White Africans of European ancestry

"White Africans" redirects here. For Arabs and their descendants in Africa, see North African Arabs.

White Africans
*Weiße Afrikaner*
*africanos brancos*
*wit afrikane*
*blanke Afrikanen*
*africains blancs*
*africani bianchi*
*africanos blancos*
*бели африканци*
*λευκοί αφρικανοί*
Total population
5,625,000 (figures do not include immigrants living abroad nor those in remaining European dependencies such as the Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla, Madeira, Réunion, Mayotte, Saint Helena)
Regions with significant populations
South Africa	4,602,000 (8.7%)
Angola	220,000^[1] (1.2%)
Namibia	154,000^[2] (8%)
Madagascar	120,000 (0.57%)^[3]
Tunisia	108,358 (1%)^[4]
Morocco	100,000 (0.3%)
Kenya	67,000 (0.2%)
Botswana	63,834 (3%)^[5]
Mozambique	82,600 (2%)^[6]
Swaziland	41,000 (3%)
Zambia	40,000^[7]
Zimbabwe	28,732^[8]
Mauritius	37,000 (2%)
Equatorial Guinea	22,000 (1.8%)^[9]
Ghana	20,900^[10]
Languages
Afrikaans, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism) Jewish, agnostic, atheist minorities
Related ethnic groups
other White diasporas

White Africans (or less commonly European Africans or Euro Africans^[11] in a similar style to terms such as African American or French Canadian) are people of European descent residing in, or hailing from, Africa who identify themselves as white.

In 1989, there were an estimated 4.6 million Africans of European ancestry on the continent.^[12] Most are of Dutch, British, Portuguese, German, French, and to a lesser extent, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Ashkenazi Jewish, or Irish descent. The majority once lived along the Mediterranean coast, in South Africa, or in Zimbabwe.^[12]

The earliest permanent European communities in sub-Saharan Africa were formed at the Cape of Good Hope;^[13] Luanda, in Angola, São Tomé Island; and Santiago, Cape Verde^[14] through the introduction of Portuguese and Dutch traders or military personnel. Other groups of settlers appeared when France and Great Britain colonized Africa. Before regional decolonization, white Africans may have numbered up to 6 million persons^[15] and were represented in every part of the continent, particularly South Africa, South-West Africa, Algeria, Angola, Kenya, and Southern Rhodesia.^[16]

A voluntary exodus of colonials accompanied most African nations after independence.^[17] Portuguese Mozambicans, who numbered about 200,000 in 1975,^[18] departed en masse because of economic policies directed against their wealth;^[19]^[20] they now number fewer than 50,000.^[6] In Zimbabwe, white flight was spurred by an aggressive land reform programme introduced by President Robert Mugabe and the resulting economic misfortune.^[14] On the other hand, some, including the Belgian community in Burundi, were blatantly expelled by post-colonial governments.^[21]

The African country with the largest white population of European descent both numerically and proportionally is South Africa, at approximately 4.5 million (8.4% of the population).^[22] Although white minorities no longer hold exclusive political power in African states, some continue to retain significant economic influence.^[23]

Overview

White African

major population locations

European settlement patterns in Africa generally favoured territories with a substantial amount of land at least 3,000 feet above sea level, an annual rainfall of over twenty inches but not exceeding forty inches, and relative freedom from the tsete fly.^[24] In contrast to western and central Africa, the milder, drier climates of north, eastern, and southern Africa thus attracted substantial numbers of permanent European immigrants.^[25] A modest annual rainfall of under forty inches was considered especially suitable for the temperate farming activities to which many were accustomed.^[24]

Most European settlers granted land in African colonies cultivated cereal crops or raised cattle, which were far more popular among the immigrants rather than managing the tropical plantations aimed at producing export-oriented crops such as rubber and palm oil.^[24] A direct consequence of this preference was that the territories with a rainfall exceeding forty inches developed strong plantation-based economies but produced almost no food beyond what was cultivated by small-scale indigenous producers; drier territories with large white farming communities became more self-sufficient in food production.^[24] The latter often resulted in sharp friction between European settlers and black African tribes as they competed for land. By 1960, at least seven British, French, and Belgian colonies—in addition to the Union of South Africa—had passed legislation reserving a fixed percentage of land for white ownership.^[24] This allowed unscrupulous settlers to legitimise their land seizures and began a process that had the ultimate consequence of commodifying land in colonial Africa.^[26]

Prior to 1914 colonial governments encouraged European settlement on a grand scale, based on the assumption that this was a prerequisite to long-term development and economic growth.^[27] The concept lost popularity when it became clear that multinational corporations financed by overseas capital, coupled with cheap African labour, were far more productive and efficient at building export-oriented economies for the benefit of the metropolitan powers.^[27] During the Great Depression, locally owned, small scale businesses managed by individual whites suffered immense losses attempting to compete with large commercial enterprises and the lower costs of black peasant production (South Africa being the sole exception to the rule, as its white businesses and labour were heavily subsidised by the state).^[27]

Unlike other former settler colonies such as those in North America and Australia, Europeans and their descendants on the African continent never outnumbered the indigenous demographic; nevertheless, they found ways to consolidate power and exert a disproportionate influence on the administrative policies of their respective metropolitan countries.^[25] Some lost their sense of identification with Europe and created their own nationalist movements, namely in South Africa and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).^[25] Permanent white settlers were regarded as an increasing liability by colonial administrations as they sought to dominate their adopted African homelands.^[27] They were also likely to involve the government in conflict with Africans, which required expensive military campaigns and inextricably damaged relations between the latter and the metropolitan powers.^[27] This was a common trend throughout African colonies from the late eighteenth to early twentieth centuries. In the Dutch Cape Colony for instance, governor Joachim van Plettenberg demarcated the territory's boundaries around 1778 with approval from the Xhosa chiefdoms; the following year Dutch colonists violated the border and attacked the Xhosa, sparking the bloody Xhosa Wars.^[28] Heated disputes between German settlers and the Matumbi and Ngoni peoples contributed significantly to the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905-07.^[29] During the same period, British Kenya's European residents were largely responsible for provoking a military pacification campaign against the Masai.^[27]

The advent of global decolonization ushered in a radical change of perspectives towards European settlement in Africa. Metropolitan governments began to place more emphasis on their relations with the indigenous peoples rather than the progressively independent settler populations.^[27] In direct opposition to the growing tide of African nationalism, whites of European descent in colonies such as Algeria began to forge new, nationalist identities of their own. ^[30] On some occasions the granting of independence to African states under majority rule was influenced by the desire to preempt unilateral declarations of independence or secession attempts by white nationalists.^[31] Nevertheless, Rhodesia's white minority did succeed in issuing its own declaration of independence and retain power until 1980.^[32] Less successful was an attempted 1974 coup d'etat by white Mozambicans, which was forcibly crushed by Portuguese troops.^[33]^[34] White rule in South Africa only ended with the country's first multiracial elections in 1994.^[35]

