William Desmond Taylor

For other people named William Taylor, see William Taylor (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 34°03′39″N 118°16′24″W / 34.06091°N 118.27336°W / 34.06091; -118.27336

William Desmond Taylor
Born William Cunningham Deane-Tanner
(1872-04-26)26 April 1872
County Carlow, Ireland
Died 1 February 1922(1922-02-01) (aged 49)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of death Homicide
Resting place Hollywood Forever Cemetery
Nationality Irish-American
Other names William D. Taylor
William Taylor
Occupation Director, actor
Years active 1913–1922
Spouse(s) Ethel May Hamilton (m. 1901–12)
Children 1
Relatives Denis Gage Deane-Tanner (brother)

William Desmond Taylor (26 April 1872 – 1 February 1922) was an Irish-born American director and actor. He was a popular figure in the growing Hollywood motion-picture colony of the 1910s and early 1920s, having directed 59 silent films between 1914 and 1922 and acted in 27 between 1913 and 1915.[1]

Taylor's murder on 1 February 1922, along with other Hollywood scandals, such as the Roscoe Arbuckle trial, led to a frenzy of sensationalist and often fabricated newspaper reports.[2] The murder remains an official cold case.[3]

Early life

William Desmond Taylor directing May McAvoy in the silent film Top of New York (1921), several months before his death

William Cunningham Deane-Tanner was born into the Anglo-Irish gentry on 26 April 1872, at Evington House, County Carlow, Ireland, one of five children of a retired British Army officer, Major Kearns Deane-Tanner of the Carlow Rifles, and his wife, Jane O'Brien. His siblings were Denis Gage Deane-Tanner, Ellen "Nell" Deane-Tanner Faudel-Phillips, Lizzie "Daisy" Deane-Tanner, and Oswald Kearns Deane-Tanner.[4] The Home Rule MP Charles Kearns Deane Tanner was his father's youngest brother.

In 1890, Taylor left Ireland for a dude ranch in Kansas. At the time, it was a short-lived trend among some of the Anglo-Irish and English gentry to send their sons to the United States to become "gentleman farmers". In Kansas, William became reacquainted with acting (his first experiences being at school) and eventually moved to New York.[1] While in New York, he worked in The Antique Shoppe and eventually married Ethel May Hamilton. The Episcopal ceremony took place on 7 December 1901, at the Little Church Around the Corner;[4] they divorced in 1912.[5]

Although Mrs Deane-Tanner had appeared as a member of the Florodora sextet as Ethel May Harrison,[6] she was the daughter of a wealthy Wall Street broker who provided Deane-Tanner with funding to set up the English Antiques Shop, through which he could support a family. The Deane-Tanners were well known in New York society and members of several clubs, until Deane-Tanner abruptly vanished on 23 October 1908, at the age of 36, deserting his wife and their daughter Ethel Daisy.[1] After Taylor's disappearance, friends said he had suffered "mental lapses" before, and his family thought at first he had wandered off during an episode of amnesia. Taylor's brother, Denis, a former lieutenant in the British Army and a manager of a New York antiques business, would also disappear four years later, in 1912, abandoning his wife and two children.[6][7]

Career

After Taylor left his family and New York, he traveled through Canada and the northwestern United States gold mining and working with various acting troupes. Eventually, he switched from acting to producing. By the time he arrived in San Francisco, William Deane-Tanner had changed his name to William Desmond Taylor;[1] by December 1912, he was in Hollywood. He worked successfully as an actor—whose career included four appearances opposite Margaret "Gibby" Gibson—before making his first film as a director, The Awakening (1914). Over the next few years, he directed more than 50 films.

At some point around 1915, contact was made between Taylor and his former sister-in-law, Ada Brennan Deane-Tanner, wife of Taylor's younger brother Denis. Denis had abandoned Ada and their two surviving children in New York in 1912, shortly after which Ada and her daughters moved to Monrovia, California, where Ada could be treated at the Pottinger Sanitorium for tuberculosis. Ada's sister Lillian Pomeroy was married to the sanitorium's physician in charge, Dr. John L. Pomeroy.[8] Taylor decided to send Ada a monthly check in the amount of $50.00 to help her support her children, after her husband's abandonment.[9] This would become public after Taylor's murder, and the press descended upon the little town of Monrovia.

