of watershed times in each country, starting with the earliest and ending with the latest. This only includes the last phase of the watershed to start (for example, in Australia, MA15+ and AV 15+ shows are not allowed until 20:30. The one for AV15+ shows would be the only one included in the table). Similarly, this table only includes the first phase of the watershed to end. Some countries may share the same last phase watershed time, in which case the conflicting boxes will be sorted by the end time.

Legend A green box in either the start or end time means it has multiple phases of the respective event.

  The main part of the watershed is not in place.

daggerWatershed rules depend solely on whether it is free-to-air or not.
  The main part of the watershed is in place.

double-daggerWatershed rules vary depending on, but are not limited to, whether it is free-to-air or not.

Country Start 18:00 20:00 22:00 00:00 02:00 04:00 06:00 08:00 End
New Zealand 20:30[37] 05:00
Mexico 21:00 05:00
Republic of Ireland 21:00dagger 05:30
Canada 21:00 06:00
Spain 21:00 07:00
Australia 19:30 05:00
South Africa 22:00 04:30
United Kingdom 21:00double-dagger 05:30dagger
Czech Republic 22:00 06:00
United States 22:00 06:00
Argentina 22:00 06:00
France 22:30double-dagger 06:00
Italy 22:30 07:00
Venezuela 23:00 05:00
Austria 23:00 05:30
Germany 23:00 05:30
Brazil 23:00 06:00
Poland 23:00 06:00
Portugal 23:00 06:00
Finland 00:00double-dagger 05:00
Greece 00:00 06:00
Turkey 21:30 05:00

References

  1. ↑ Subscription Narrowcast Television Codes of Practice 2007 (PDF) (Report). Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association. 2007. p. 3. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  2. ↑ "Jugendschutz im ORF" (PDF) (in German). ORF Publikumsrat. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Questions Concerning Broadcast Standards, Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, September 2008
  4. ↑ Luukka, Teemu. "Tuntemattoman sotilaan saa esittää jälleen ennen kello 17". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  5. ↑ "Televisioyhtiöiden käytännesäännöt", Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media, 2007. Retrieved on 2012-09-07. (Finnish)
  6. 1 2 "Quel signal pour quel contenu ?".
  7. ↑ "'Watershed' timings for adult films on TV soon". The Times of India. 2006-01-21. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  8. ↑ "Watershed hour beckons Indian television". The Telegraph – Calcutta, India. 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  9. ↑ "Govt says a firm 'no' to adult content on TV". The Financial Express. 2011-02-21. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  10. ↑ "Consultation Document – Phase 1" (PDF). BCI Code of Programme Standards. Broadcasting Commission of Ireland. 2005. p. 14. Retrieved 27 October 2012. It is worth noting that in Ireland the watershed operates as an informal arrangement and is not contained in any codes, rules or law.
  11. ↑ Broadcasting Commission of Ireland 2007, p.7
  12. ↑ Lansdowne Market Research (October 2005). "Towards development of a Code on Taste and Decency" (PDF). Broadcasting Commission of Ireland. pp. 43–44. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  13. ↑ Broadcasting Commission of Ireland 2007, p.8
  14. 1 2 "RTÉ Programme Standards and Guidelines" (PDF). RTÉ. 26 June 2008. p. 51. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  15. 1 2 3 "On Screen Classification". RTÉ.ie. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  16. ↑ "The Watershed". General RTÉ Guidelines. RTÉ. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  17. ↑ Broadcasting Authority of Ireland July 2012, pp. 85–87
  18. ↑ Broadcasting Authority of Ireland July 2012, pp. 19–20
  19. ↑ Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (May 2011). "Complaint Decisions" (PDF). p. 82. Retrieved 27 October 2012. With regard to a watershed, such practice is only applicable to television broadcasting.
  20. 1 2 Quinn 2005, p.19
  21. ↑ Quinn 2005, p.21
  22. ↑ Quinn 2005, p.114
  23. ↑ Quinn 2005, p.117
  24. ↑ Quinn 2005, p.129
  25. ↑ "Children's Commercial Communications Code" (PDF). Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. May 2011. p. 8. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  26. ↑ Ministero delle Comunicazioni – Tutela dei minori
  27. ↑ http://www.rtvslo.si/eticnamerila
  28. ↑ http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=PRAV8288
  29. ↑ http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=PRAV8288
  30. ↑ Bundesgesetz vom 24. März 2006 über Radio und Fernsehen (Federal Act of 24 March 2006 on Radio and Television)
  31. ↑ Ofcom – Watershed Ofcom
  32. ↑ The Ofcom Broadcasting Code – Section 1 Ofcom
  33. ↑ "ABC Faces Indecency Fine for 2003 'NYPD Blue' Episode" Washington Post
  34. ↑ Eggerton, John (2007-07-05). FCC Gives CBS More Time To Respond to Without a Trace Question. Retrieved from http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6457447.html (redirects to http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/109471-FCC_Gives_CBS_More_Time_To_Respond_to_Without_a_Trace_Question.php).
  35. ↑ http://www.scribd.com/doc/45291089/Proyecto-de-Ley-de-Responsabilidad-en-Radio-Television-y-Medios-Electronicos
  36. ↑ http://www.patriagrande.com.ve/temas/venezuela/sancionada-ley-de-responsabilidad-social-en-radio-television-y-medios-electronicos/
  37. ↑ Adult material can also air between midday and 15:00 on school days.
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