A white flight phenomenon accompanied regional decolonization and to a lesser extent, the termination of white minority rule in Rhodesia and South Africa.^[36] Thousands of former colonials returned to metropolitan countries in Western Europe; because they had controlled key sectors of many fledgling African economies prior to independence, their exodus often resulted in devastating economic repercussions.^[37] Consequently, some African states have made a concerted attempt to retain sizable white communities in the interests of preserving their capital and much-needed technical skills.^[38]

A few colonies had no permanent white populations at all, and in such cases the European powers preferred to construct forts rather than large settlements accordingly. Expatriate administrators and soldiers were posted there initially as deterrents to rival governments attempting to effectuate treaties concerning land and other resources with local African populations.^[26]

Population history

European percentage peaks from total population during the colonial era:^[39]^[40]
- South Africa: 21%^[39]
- South-West Africa (Namibia): 14%^[39]
- Algeria: 13%^[39]
- Libya: 12%^[39]
- Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe): 7%^[39]^[41]
- Spanish Morocco: Between 5-10%^[39]
- Tunisia: Between 5-10%^[39]
- Angola: 4%^[39]^[42]
- French Morocco: Between 1-5%^[39]
- Swaziland: Between 1-5%^[39]
- Spanish Sahara (current Western Sahara): Between 1-5%^[39]
- Northern Rhodesia (current Zambia): 2%^[39]^[43]
- Rest of Africa: under 1%

In most of Africa, Europeans accounted for under 1% of the population,^[11]^[39] except for the colonies in Northern and Southern Africa (except for Egypt, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Nyasaland), which had the highest proportion of European settlers.^[39]

The white population of Zimbabwe was much higher in the 1960s and 1970s (when the country was known as Rhodesia); about 296,000 in 1975.^[44] This peak of around 4.3% of the population in 1975^[45] dropped to possibly 120,000 in 1999, and was estimated to be no more than 50,000 in 2002, and possibly much less.^[46]

Current populations

White African population by country (Estimates from CIA, Joshua Project)^[47]

Nobel and Booker prize-winning South African author J. M. Coetzee.

South Africa: 4,602,000 (Afrikaans, English according to 2013 estimates)
Angola: 200,000 (Portuguese citizens of any ethnicity according to 2012 estimates)^[48]
Namibia: 154,000 (Afrikaans, German, English according to 2013 estimates^[49])
Madagascar: 120,000 (French)
Tunisia: 103,000 (French and Italian)^[50]
Morocco: 100,000 (French and Spanish)
Botswana: 64,000 (English, Afrikaans^[51] )
Senegal: 50,000 (French)
Ivory Coast: 50,000 (French)
Mozambique: 45,000 (Portuguese according to 2013 estimates^[52] )
Zambia: 40,000 (English, some Afrikaans)^[7]^[53]
Kenya: 32,000 (English according to 2011 Census^[54])
Zimbabwe: 30,000 (English according to 2010 estimates^[55] )
Ghana: 21,000 (English, French)
Gabon: 10,000-12,000 (French) ^[56]
Rwanda: 6,000 (French, Flemish)
Other African nations: 10,000~25,000

Afrikaners and Dutch in Africa

South Africa

Further information: White South African, Afrikaner, Boer, and Cape Dutch

Painting depicting the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, founder of Cape Town, and one of the earliest European settlers in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Dutch settlement, under the United East India Company, began in the Cape of Good Hope (present-day Cape Town) in 1652, making it the oldest Western-based culture in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first Hollanders to set foot on this shoreline had neither the initial desire nor the intention to subjugate the native inhabitants, preferring instead to focus on establishing a refreshment station for ships carrying goods from the Orient to Europe's busy ports via the Cape of Good Hope.^[57]^[58]

Some of these early Afrikaners, however, became "free burghers", and set about clearing and cultivating the almost uninhabited country. Joined by French Huguenots, they permanently settled an area of 170,000 square kilometers; about six times the area of the Netherlands.^[57] As the Cape colony expanded, Dutch farmers (Boers) pushed outward, carving more homesteads from the vast wilderness.^[13] By the late 19th century, some had even crossed the Limpopo river into Mashonaland, now part of Zimbabwe.

In subsequent decades, South Africa's Afrikaner population (the largest white minority on the continent) increased dramatically. During apartheid, their numbers were bolstered by immigrants from Germany, the Netherlands, and elsewhere. According to a 1992 study, the number of Afrikaners was increasing at a modest rate, yet one that is fairly high compared to Europe.^[13]

Distribution of Afrikaners by province

Further information: Distribution of white South Africans

Afrikaners are represented in every province of South Africa, although relatively few reside in the southeastern regions. The greatest concentration of white South Africans appear in Gauteng (which includes Johannesburg and Pretoria) and the Western Cape (which includes Cape Town).

Namibia

In the mid to late 19th century and beforehand, South African trekboers found their way into Namibia (then South-West Africa) during separate quests to avoid aggressive British imperialism at home. A significant number even penetrated as far north as Angola during the Dorsland Trek. Others established an independent republic at Upingtonia in 1885, although this proved to be short-lived.

The South-West became a German colony during the late 19th century, and with the onset of the First World War a number of local Boers volunteered to serve with the imperial authorities against invading Allied troops.^[59] After that conflict left the territory under South African occupation, thousands of fresh Afrikaner migrants poured into the region to occupy available plots of prime stock-farming land and exploit untapped resources.^[58] Their government further encouraged new settlement by offering easy loans, necessary infrastructure, and more expropriated land to white newcomers. This policy was generally considered a success, as South-West Africa's white population more than doubled between 1913 and 1936.^[60]

Current estimates for the Afrikaner population in Namibia range from 60,000 to 120,000; they continue to make up the majority of the country's white citizens.^[58] 45% of the best ranging and agricultural land is presently owned by Namibians of European background, mostly Afrikaner ranchers.^[58]

Zimbabwe

While Afrikaners were always a small minority in Zimbabwe's population, some did arrive with the early pioneer columns and permanently settled, especially in the Enkeldoorn farming areas.^[61] After 1907, an increasing number of dispossessed Boers arrived in what was then the British territory of Southern Rhodesia, seeking better economic opportunities.^[62] They soon found themselves discriminated against by the other Europeans, who expressed alarm at an 'invasion' of 'poor Dutch' and what they described as the 'human wreckage of the Union'. This aversion was condemned by elements in the South African press, which charged that "the settlement of Afrikaners in Rhodesia is being emphatically worked against."^[62]

During World War I, the Maritz Rebellion in South Africa caused consternation among Rhodesian authorities, prompting them to conclude that their colony's Afrikaner inhabitants could not be relied upon against the German Empire.^[62] In the following decades a sharp cleavage continued to divide Afrikaners from their English-speaking countrymen,^[63] reflecting entrenched divisions in class and culture. The former generally earned lower incomes, and never advanced far in capital, education, and influence. They were also considered to be Rhodesia's single most conservative white community, almost unanimously opposing a multiracial school system and any concessions to black Africans regarding land apportionment.^[63]^[64]

With the ensuing Rhodesian Bush War and Zimbabwean independence under Prime Minister Robert Mugabe in 1980, over one-fifth of white Rhodesians, including most resident Afrikaners, emigrated abroad.^[65]

Kenya

During and following the Boer Wars, some Afrikaner families emigrated to British East Africa, settling largely in the fertile Rift Valley.^[66] Many returned to their homeland in the 1930s, following a series of unhappy disputes with Kenyan tribes. A handful, however, remained concentrated around Eldoret until the territory's independence.