In July 1918, towards the end of World War I, Taylor enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force as a private, at the age of 46. After training for four and a half months at Fort Edward, Nova Scotia, Taylor sailed from Halifax on a troop transport carrying 500 Canadian soldiers.[10] They arrived at Hounslow Barracks, London on 2 December 1918.[10]

Taylor was ultimately assigned to the Royal Army Service Corps of the Expeditionary Forces Canteen Service, stationed at Dunkirk, and promoted to the temporary grade of lieutenant on 15 January 1919.[11][12] At the end of April 1919, Taylor reached his final billet at Berguet, France, as Major Taylor, Company D, Royal Fusiliers.[13] Upon returning to Los Angeles on 14 May 1919, Taylor was honoured by the Motion Picture Directors Association with a formal banquet at the Los Angeles Athletic Club.[13]

After returning from military service, Taylor also went on to direct some of the most popular stars of the era including Mary Pickford, Wallace Reid, Dustin Farnum and his protégée, Mary Miles Minter, who starred in the 1919 version of Anne of Green Gables.

Between 1914 and 1919, Taylor was engaged to actress Neva Gerber, whom he had met during the filming of The Awakening. Gerber later recalled, "He was the soul of honour, a man of personal culture, education, and refinement. I have never known a finer or better man."[14] By this time, Taylor's ex-wife and daughter were aware that he was working in Hollywood. In 1918, while watching the film Captain Alvarez, they saw Taylor appear on the screen. Ethel responded, "That's your father!" In response, Ethel Daisy wrote Taylor in care of the studio. In 1921, Taylor visited his ex-wife and daughter in New York City and made Ethel Daisy his legal heir.[15]

Murder

At 7:30 am on the morning of 2 February 1922,[16] Taylor's body was found inside his bungalow at the Alvarado Court Apartments,[16] 404-B South Alvarado Street,[17] in Westlake, Los Angeles, a trendy and affluent neighbourhood. A crowd gathered inside, and someone identifying himself as a doctor stepped forward, made a cursory examination of the body, and declared Taylor had died of a stomach haemorrhage. The doctor was never seen again, perhaps owing to his own embarrassment, because when doubts later arose, the body was rolled over by forensic investigators revealing the 49-year-old film director had been shot at least once in the back with what appeared to have been a small-caliber pistol, which was not found at the scene.

Funeral

Taylor's funeral took place on February 7, 1922, in St. Paul's Pro-Cathedral. After an Episcopal ceremony, Taylor was interred in a mausoleum at Hollywood Forever Cemetery ("Hollywood Cemetery") on Santa Monica Boulevard, in Hollywood.[18] The inscription on his crypt reads, "In Memory of William C. Deane-Tanner, Beloved Father of Ethel Deane-Tanner. Died 1 February 1922."[19]

Investigation

In Taylor's pockets, investigators found a wallet holding $78 in cash, a silver cigarette case, a Waltham pocket watch, a pen knife, and a locket bearing a photograph of actress Mabel Normand.[20] A two-carat diamond ring was on his finger.[21] With the evidence of the money and valuables on Taylor's body, it seemed apparent that a robbery was not the motive for the killing; however, a large but undetermined sum of cash that Taylor had shown to his accountant the day before was missing and apparently never accounted for. After some investigation, the time of Taylor's death was set at 7:50 p.m. on the evening of 1 February 1922.[17]

While being interviewed by the police five days after the director's body was found, Mary Miles Minter said that following the murder a friend, director and actor Marshall Neilan, told her Taylor had made several highly "delusional" statements about some of his social acquaintances (including her) during the weeks before his death. She also said Neilan thought Taylor had recently become "insane".[22]

In the midst of a media circus caused by the case, Los Angeles Undersheriff Eugene Biscailuz warned Chicago Tribune reporter Eddie Doherty, "The industry has been hurt. Stars have been ruined. Stockholders have lost millions of dollars. A lot of people are out of jobs and incensed enough to take a shot at you."[23]

According to Robert Giroux, "The studios seemed to be fearful that if certain aspects of the case were exposed, it would exacerbate their problems." King Vidor said of the case in 1968: "Last year I interviewed a Los Angeles police detective, now retired, who had been assigned to the case immediately after the murder. He told me, 'We were doing all right and then, before a week was out, we got the word to lay off.'"[23]

Suspects and witnesses

More than a dozen individuals were eventually named as suspects by both the press and the police. Newspaper reports at the time were both overwhelmingly sensationalised and speculative, even fabricated, and the murder was used as the basis for much subsequent "true crime" fiction. Many inaccuracies were carried forward by later writers who used articles from the popular press as their sources. Overall, most accounts have consistently focused on seven people as suspects and witnesses.