Angola

There were originally around 2,000 Boers in Angola, descendants of those who had survived Namibia's unforgiving Dorsland Trek. For fifty years they formed a distinct enclave in the underdeveloped Portuguese territory, joined by new Afrikaner migrants in 1893 and 1905.^[67] By 1928, however, the South African authorities arranged to have 300 such households repatriated to Outjo, where they settled comfortably into farming. The few Afrikaners who remained fled their homes during Angola's subsequent colonial and civil wars.^[68]

Tanzania and elsewhere

In the early 20th century a number of Afrikaners trekked into German Tanganyika, where they were parceled land by colonial authorities then attempting to boost agricultural production. After Tanganyika became a British trust territory on Germany's defeat during World War I, London reaffirmed such grants as they existed. Few Afrikaners stayed beyond the eve of Tanzanian independence in 1961.^[69]

With the retreat of European colonialism, Afrikaner communities outside South Africa and its immediate neighbors generally diminished in size and a significant number of settlers returned to their country in the decades immediately proceeding World War II.

British diaspora in Africa

Further information: British diaspora in Africa, Whenwe, 1820 Settlers, and White South African

South Africa and the Cape Colony

Cecil John Rhodes, the 6th Prime Minister of the Cape Colony and founder of the De Beers diamond company.

Although there were small British settlements along the West African coast from the 18th century onwards, mostly devoted to the slave trade, British settlement in Africa began in earnest only at the end of the 18th century, in the Cape of Good Hope. It gained momentum following British annexation of the Cape from the Dutch East India Company, and the subsequent encouragement of settlers in the Eastern Cape in an effort to consolidate the colony's eastern border.

In the late 19th century, the discovery of gold and diamonds further encouraged colonisation of South Africa by the British. The search for gold drove expansion north into the Rhodesias (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi). Simultaneously, British settlers began expansion into the fertile uplands (often called the "White Highlands") of British East Africa (now Kenya and Tanzania). Most of these settlements were not planned by the British government, with many colonial officials concluding they upset the balance of power in the region and left overall imperial interests vulnerable.

Cecil Rhodes utilized his wealth and connections towards organizing this ad hoc movement and settlement into a grand imperial policy. This policy had as its general aim the securing of a Cairo to Cape Town railway system, and settling the upper highlands of East Africa and the whole of Southern Africa south of the Zambezi with British colonies in a manner akin to that of North America and Australasia.

However, prioritization of British power around the globe in the years before World War I, initially reduced the resources appropriated toward settlement. World War I and the Great Depression and the general decline of British and European birthrates further hobbled the expected settler numbers. Nonetheless, thousands of colonists arrived each year during the decades preceding World War II, mostly in South Africa, where the birthrates of British Africans increased suddenly. Despite a general change in British policy against supporting the establishment of European settlements in Africa, and a slow abandonment in the overall British ruling and common classes for a separate and exclusivist European identity, large colonial appendages of European separatist supporters of the British Empire were well entrenched in South Africa, Rhodesia, and Kenya.

In keeping with the general trend toward non-European rule evident throughout most of the globe during the Cold War and the abandonment of colonial positions in the face of American and Soviet pressure, the vestigial remnants of Cecil Rhodes' vision was abruptly ended, leaving British settlers in an exposed, isolated, and weak position. Black Nationalist guerrilla forces aided by Soviet expertise and weapons soon drove the colonists into a fortress mentality which led to the break-off of ties with perceived collaborationist governments in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth.

The result was a series of conflicts which eventually led to a reduced presence of White Africans due to emigration and natural death. Many were murdered, tens of thousands driven off their lands and property, with many of those remaining being intimidated and threatened by the government and political and paramilitary organizations. However, what soon followed was a mass immigration to the safety and white rule of South Africa, which is the African country known to have the largest white population, currently with 1,755,100 British-South Africans. When apartheid first started most British-South Africans were mostly keen on keeping and even strengthening its ties with the United Kingdom. However, they were largely outnumbered by the Afrikaners, who preferred a republic, and in a referendum voted against being a British commonwealth realm.

Since 1994

Hundreds of thousands of British-South Africans left the nation to start new lives abroad, they settled in United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Netherlands, and Ireland. In spite of the high emigration rates, a large number of white foreign immigrants from countries such as United Kingdom and Zimbabwe have settled in the country. For example, by 2005, an estimated 212,000 British citizens were residing in South Africa. By 2011, this number may have grown to 500,000.^[70] Since 2003, the numbers of British immigrants coming to South Africa has risen by 50%. An estimated 20,000 British immigrants moved to South Africa in 2007. South Africa is ranked as the top destination of British retirees and pensioners in Africa.

There have also been a significant number of arrivals of white Zimbabweans of British ancestry, fleeing their home country in light of the economic and political problems currently facing the country. As well as recent arrivals, a significant number of white British Zimbabwean settlers emigrated to South Africa after the independence of Zimbabwe in 1980. Currently, the greatest white English populations in South Africa are in the KwaZulu-Natal province and in cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town.

By province

Further information: Distribution of white South Africans

Zambia

At the brink of the country's independence in 1964, there were roughly 70,000 Europeans (mostly British) in Zambia (Northern Rhodesia before independence), making up roughly 2.3% of the 3 million inhabitants at the time.^[71] Zambia had a different situation compared to other African countries. It included segregation, similar to South Africa, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and South-West Africa (Namibia); but as the Europeans constituted a smaller fraction of the population they did not dominate politics. There were a few cities in Northern Rhodesia that had British place names, but all except one (Livingstone) were changed when the country became independent or soon after. These included:

Abercorn → Mbala (1964)
Bancroft → Chililabombwe
Broken Hill → Kabwe (1966)
Feira → Luangwa (1964)
Fort Jameson → Chipata
Fort Rosebery → Mansa

Guy Scott served as acting president of Zambia after the death of Michael Sata.^[72]

Livingstone

A good example of segregation in Zambia before independence was in the city of Livingstone, on the border with Zimbabwe. The town featured a white town, with black townships, which were also found in South Africa and Namibia. In Zambia, however, Livingstone was one of the few places in the country that used this system and was close to the Rhodesian border. British colonists were reflected in town and city names. Livingstone (which is currently the only town left with a British name) was nearly changed to Maramba, but the decision was later dismissed.

When Zambia became independent in 1964, the majority of white settlers left for Rhodesia, just by crossing the border. An almost identical town of Victoria Falls lies on the other side, and benefited from the white people's crafts and abilities. This enabled them to improve the situation on the white-controlled Rhodesian side, and therefore Livingstone soon became desolate and unused. However, since the economic problems in Zimbabwe since the start of the 21st century, the situation has very much turned around as the Zambian side has become more attractive to tourists and therefore Livingstone is once again improving (at the expense of Victoria Falls).

Kenya

Main article: White people in Kenya

There were 60,000 white settlers living in Kenya in 1965.^[73] Today, they are estimated to be around 67,000 (35,000 Kenyans and 32,000 British).^[74] Well known Britons born in Kenya include road racing cyclist Chris Froome and evolutionary scientist Richard Leakey.

Zimbabwe

Main article: White people in Zimbabwe

In contrast to the rest of British-ruled Central Africa, Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) was once intended to become a "white man's country" - to be settled and ruled by permanent European colonists.^[75] Until Zimbabwean independence in 1980, white Rhodesians prevailed over the nation politically, socially, and economically. They numbered some 240,000 by late 1979; citizens of British origin comprised at least three-fourths of this figure and those from England or Wales predominated, while Scots were an almost overlooked minority.^[76] Most were fairly recent immigrants, particularly blue collar workers attracted by the promise Rhodesia's economic opportunities offered in contrast to their own war-damaged homeland. Throughout the 1960s they were joined by South Africans and colonials from British dependencies elsewhere.^[76]

The white population in Zimbabwe dropped from a peak of around 300,000 in 1975 to 170,000 in 1982^[76] and was estimated at no more than 50,000 in 2002, possibly much lower.^[77]

Madagascar

There is a reported English population of 300 in Madagascar.^[3]

Angola

The British population of Angola is estimated at around 700.^[78] When Angola won independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people in Angola resettled in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Portugal or Brazil. Meanwhile, most from Mozambique left for either Zimbabwe, South Africa or the UK. However, even before 1975, the number of British people in Angola and Mozambique was small, especially compared to the inhabiting Portuguese population.

Mozambique

In Mozambique, the British population numbers 1,500.^[79] When Mozambique gained independence from Portugal in 1975, most British people left for either Rhodesia or South Africa, while others resettled in Portugal and Brazil. However, just like Angola, the British population in Mozambique is/was tiny compared to both their share of the nation's population and in comparison to the Portuguese.

Elsewhere

Sizable numbers of people of British descent are also nationals of Ghana, Namibia, Tanzania, Swaziland (3% of the population),^[80] Nigeria,^[81] and Botswana.^[82] In addition, nearly 10,000 white Ugandans of British extraction were living under the regime of Idi Amin as recorded by TIME Magazine in 1972. Due to the subsequent deterioration of conditions under Amin (Including the constant threat of forced expulsion), most of the local British diaspora emigrated to the United Kingdom and South Africa.^[83]

Scots in Africa

Nyasaland (Malawi)

The Scots played an enormous part in British overseas colonisation, alongside the English, Welsh, and Irish. Scotland supplied colonial troops, administrators, governors, prospectors, architects, and engineers to help construct the colonies all over the world.

From the 1870s, Scottish churches began missionary work in Nyasaland/Malawi, in the wake of their illustrious predecessor, David Livingstone. Their pressure on the British Government resulted in Nyasaland being declared a British Protectorate. A small Scottish community was established here, and other Scots immigration occurred in Southern Rhodesia/Zimbabwe, Northern Rhodesia/Zambia, and South Africa. The table below represents how small their numbers were compared to other sections of the future Central African Federation.

**Numbers of white and black inhabitants in the federation**
Year	Southern Rhodesia		Northern Rhodesia		Nyasaland
Year	White	Black	White	Black	White	Black
1927	38,200	922,000	4,000	1,000,000	1,700	1,350,000
1946	80,500	1,600,000	21,919	1,634,980	2,300	2,340,000

The largest and commercial capital of the country, Blantyre, is named after a town in Scotland and birthplace of David Livingstone. It is a testament to the love the African people had and still have for Livingstone that this name has not been changed after independence, like so many others. The reason for the small number of Europeans was mainly the lack of mineral resources (Northern Rhodesia had copper and Southern Rhodesia has gold).

After Nyasaland became independent (and upon adopting a new name: Malawi), many Scots returned to Scotland or moved to South Africa or Rhodesia (formerly Southern Rhodesia and later known, from 1980, as Zimbabwe). Despite this, Scots had an enormous South African community (compared to that of Nyasaland), however they fail to take credit because they were a small part of the white community in South Africa. Also, under the African sun, and in relatively small numbers, domestic differences tended to be overlooked and the resulting colonial culture was an inclusive British one.

To this day most Scots in Africa reside in South Africa and until the 21st century, also in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia). Most Scottish settlers from Rhodesia left for South Africa after Rhodesia's independence and after economic and political problems in 2001. Evidence of the continued Scottish influence is seen in the continuing traditions of Highland games and pipe bands, especially in Natal. Ties between Scotland and Malawi also remain strong to this day.

French in Africa

Notre Dame d'Afrique, a church built by the French Pieds-Noirs in Algeria.

North Africa

Large numbers of French people settled in French North Africa from the 1840s onward. By the end of French rule in the early 1960s there were over one million European Algerians, mostly of French origin and Catholic^[84]^[85] (known as pieds noirs, or "black feet"), living in Algeria, consisting about 16% of the population in 1962.^[86]

There were 255,000 Europeans in Tunisia in 1956,^[87] While Morocco was home to half a million Europeans.^[88] French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of Africa, French India and French Indochina, to live in mainland France. 1.6 million European colons migrated from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco.^[89] As of December 31, 2011, there were 94,382 French citizens in all three countries, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.

French-speaking Central and West Africa

There is still a comparatively large European population living in the former West African colony of the Ivory Coast, which had the largest French population of France's former colonies of sub-Saharan Africa, numbering 60,000 in 1980,^[90] though its numbers are believed to have declined since then. There are also important white minorities in Gabon, Senegal, and Togo. As of December 31, 2011, there were 83,276 French citizens in West and Central Africa altogether.

Madagascar

Mauritius

There are about 37,000 Franco-Mauritians (2% of the population) the smallest ethnic group.

Réunion

South Africa

Huguenots

Franco Mauritians

Between 1945 and 1969, many Franco-Mauritians emigrated to South Africa. In 1981, their population in the KwaZulu Natal province was estimated at more than 12,000.

Angola

There are a reported number of 4,000 French people in Angola.^[78]

Portuguese in Africa

The first Portuguese settlements in Africa were built in the 15th century. The descendants of the soldiers who accompanied Christopher da Gama expedition to support the Ethiopian throne in the 16th century continued to exert a significant influence in that country's history over the next two centuries; for example, the Empress Mentewab was extremely proud of her Portuguese ancestry. In the late 17th century, much of Portuguese Mozambique was divided into prazos, or agricultural estates, which were settled by Portuguese families. In Portuguese Angola, namely in the areas of Luanda and Benguela, there was a significant Portuguese population. In the islands of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, besides Portuguese settlers, most of the population was of mixed Portuguese and African origin. The descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos.