Edward Sands

Edward F. Sands had prior convictions for embezzlement, forgery, and serial desertion from the US military. Born in Ohio, he had multiple aliases and spoke with an affected cockney accent. He had worked as Taylor's valet and cook up until seven months before the murder. While Taylor was in Europe the summer before, Sands had forged Taylor's name on checks and wrecked his car. Later, Sands burgled Taylor's bungalow, leaving footprints on the film director's bed. Following the murder, Sands was never heard from again.[24]

Henry Peavey

Henry Peavey

Henry Peavey, who replaced Sands as valet, found Taylor’s body. Newspapers noted that Peavey wore flashy golf costumes but did not own any golf clubs. Moreover, Peavey had a criminal record; three days before Taylor's murder, Peavey had been arrested for "social vagrancy" and charged with being "lewd and dissolute".[25]

According to Robert Giroux,

"Even though the police decided, after severe questioning, that Peavey was not the murderer, the Hollywood correspondent of the New York Daily News, Florabel Muir, came to a private conclusion that Peavey was the murderer. In that era of ingenious women reporters, Muir thought she could engineer a scoop by tricking Peavey into a confession. She knew (from the movies) that blacks were deathly afraid of ghosts. With the help of two confederates, Frank Carson and Al Weinshank, she offered Peavey ten dollars if he would identify Taylor's grave in the Hollywood Park Cemetery (which she had already visited).[26] Weinshank had gone on ahead with a white sheet, and Muir and Carson drove Peavey to the site. Weinshank, who came from a tough section of Chicago, spoke with the accents of a hoodlum. When he loomed up in the sheet and cried out, "I am the ghost of William Desmond Taylor. You murdered me. Confess, Peavey!" Henry laughed out loud. Then he cursed them roundly. Unfortunately for Muir, she was unaware that Taylor had a distinctive British accent. Weinshank, as Muir revealed in her memoirs, not only spoke like a hoodlum but was one of the Chicago mobsters who were later gunned down in the infamous St. Valentine's Day Massacre."[26]

In 1931, Peavey died in a San Francisco asylum where he had been hospitalised for syphilis-related dementia.[27]

Mabel Normand

Mabel Normand

Mabel Normand was a popular comedic actress and frequent costar with Charlie Chaplin and Roscoe Arbuckle. According to author Robert Giroux, Taylor was deeply in love with Normand, who had originally approached him for help in curing her cocaine dependency. Based upon Normand's subsequent statements to investigators, her repeated relapses were devastating for Taylor. According to Giroux, Taylor met with federal prosecutors shortly before his death and offered to assist them in filing charges against Normand's cocaine suppliers. Giroux expresses a belief that Normand's suppliers learned of this meeting and hired a contract killer to assassinate the director. According to Giroux, Normand suspected the reasons for her lover's murder but did not know the identity of the triggerman.[28]

On the night of his murder, Normand left Taylor's bungalow at 7:45 pm in a happy mood, carrying a book he had lent her. They blew kisses to each other as her limousine drove away. Normand was the last person known to have seen Taylor alive, and the Los Angeles Police Department subjected her to a grueling interrogation but ruled her out as a suspect.[29] Most subsequent writers have done the same. However, Normand's career had already slowed, and her reputation was tarnished by revelations of her addiction, which was seen as a moral failing. According to George Hopkins, who sat next to her at Taylor's funeral, Normand wept inconsolably throughout the ceremony.[30]

Ultimately, Normand continued to make films throughout the 1920s. She died of tuberculosis on 23 February 1930. According to her friend and confidante Julia Brew, Normand asked her a few days before she died: "Julia, do you think they'll ever find out who killed Bill Taylor?"[19]

Faith Cole MacLean

Faith Cole MacLean and her husband, actor Douglas MacLean, were Taylor's neighbors, and Faith is widely believed to have seen Taylor's killer. The couple was startled by a loud noise at 8 pm. MacLean went to her front door and saw someone emerging from the front door of Taylor’s home whom she said was dressed, "like my idea of a motion picture burglar". She recalled this person paused for a moment before turning and walking back through the door, as if having forgotten something, then re-emerged and flashed a smile at her before disappearing between the buildings. MacLean decided she had heard a car back-fire. She also told police interviewers this person looked "funny" (like movie actors in makeup) and may have been a woman disguised as a man.