In the early 20th century, the Portuguese government encouraged white migration to the Portuguese territories of Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1960s, at the beginning of the Portuguese Colonial War, there were around 650,000 Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces, and a substantial Portuguese population living in other African countries. In 1974, there were up to 1,000,000 Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces.^[94] In 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 400,000 Portuguese, while Mozambique had approximately more than 350,000 settlers from Portugal.^[95]

Most Portuguese settlers were forced to return to Portugal (the retornados) as the country's African possessions gained independence in the mid-1970s,^[96] while others moved south to South Africa, which now has the largest Portuguese-African population (who between 50-80% came from Madeira), and to Brazil. When Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) began suddenly, large numbers of both Portuguese-born settlers and Mozambican-born settlers of Portuguese blood went out again.

However, after the war in Mozambique, more Portuguese settlers returned and the newer ones settled Mozambique while White Brazilians, especially those of Portuguese descent, moved to Mozambique to work as aid workers and investors and have adopted Mozambique as their home. It is estimated the population of Portuguese people in Mozambique has increased to over 20,000 since the peace settlement of Mozambique in 1992. Notable demographics of Portuguese Mozambicans could be found in cities like Maputo, Beira, and Nampula with Maputo accumulating the highest percentage. In recent years, some Portuguese have migrated to Angola for economic reasons, mainly the country's recent economic boom.^[97] In 2008, Angola was the preferred destination for Portuguese migrants in Africa.^[97]

Portuguese South Africans

A modern white Angolan of both Italian and Portuguese descent.

South Africa largely featured two Portuguese waves of immigration, one was a constant but small flow of Portuguese from Madeira and Portugal itself, while the second was ethnic Portuguese fleeing from Angola and Mozambique after their respective independences. The reason behind the immigration of Madeirans to South Africa was both a political and economic one. After 1950, prime minister Hendrik Verwoerd encouraged immigration from Protestant northern Europeans to bolster the white population. He later began to approve immigration policies also favouring southern Europeans, one of which were Madeirans, who were facing high unemployment rates. Many Madeirans and other Portuguese who immigrated were at first isolated from other white populations due to their differences, such as being Catholic and the fact that few could speak English or Afrikaans.^[95] Eventually they ended up setting up businesses in Johannesburg or coastal fisheries, and a substantial number intermarried with other white South African groups.^[98]

One known Portuguese South African creation was the restaurant chain Nando's, created in 1987, which incorporated influences from former Portuguese colonists from Mozambique, many of whom had settled on the south-eastern side of Johannesburg, after Mozambique's independence in 1975. Currently there's a 300,000-strong Portuguese community in South Africa.^[99]

Italians in Africa

Libya

Year	Italians	Percentage	Total Libya	Source for data on population
1936	112,600	13.26%	848,600	Enciclopedia Geografica Mondiale K-Z, De Agostini, 1996
1939	108,419	12.37%	876,563	Guida Breve d'Italia Vol.III, C.T.I., 1939 (Censimento Ufficiale)
1962	35,000	2.1%	1,681,739	Enciclopedia Motta, Vol.VIII, Motta Editore, 1969
1982	1,500	0.05%	2,856,000	Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori, 1988
2004	22,530	0.4%	5,631,585	L'Aménagement Linguistique dans le Monde

Somalia

South African Italians

Italian Club in Boksburg

Although Italians did not immigrate to South Africa in large numbers, those who have arrived have nevertheless made an impact on the host country.

Before World War II, relatively few Italian immigrants arrived, though there were some prominent exceptions such as the Cape's first Prime Minister John Molteno. South African Italians made big headlines during World War II, when Italians captured in Italian East Africa needed to be sent to a safe stronghold to be kept as prisoners of war (POWs). South Africa was the perfect destination, and the first POWs arrived in Durban, in 1941.^[105]^[106]

Despite being POWs, the Italians were treated well, with a good food diet and friendly hospitality. These factors, along with the peaceful, cheap, and sunny landscape, made it very attractive for Italians to settle down, and therefore, the Italian South African community was born. Although over 100,000 Italian POW were sent to South Africa, only a handful decided to stay. During their capture, they were given the opportunity to build chapels, churches, dams, and many more structures. Most Italian influence and architecture can be seen in the Natal and Transvaal area. Esselenpark (Railway College) is particularly notable.

Today there are roughly 39,120 White South Africans of Italian descent.^[107]

Elsewhere

See also: Italian Eritreans, Italians of Ethiopia, Italian Egyptians, Italian Tunisians

A Catholic Cathedral in Asmara, built by Italian Eritreans in 1922.

The Italians had a significantly large, but very quickly diminished population in Africa. In 1926, there were 90,000 Italians in Tunisia, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen (unusual since Tunisia was a French protectorate).^[108] Former Italian communities also once thrived in the Horn of Africa, with about 50,000 Italian settlers living in Eritrea in 1935.^[109]

Additionally, there were settler communities in Ethiopia. During the five-year occupation of Ethiopia, roughly 300,000 Italians settled in the Horn of Africa. Over 49,000 lived in Asmara in 1939 (around 10% of the city's population), with more than 38,000 residing in Addis Ababa. The size of the Italian Egyptian community had also reached around 55,000 just before World War II, forming the second largest expatriate community in Egypt.

A few Italian settlers stayed in Portugal's colonies in Africa after World War II. As the Portuguese government had sought to enlarge the small Portuguese population through emigration from Europe,^[94] the Italian migrants gradually assimilated into the Portuguese community.

Greeks in Africa

Egypt

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Main article: Greeks in Zimbabwe

The Greek community in Zimbabwe numbered between 13,000 and 15,000 people in 1972 and once comprised Rhodesia's second largest white community after individuals of British origin.^[115] Today the Greek community in Zimbabwe numbers under 3,000.^[115] Zimbabwe currently hosts eleven Greek Orthodox churches and fifteen Greek associations and humanitarian organizations.^[116]

Elsewhere

See also: Greeks in Ethiopia, Greeks in Zambia, Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

The Greeks have a presence in a number of African countries such as Cameroon (1,200 people),^[117] Zambia (800 people),^[118] Ethiopia (500 people),^[119] Uganda (450 people),^[120] Democratic Republic of Congo (300 people),^[121] Kenya (100 families),^[122] Nigeria (300 people),^[123] Tanzania (300 people),^[117] Gambia (300 people),^[124] Sudan (200 people),^[125] Botswana (200-300 people),^[126] Malawi (200 people),^[127] and Morocco (150 people).^[117]

Germans in Africa

Namibia

Main article: German Namibians

Examples of daily use of German in Namibia.

Germany was late to colonize Africa (or to have an empire) mainly due to it not being a unified country until the late 19th century. However, many Germans settled in South West Africa (modern day Namibia) as well as South Africa. Those Germans who migrated to South West Africa retained German culture, religion, and even language, while those in South Africa often had to learn English or Afrikaans as a first language and adopt another culture.

Unlike other Europeans in Africa, when many African states gained independence, the Germans (along with the English and Dutch/Afrikaners) stayed in Southern Africa because they retained political dominance (now being a mandate under South African control). The country was administered as a province of South Africa during the apartheid era (though South African rule was not widely recognized internationally.) German influence in Namibia is very strong and noticeable. Because Namibia hasn't changed any town names since independence, many of the largest cities in the country retain their German names. These include Lüderitz, Grünau, Maltahöhe, Wasser, Schuckmannsburg, and even the capital city has a (slightly unused) German name (Windhuk). In the southern Regions of Karas and especially Hardap, the vast majority of town names are German, or a mixture of German, Afrikaans and English. In the Hardap region, some 80% of settlements have a name of German origin.

Namibia is also the only nation outside Europe to have a Lutheran majority. This is due to many German missionaries during the 19th century who converted the Ovambo and Damara people to Christianity. Until 1990 German was an official language of Namibia, and is now a recognized regional language (the only one of its kind for the German language outside of Europe).

Today there are roughly 20,000-50,000 ethnic Germans in Namibia (32% of the white population, and 2% of the nation's population), and they greatly outnumber those of English and many Black ethnic origins. Their precise numbers are unclear because many Namibians of German ancestry no longer speak German, and sometimes would rather be classified as Afrikaans.

Tanzania

Togo

Cameroon

Former Portuguese colonies

A number of German settlers stayed in Portuguese African colonies as World War II refugees when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population and during the war, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.^[94] They were assimilated to the Portuguese population. The previously reported German population of Mozambique, numbering 2,200, is no longer referred to in sources, indicating their presumed departure and/or assimilation into other groups.^[79]

Spanish in Africa

The Spanish have resided in many African countries (mostly former colonies), including Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, South Africa, and Morocco. 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century; 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century. Most Spaniards left Morocco after its independence in 1956 and their numbers were reduced to 13,000.^[130]^[131]

A notable European population continues to survive in Spain's remaining North African exclaves, including Ceuta, the Canary Islands and Melilla.

Equatorial Guinea

Belgians in Africa

Belgian colonials and their descendants have been especially represented in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, although post-colonial instability in these states has led to exodus.

Belgian Congo

Main article: White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In the Belgian Congo, Belgium's largest overseas possession, European missionaries, corporations, and officials had entrenched a comprehensive political, social, economic, and cultural hegemony.^[134] This was disrupted as 1955 drew to a close, however, as mild proposals for a form of Congolese self-government provoked furious protests across the Belgian Congo. A Belgian-appointed study commission subsequently recommended a complicated formula which would lead to gradual self-government for the Congo by 1985, although this was opposed by the most militant nationalists, who demanded immediate and full independence.^[134]

On 5 July 1960, five days after the new Republic of the Congo gained independence from Belgium, members of the Force Publique (Dutch: Openbare Weermacht) garrison near Léopoldville/Leopoldstad mutinied.^[135] African soldiers, resentful over the fact that independence had brought little change to their status, ousted 1,000 of their Belgian officers from the command structure. The new government was slow to react, allowing a state of panic to develop among the 120,000 settlers still resident in the territory as roving bands of mutineers attacked numerous European targets, assaulting and killing with impunity.^[135] Belgium's attempt to defend her nationals with military force only aggravated the situation; within ten days of independence white civil servants were emigrating en masse. As Congo's infamous crisis developed further, the predominantly white magistrate corps also fled the growing chaos, dealing a severe blow to their nation's basic judicial apparatus - considered by several prominent observers to be "the worst catastrophe in this series of disasters".^[134]

In 1965, there remained a mere 60,000 Belgians spread throughout the Congo.^[136]

Flemings in Africa

It has also been observed that there were at least 3,000 Flemish settlers in Rwanda,^[137] although many were targeted for extermination as part of the Rwandan Genocide. This seemed to be largely because Belgian colonisers had offered better education and employment opportunities to Tutsi tribesmen under colonial rule than the Hutus, who controlled the government during the genocide. Radio messages broadcast by Hutu extremists advocated the killing of white Rwandans should they be of Belgian ancestry, despite the fact that Belgium itself attempted to remain neutral during the 1994 conflict.^[138] Today, estimates put the Rwandan white population at about 6,000;^[47] many of whom are of Flemish descent, and part of the large "reverse diaspora" currently occurring in Rwanda.^[139]

Thousands of Flemings, along with the Dutch, migrated to South Africa for many years between the 17th century and the 20th century. Immigration into the RSA has slowed down drastically, but the remnants of a huge Flemish population still exist in Southern Africa. Many Flemish colonials, including farmers and mineowners, moved to the Belgian Congo to seek their fortunes during the colonial era, entrenching a system of racial segregation not unlike those practiced in most other European-ruled African territories. The old segregated Belgian neighbourhoods, in fact, are still visible in Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville in French, Leopoldstad in Dutch), the Democratic Republic of the Congo's capital city. Despite the mass emigration of white people to Belgium, the Netherlands, and South Africa during the Congo Crisis, there are still a little under 5,000 Flemings estimated to be living in the Congo.^[137]

Norwegians in Africa

Southern Africa

Although Norwegians in Africa are one of the smallest immigrant communities, they are not unheard of. However it is almost certain that the vast majority of them live in Southern Africa (most likely South Africa). One incident involving Norwegians in Africa was the Debora Expedition, where Norwegian families left Bergen in 1879 to establish a Norwegian colony on an Indian Ocean atoll called Aldabra^[140] (now located in the Seychelles). However the mission was aborted and the families instead settled in Madagascar or Port Natal (modern day Durban) in South Africa. They were the first Norwegians to settle in Port Natal.^[140]

A number of Norwegian settlers stayed in Portuguese African colonies when the Portuguese government tried to request Europeans of other nationalities to increase the very tiny Portuguese population, although that plan of the Portuguese government was unsuccessful.^[94] They were already acculturated to the Portuguese population.

Other European diaspora in Africa

The vast diversity of European ethnic groups in Africa were once more scattered, however currently every European ethnic group is greatest in South Africa. Virtually all European ethnic groups can be found in South Africa.

In 1948, approximately 600,000 Jews lived in North Africa; most of the Jews in Morocco and Algeria were Sephardi Jews whose ancestors were expelled from Spain in 1492, while most of the other Jews in North Africa were Mizrahi Jews whose ancestors never settled in Europe. Today only around 6,000 Jews remain. There is a substantial, mostly Ashkenazic Jewish community in South Africa. These Jews arrived mostly from Lithuania prior to World War II.^[141] Although the Jewish community peaked in the 1970s, about 80,000 remain in South Africa.^[142]

Armenians once numbered thousands in Ethiopia and Sudan, before civil wars, revolutions, and nationalization drove most of them out. They still have community centers and churches in these countries. Before 1952 there were around 75,000 Armenians in Egypt.^[143] Today, they number around 6,000 and live primarily in Cairo.

The inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is halfway between the Spaniards and the ancient native population, the Guanches (a proto-berber population), although with a major Spanish contribution.^[144]

On Tristan da Cunha, the population of 301 people share just eight surnames; Glass, Green, Hagan, Lavarello (a typical Ligurian surname), Patterson, Repetto (another typical Ligurian surname), Rogers, and Swain.

There are an estimated 100,000 Europeans living in Tunisia, most are French with some Italians.^[145] Morocco has about 100,000 Europeans, most of them French with some Spanish.^[146]

Languages

White Africans speak Indo-European languages as their first languages (Afrikaans, English, Portuguese, French, German, Spanish and Italian).