Charles Eyton

Charles Eyton was the General Manager of Paramount Pictures. Several sources claimed that in the hours following Taylor's murder, Eyton entered Taylor's bungalow with a group of Paramount employees and removed compromising items, either before police arrived or with their permission.

Mary Miles Minter

Mary Miles Minter

Mary Miles Minter was a former child star and teen screen idol, whose career had been guided by Taylor. Minter, who had grown up without a father, was only three years older than the daughter Taylor had abandoned in New York. Love letters from Minter were found in Taylor’s bungalow. Based upon these, the reporters alleged that a sexual relationship between the 49-year-old Taylor and 19-year-old Minter had started when she was 17. Robert Giroux and King Vidor, however, dispute this allegation. Citing Minter's own statements, both believed that her love for Taylor was unrequited. Taylor had often declined to see Minter and had described himself as too old for her.

However, facsimiles of Minter's passionate letters to Taylor were printed in newspapers, forever shattering her screen image as a modest and wholesome young girl. Minter was vilified in the press. She made four more films for Paramount, and when the studio failed to renew her contract, she received offers from many other producers. Never comfortable as an actress, Minter declined them all. In 1957, she married Brandon O. Hildebrandt, a wealthy Danish-American businessman.[31] She died in wealthy obscurity in Santa Monica, California, on 4 August 1984.

Charlotte Shelby

Charlotte Shelby

Charlotte Shelby was Minter’s mother. Like many stage mothers before and since, she has been described as manipulative, and consumed by wanton greed over her daughter's career. Minter and her mother were bitterly divided by financial disputes and lawsuits for a time, but they later reconciled. Shelby's initial statements to police about the murder are still characterised as evasive and "obviously filled with lies" about both her daughter's relationship with Taylor and "other matters".[32]

Perhaps the most compelling bit of circumstantial evidence was that Shelby allegedly owned a rare .38 calibre pistol and unusual bullets very similar to the kind which killed Taylor. After this later became public, she reportedly threw the pistol into a Louisiana bayou. Shelby knew the Los Angeles district attorney socially and spent years outside the United States, in an effort to avoid official inquiries by his successor and press coverage related to the murder. In 1938, her other daughter, actress Margaret Shelby (who was by then suffering from both clinical depression and alcoholism), openly accused her mother of the murder during an argument. Shelby was widely suspected of the crime and was a favourite suspect of many writers. For example, Adela Rogers St. Johns speculated Shelby was torn by feelings of maternal protection for her daughter and her own attraction to Taylor. Although (like Edward Sands) Shelby feared being tried for the murder, at least two Los Angeles county district attorneys publicly declined to prosecute her.[16][33] Almost twenty years after the murder, Los Angeles district attorney Buron Fitts concluded there was not any evidence for an indictment of Shelby and recommended that the remaining evidence and case files be retained on a permanent basis (all of these materials subsequently disappeared). Shelby died in 1957. Fitts, in ill-health, committed suicide in 1973.

"Blackie" Madsen (Ross Sheridan)

In Tinseltown: Murder, Morphine, and Madness at the Dawn of Hollywood (2014), author William J. Mann has identified career criminal "Blackie" Madsen (real name Ross Sheridan) as the killer.[34] Mann hypothesizes that Taylor was being blackmailed by Madsen associate Don Osborn and provided with information by Margaret Gibson.

Margaret Gibson's 1964 confession

Margaret Gibson

Margaret Gibson was a film actress who worked with Taylor when he first came to Hollywood. In 1917, she was indicted, tried, and acquitted on charges equivalent to prostitution (there were also allegations of opium dealing), and she changed her professional name to Patricia Palmer. In 1923, Gibson was arrested and jailed on extortion charges which were later dropped. Gibson was 27 years old and in Los Angeles at the time of the murder. No record of her name was ever mentioned in connection with the investigation. Soon after the murder, she got work in a number of films produced by Famous Players-Lasky, Taylor's studio at the time of his death.