Afrikaans

English

English is the second most spoken language among white Africans, spoken by 39% of South Africa's, 7% of Namibia's, and 90% of Zimbabwe's white population. In South Africa they remain the dominant white ethnic group in KwaZulu-Natal, while in Gauteng and the Western Cape they also contribute to a large percentage of the English-speaking population.

It is here that they challenge the Afrikaans in being the white dominant ethnic group. English is a second language of many non-British white Africans with higher education in predominantly non-English-speaking African nations. Outside of South Africa, Namibia, and Zimbabwe, British Africans make up a large minority in Zambia, Kenya, Botswana, and Swaziland, therefore increasing the presence of English in these countries.

German

Other languages

Sports

The Namibia rugby team is largely white

Cricket is a particularly popular sport with White Africans of British descent. Rugby, in Southern Africa, is particularly popular with people of Afrikaner ethnicity.

Field hockey is another popular sport amongst Whites.

Football (Soccer) is popular among White Africans of Spanish and Portuguese descent.

Many Whites from Commonwealth countries in Africa are accomplished swimmers, including Kirsty Coventry of Zimbabwe and Jason Dunford of Kenya, as well as numerous South Africans.

References

↑ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Angola". CIA. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
↑ Government, Namibia. "Demographics of Namibia". Retrieved August 3, 2014.
1 2 "Joshua Project - Ethnic People Groups of Madagascar".
↑ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Tunisia". CIA. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
↑ "White Batswana population". Retrieved October 8, 2007.
1 2 "Mozambique: History, Geography, Government, and Culture". Infoplease. Pearson Education, Inc. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
1 2 "Dr Scott, I presume?". The Spectator. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Census 2012 National Report" (PDF). Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
↑ Joshua Project. "Spaniard in Equatorial Guinea". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Joshuaproject.net (German); Joshuaproject.net (British); Joshuaproject.net (French). "The exactness of numbers presented here can be misleading. Numbers can vary by several percentage points or more."
1 2 Brunner, Borgna (ed.). TIME Almanac 2004 (2004 ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 875–905. ISBN 1-931933-78-2.
1 2 "Africa". World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 1989. ISBN 0-7166-1289-5.
1 2 3 Roskin, Roskin. Countries and concepts: an introduction to comparative politics. pp. 343–373.
1 2 Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian. Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO, LLC 2013. ISBN 978-1-61069-247-2 p 54-275.
↑ Calculated by adding together white residents of every African territory at their peak.
↑ Volume V: Africa, Australia, and Southern Islands. Lands and Peoples: The World in Color. The Grolier Society of Canada Ltd 1955. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 54-11291. p 19-109.
↑ Nakayama, Thomas & Halualani, Rona T (ch: Steyn, Melissa). The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication. Blackwell Publishing 2010. ISBN 1-85649-323-7. p 27.
↑ Mozambique, the Troubled Transition: From Socialist Construction to Free Market Capitalism. Zed Books Ltd 1995. ISBN 1-85649-323-7. p 27.
↑ Africa in the Post-Decolonization Era. Foreign Policy Research Institute 1984. ISBN 978-1-4051-8407-6. p 544.
↑ Myburgh, James (18 December 2013). "The ANC before the collapse of Communism". Politics Web. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
↑ Sentman, Edgar Everette (editor). World Topics Yearbook 1963. Tangley Oaks Educational Center 1963. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-31513. p 33.
↑ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
↑ Russell, Margo and Martin. Afrikaners of the Kalahari: White Minority in a Black State (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979). ISBN 0-521-21897-7 pp. 7-8.
1 2 3 4 5 Mosley, Paul (2009). The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–9. ISBN 978-0521102452.
1 2 3 Borstelmann, Thomas (1993). Apartheid's reluctant uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the early Cold War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 11–28. ISBN 978-0195079425.
1 2 Njoh, Ambeh (2007). Planning Power: Town Planning and Social Control in Colonial Africa. London: UCL Press. pp. 19–27. ISBN 978-1844721603.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roberts, Andrew (1990). The Colonial Moment in Africa Essays on the Movement of Minds and Materials, 1900-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–33. ISBN 978-0521386746. line feed character in |title= at position 30 (help)
↑ Stapleton, Thomas (2010). A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0313365898.
↑ Kaiser, Paul (1996). Culture, Transnationalism, and Civil Society: Aga Khan Social Service Initiatives in Tanzania. Westport: Praeger Books. pp. 19–21. ISBN 978-0275955281.
↑ Evans, Martin (2012). Algeria: France's Undeclared War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0199669035.
↑ Moodley, Kogila; Adam, Heribert (1993). The Opening of the Apartheid Mind: Options for the New South Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0520081994.
↑ Dowden, Richard (2010). Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles. Portobello Books. pp. 134–138. ISBN 978-1-58648-753-9.
↑ "Mozambique rebels grab radio station". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 9 September 1974. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
↑ "Portugal acts in Mozambique revolt". Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine (United States). 7 September 1974. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
↑ Johnston, Alexander (2014). Inventing the Nation: South Africa. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 65–68. ISBN 978-1780931920.
↑ Bradshaw, York; Ndegwa, Stephen (2001). The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0253214249.
↑ Pitcher, M. Anne (2003). Transforming Mozambique: The Politics of Privatization, 1975-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0521820110.
↑ Hanlon, Joseph (1986). Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 213–218. ISBN 978-0253331311.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Robert Ian Moore (1981). Robert Ian Moore, ed. The Hamlyn Historical Atlas (The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited & Creative Cartography Limited ed.). London, New York, Sydney, Toronto: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 9780600303619. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
↑ Spooner, Samantha (12 August 2014). "Hounded and courted: What happened to Africa's white settlers?". Mail & Guardian Africa. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
↑ An introduction to the history of Central Africa. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Gerald J.Bender & P. Stanley Yoder, "Whites in Angola on the Eve of Independence", Africa Today', 21 (4) 1974, pp. 23 - 37
↑ 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia. BBC 'On This Day'.
↑ "(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes". World Affairs Journal. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Wiley, David and Isaacman, Allen F. (1981). Southern Africa: society, economy, and liberation. p. 55. Michigan State University, University of Minnesota
↑ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999.
1 2 Joshua Project. "People Groups". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Rita Siza. "José Eduardo dos Santos diz que trabalhadores portugueses são bem-vindos em Angola". PÚBLICO. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "The World Factbook". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Drogin, Bob (2 September 1995). "COLUMN ONE : Boers Seek Greener Pastures : White farmers are leaving South Africa, dreaming of a better life elsewhere on the continent. Many have met hard times--and skepticism about whether they're fleeing economic woes or Mandela's reforms". Los Angeles Times.
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131121153548/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php. Archived from the original on November 21, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld - Zimbabwe: Treatment of white Zimbabweans who are not farmers and available state protection". Refworld. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Background note: Gabon. U.S. Department of State (August 4, 2010).
1 2 Thomas McGhee, Charles C.; N/A, N/A, eds. (1989). The plot against South Africa (2nd ed.). Pretoria: Varama Publishers. ISBN 0-620-14537-4.
1 2 3 4 Fryxell, Cole. To Be Born a Nation. pp. 9–327.
↑ "German Colonial Uniforms". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Green, Sparks. Namibia: The Nation After Independence. pp. 1–134.
↑ Raeburn, Michael. We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. pp. 1–209.
1 2 3 Chanock, Martin. Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-45. pp. 1–54.
1 2 Hodder-Williams, Richard. White farmers in Rhodesia, 1890-1965: a history of the Marandellas district. pp. 1–256.