One of these films was among the last made by Mary Miles Minter. Gibson (in her words) "fled" the United States to the Far East in 1934, where she married Elbert Lewis, who worked for Socony (later Mobil Oil). However, she returned to Los Angeles in 1940, for medical reasons. Her husband died in a March 1942 Japanese attack on the Socony oil refinery at Penang, Straits Settlements (now Malaysia) during World War II. Lewis left Gibson a small pension, which she lived on until her death in 1964. In 1999, the widely cited newsletter Taylorology published an account that on 21 October 1964, while living in the Hollywood Hills under the name Pat Lewis, Gibson suffered a heart attack. As a recently converted Roman Catholic, she confessed, before dying, that she "shot and killed William Desmond Taylor", along with several other things the witness didn't understand and could not remember more than 30 years later.[35] The witness to her confession later repeated his recollection in a televised documentary.[36]

Taylorology

From 1993 to 2000, Bruce Long, a staff member at Arizona State University (later retired), transcribed several hundred newspaper and magazine articles from the 1910s and 1920s relating to Taylor, his murder, the suspects, many of Taylor's contemporaries, and their links to Taylor. The compiled result is a journal called Taylorology, which contains over 1,000 pages of text and has been noted as a significant archive of primary and secondary source material relating both to Taylor's murder and the early Los Angeles film colony.

Lack of evidence

Through a combination of poor crime scene management and apparent corruption, much physical evidence was immediately lost, and the rest vanished over the years (although copies of a few documents from the police files were made public in 2007).[37] Various theories were put forward after the murder and in the years since, and many books were published, claiming to have identified the murderer, but no hard evidence was ever uncovered to link the crime to a particular individual. Given Margaret Gibson's thoroughly documented background, the report of her dying confession attracted the attention of film historians,[2][38][39][40] but aside from circumstantial evidence, no independent confirmation has emerged.[41]

Aftermath

A spate of newspaper-driven Hollywood scandals during the early 1920s included Taylor's murder, the Roscoe Arbuckle trial, the death of Olive Thomas, the mysterious death of Thomas H. Ince, and the drug-related deaths of Wallace Reid, Barbara La Marr, and Jeanne Eagels, which prompted Hollywood studios to begin writing contracts with "morality clauses" or "moral turpitude clauses", allowing the dismissal of contractees who breached them.[42][43]

Poster for How Could You Jean? starring Mary Pickford (1918)

Career as director

Taylor directed more than 60 films. The notable among these include:

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 USC-Lib-WDTaylor "The Unsolved Murder of William Desmond Taylor", usc.edu, 2 July 2000; accessed 21 July 2014.
  2. 1 2 Taylorology (newsheet), September 2003; retrieved 6 January 2008.
  3. ↑ Taylorology (newsheet) Issue 4, April 1993; retrieved 12 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 Higham, Charles (2006). Murder in Hollywood: Solving a Silent Screen Mystery. Terrace Books. pp. 26, 33, 34. ISBN 0-299-20364-6.
  5. ↑ "Interviews with Taylor's Ex-Wife". Taylorology (45). September 1996.
  6. 1 2 "Slain Movie Man Had Career Here; Deserted His Wife" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 February 1922. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  7. ↑ Taylorology-45 Taylorology (newsheet) Issue 45, September 1996.
  8. ↑ The Southern California Practitioner, Stoll & Thayer (1912), pp. 42, 249, 380.
  9. ↑ Taylorology (newsheet), Issue 50; accessed 21 August 2014.
  10. 1 2 Giroux (1990), p. 105.
  11. ↑ Taylorology, Issue 40, April 1996; retrieved 22 February 2008
  12. ↑ Supplement to the London Gazette, 27 January 1919, p. 1333; retrieved 23 February 2008. The published note reads, "Canteens.—William Desmond Taylor to be •temp. Lt. (without pay or allowances). 15 Jan. 1919."
  13. 1 2 Giroux (1990), page 107.
  14. ↑ Giroux (1990), page 82.
  15. ↑ Taylorology (newsheet), Issue 45 (public.asu.edu), September 1996; retrieved 13 February 2008
  16. 1 2 3 TheMinx-WDTaylor "Crime & Passion" (on William Desmond Taylor). Minx, The Magazine Volume Two. Issue Two. (Minx), Neal Patterson, 1998–99.
  17. 1 2 William Desmond Taylor entry, Internet Accuracy Project (accuracyproject.org); accessed 21 August 2014.
  18. ↑ "Impressive Scenes as Director's Body Is Laid at Rest," Los Angeles Times, February 8, 1922, page II-1
  19. 1 2 Giroux (1990), p. 239.
  20. ↑ Giroux (1990), page 15.
  21. ↑ "Shot in the Back." Crime Library, Courtroom Television Network, LLC, 2005.
  22. ↑ "Statement of Mary Miles Minter." (LAPD) 7 February 1922; retrieved 28 August 2007.
  23. 1 2 Giroux (1990), page 180.
  24. ↑ "Badly Wanted". Time. 29 August 1929. Retrieved 21 July 2007. Edward F. Sands, 34, 5 ft 5 in., for the murder of William Desmond Taylor, cinema director, whose butler he was. Questioned in this case were Cinemactresses Mabel Normand, last to see Taylor alive, and Mary Miles Minter whose lingerie and love letters were found in the Taylor apartment.
  25. ↑ "Valet in Court on Vagrancy Charge", Los Angeles Record (February 3, 1922), reprinted in Taylorology, p 60.
  26. 1 2 Giroux (1990), page 131.
  27. ↑ "Film Star Faints at Taylor's Funeral.". New York Times. 28 February 1922. Los Angeles; 7 February 1922. Sweeping the police aside crowds stormed the doors of St. Paul's Pro-Cathedral today in an effort to force an entrance when the funeral services were being held for William Desmond Taylor.
  28. ↑ Robert Giroux, A Deed of Death: The Story Behind the Unsolved Murder of Hollywood Director William Desmond Taylor, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1990.
  29. ↑ "Press Film Star For Taylor Clew". New York Times. 7 February 1922. A motion picture actress was subjected to what the police termed a "long and grueling" examination at her home here tonight in an attempt to obtain a clew to the murderer of William Desmond Taylor.
  30. ↑ Giroux (1990), page 236.
  31. ↑ Giroux (1990), pp. 159–160.
  32. ↑ Taylorology-97 Taylorology. (newsheet), Issue 97, Editor: Bruce Long, 2007 (after 7 year hiatus)
  33. ↑ In 1967, director King Vidor privately speculated that while Taylor escorted Mabel Normand to her car, Shelby entered the bungalow through the open front door, found her daughter Mary Miles Minter hiding inside (supposedly explaining a nightgown found by police which, despite sensationalized reports in the Hearst press, was never linked to Minter), and shot Taylor within an hour of his return. Biographer Sidney D. Kirkpatrick claimed in his book Cast of Killers (1986) that Vidor had solved the crime, asserting the director had not published his conclusions in order to protect people who were still living. Taylorology subsequently listed over 100 factual errors in Cast of Killers and strongly disputes Vidor's speculation on the murder, but credits the book with renewing public interest in the topic.
  34. ↑ William J. Mann, Tinseltown: Murder, Morphine, and Madness at the Dawn of Hollywood (HarperCollins, 2014)
  35. ↑ Taylorology-84 Taylorology, public.asu.edu, Issue 84, Editor: Bruce Long, December 1999.
  36. ↑ Jackson, Dan (Producer) (2000). Perfect Crimes? DVD Set 1 - William Desmond Taylor episode (DVD). The History Channel.
  37. ↑ Taylorology 97 "Excerpts of Statements of Witnesses In Re William Desmond Taylor Murder 1922 – 1936", "Statement of Miss Mary Miles Minter in the Office of the District Attorney 7 February 1922"
  38. ↑ "William Desmond Taylor.", Classic Hollywood Bios; retrieved 6 January 2008
  39. ↑ Taylorology 84. (also 85), December 1999, retrieved 6 January 2008
  40. ↑ Thomas, Kevin, "The Screening Room", Los Angeles Times, 20 April 2000
  41. ↑ "Just the Facts, the William Desmond Taylor Murder"; retrieved 8 January 2008.
  42. ↑ Menefee, David W. (2004). The First Female Stars: Women of the Silent Era. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 132. ISBN 0-275-98259-9.
  43. ↑ Vogel, Michelle (2007). Olive Thomas: The Life and Death of a Silent Film Beauty. McFarland. p. 6. ISBN 0-7864-2908-9.
  44. ↑ Petro, Patrice (2010). Idols of Modernity: Movie Stars of the 1920s. Rutgers University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-813-54732-6.
  45. ↑ Lyons, Arthur (2000). Death on the Cheap: The Lost B Movies of Film Noir!. Da Capo Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-306-80996-5.
  46. ↑ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (1990-01-18). "Vidal's Remaking of the American Myth". nytimes.com. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  47. ↑ "Mack & Mabel". playbillvault.com. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

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