↑ Rogers, Frantz. Racial themes in Southern Rhodesia: the attitudes and behavior of the white population. pp. 1–472.
↑ "Origins: History of immigration from Zimbabwe - Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Title Unknown". Archived from the original on 2009-10-24.
↑ Oliver Ransford. "The Thirstland Trekkers: Epilogue of 'The Great Trek' by Ransford (1968)". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ LitNet | The Boers in Angola Archived May 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20140814174319/http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=19013. Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ "Britons living in SA to enjoy royal wedding". Eyewitness News. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012.
↑ 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia, BBC News
↑ Guy Scott's rise to Zambia's presidency, BBC News Africa, 29 October 2014
↑ "We Want Our Country" (3 of 10), TIME
↑ Heir takes on 'Flash' in Kenya murder trial, The Independent
↑ Gann, L.H. Politics and Government in African States 1960-1985. pp. 162–202.
1 2 3 Nelson, Harold. Zimbabwe: A Country Study. pp. 1–317.
↑ Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999
1 2 Joshua Project. "Angola :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
1 2 Joshua Project. "Mozambique :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
↑ "afrol News - Zim, South African white farmers head for Nigeria". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
↑ "UGANDA: Flight of the Asians". Time. 11 September 1972.
↑ Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2000). France and Algeria: A History of Decolonization and Transformation. University Press of Florida. pp. 9–23, 14. ISBN 0-8130-3096-X.
↑ Smith, Heather (December 18, 2009). "Google's French Book Scanning Project Halted by Court". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
↑ French-Algerian War, TIME Collection
↑ Tunisia, Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Thomson Gale. 2007. Encyclopedia.com.
↑ History of Morocco, historyworld.net
↑ "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". 6 April 1988. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Ivory Coast - The Economy". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Madagascar - Minorities". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Joshua Project. "Madagascar :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Anthropometric evaluations of body composition of undergraduate students at the University of La Réunion".
1 2 3 4 Portugal - Emigration, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
1 2 Flight from Angola, The Economist , August 16, 1975
↑ "MOZAMBIQUE: Dismantling the Portuguese Empire". TIME.com. 7 July 1975. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
1 2 , Radio Televisão Portuguesa, September 13, 2008
↑ http://www.rupert.net/~lkool/Madeira.html
↑ "Portuguese Republic". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Libya". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "BBC NEWS - Africa - Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "SOMALIA: population growth of the whole country". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "Memories from Somalia-Part one". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Helena Dubnov, A grammatical sketch of Somali, (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.
↑ "John Charles "Lion of Beaufort" Molteno (1814 - 1886)". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "ITALIAN P.O.W. IN SOUTH AFRICA (Medical Services)". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ ITALIANS IN THE WORLD (in Italian) Archived February 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Moustapha Kraiem. Le fascisme et les italiens de Tunisie, 1918-1939 pag. 57
↑ "Eritrea—Hope For Africa's Future". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Α΄ Η διαχρονική πορεία του ελληνισμού στην Αφρική Archived July 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ The Historical Library of Diodorus Siculus, Book V,57.
↑ Cooperation memorandum signed among NCSR D and Alexandria University, Egypt Archived July 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. 29/1/2009, retrieved on 31/1/2009 Archived July 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ 05/06/2009, retrieved on 10/12/2003
↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080507204135/http://www2.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/Sub-Saharan+Africa/Bilateral+Relation/South+Africa/. Archived from the original on May 7, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help) 05/06/2009, retrieved on 05/06/2009
1 2 Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zimbabwe: The Greek Community Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Holy Archbishopric of Zimbabwe
1 2 3 Greeks around the Globe (they are quoting the statistics of the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad as on October 12, 2004)
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Zambia Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Ethiopia: The Greek Community Archived February 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Census 2002
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Democratic Republic of Congo: The Greek Community Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Nigeria: The Greek Community Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Joshua Project. "Gambia :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Sudan: The Greek Community Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ "SAE - Hellenism in Botswana / World Council of Hellenes Abroad". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Malawi: The Greek Community Archived March 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
1 2 3 - Germans in Tanzania
1 2 - Germans in Togo
↑ Spain: Forging an Immigration Policy, Migration Information Source
↑ Joshua Project. "Morocco :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
1 2 España - Guinea, 1969: la estrategia de la tensión, Xavier Lacosta, Historia 16, January 2001.
↑ Joshua Project. "Spaniard in Equatorial Guinea". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
1 2 3 Young, Crawford. Politics and Government in African States 1960-1985. pp. 120–162.
1 2 "The United Nations and the Congo". History Learning Site. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "We Want Our Country" (2 of 10), TIME
1 2 Joshua Project. "Fleming :: Joshua Project". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Leicmon, Weiselberg; Davis, J., Carlinsky, eds. (2002). The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A study of mass cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda (1st ed.). Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-4776-3.
↑ Penn Humanities Forum | 2006-2007 Undergraduate Humanities Forum Research Fellows Archived August 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
1 2 http://salbu.co.za/debora/
↑ "Lithuanian Jews Make Big Impact in South Africa". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ "South Africa Virtual Jewish History Tour - Jewish Virtual Library". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
↑ Refugees International: Publications: Stateless Report Archived September 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
↑ other theories, however, suggest that the native Guanche population may have been of ancient Nordic or Celtic origin, but this in itself is up to dispute.
↑ Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
↑ Morocco Universities Colleges and Schools Archived February 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.

White people

Caucasian race European peoples West Asian peoples North African peoples Bold refers to countries and territories in which White/European people are the majority group

Worldwide diaspora, descendants and immigrants	Africa Algeria Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Kenya Morocco Namibia Saint Helena South Africa Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Pakistan United States Canada Bermuda Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Israel Jamaica Latin America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Peru Puerto Rico Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia New Caledonia New Zealand

Historical concepts	Aryan First white child Honorary whites Play the white man Racial whitening Branqueamento / Blanqueamiento White Australia policy The White Man's Burden White gods

Sociological phenomena and theories	Acting white (Passing as white) Angry white male Missing white woman syndrome Skin whitening White flight South African farm attacks White fragility White guilt White privilege Whiteness studies Whitewashed film roles White savior

White American caricatures and stereotypes	Poor Whites Redlegs Rednecks Mountain whites

Identity politics in the United States	US definitions of whiteness One-drop rule Christian Identity Non-Hispanic whites White Anglo-Saxon Protestant White ethnic White Hispanic White nationalism White pride White separatism White supremacy

Scientific racism	Human skin color Color terminology for race Alpine Armenoid Dinaric East Baltic Irano-Afghan Mediterranean

Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/25/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.