William Lax

William Lax

Cover of Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid
Born 1761
Ravensworth, North Riding of Yorkshire, England
Died 29 October 1836
St Ippolyts, Hertfordshire
Citizenship British
Nationality English
Fields Astronomy, mathematics
Institutions University of Cambridge
Board of Longitude
Fellow of the Royal Society
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Known for Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid
Tables to be Used with the Nautical Almanac
Notable awards Smith's Prize
Notes
His daughter Margaret married Andrew Amos.

William Lax FRS (1761 – 29 October 1836) was an English astronomer and mathematician who served as Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry at the University of Cambridge for 41 years.

Lax was born in Ravensworth in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He attended Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated Bachelor of Arts as the Senior Wrangler and first Smith's Prizeman of his year. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College, ordained as a minister, and received his Master of Arts. Lax was granted the livings of vicar of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and of St Ippolyts near Hitchin, Hertfordshire, where he erected an observatory.

Lax was best known for his Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid (1807) and his work regarding the Nautical Almanac, which was an important reference for navigation in the period. An obituary claimed that "To whatever Professor Lax applied, he made himself completely master of it". His daughter married Andrew Amos and through that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos, a notable legal dynasty.

Early life

The former grammar school at Kirby Hill.

Lax was born in the village of Ravensworth, near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, the son of William (1731 – 19 August 1812) also born in Ravensworth, and Hannah Lax (1738 – 10 June 1811).[1] He was christened on 27 October 1761 in Burneston. He was educated at the Kirby Ravensworth Free Grammar School, where he learned Latin (in which he became fluent) and Greek as well as English language, arithmetic and mathematics.[1][2] Although the school was subsidised by a charitable trust, "Free" in the context of the school's name meant free from all authority save for the Crown.

Lax was admitted as a sizar to Trinity College, Cambridge University on 22 November 1780 at the age of 19. Trinity was at the time the richest college at Cambridge.[3] Sizars were students who were not of the gentlemanly class, who were charged lower fees and obtained free food and/or lodging and other assistance during their period of study in exchange for performing work at their colleges.[4] By the eighteenth century, sizars were fully integrated members of the community, who were as likely to be employed by Fellow commoners as companions rather than servants.[4] They were expected to wait at table (as were pensioners and scholars), but by the eighteenth century they had their own gyps (servants) and bedmakers.[4]

Lax matriculated in the Michaelmas term of 1781 and became a private tutor to John Pond, later Astronomer Royal.[5][6] Lax was elected a scholar (i.e. one on a scholarship) of Trinity in 1784; John Cranke and Henry Therond were his tutors, a role which would have seen them not only teaching Lax, but also acting in the role of in loco parentis.[7] Lax was conferred a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1785 and graduated as the Senior Wrangler and was awarded the first Smith's Prize of his year.[1] Until 1790, all examinations at Trinity were written in Latin.[8]

Career

Early career

In 1785 Lax was appointed curate of Tideswell in the Peak District of Derbyshire with an annual stipend of £35.[9] In 1786, as was essentially the due of Senior Wranglers, he was elected a fellow of Trinity College.[10] According to Peter Linehan, fellows at this time, "were becoming richer, living and behaving more like gentlemen".[3] He was ordained as a minister in 1787 at Peterborough and received his Master of Arts (M.A.) in 1788.[11] He was a moderator from 1789 to 1791 which entailed him presiding over oral examinations which were then necessary for the B.A. to be awarded. As a moderator Lax was responsible for the introduction of "very high flown compliments, and at the same time extending the disputations to double the usual length, which was around one hour and ten minutes" which "sent a ripple through tradition" according to Greg Dening.[12][13] Dening argues that this was, "Lax's way of getting into the act and making Acts flourish".[13] In 1791 he was appointed as a taxor by the University.[14] Lax was an assistant tutor from 1797 until 1801, but resigned when he married Margaret Cradock, as College fellows were not permitted to marry.[7][15]

Lowndean Chair

Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge.

In 1795 Lax was appointed Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in succession to John Smith. The position was a sinecure with an annual salary initially of around £300, later rising to around £500 per annum by 1821.[16][17] Cambridge had two astronomical chairs, and the Lowndean was seen as the more theoretical and less experimental of the two. During Lax's tenure a mathematical chair was seen as "a prize or a means of securing leisure, and at best, merely as offering a position where a man could pursue his own researches undisturbed by other duties".[18] In 1816 Lax was described as holding the professorship with "great reputation".[19] The sole duty of Lax's professorship was that he was required to examine students annually for the Smith's Prize, including John Herschel, Adam Sedgwick, George Biddell Airy and William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire.[20][21]

During Lax's time at Cambridge: "the mathematicians were in the saddle, and it would be difficult to dispute the judgement that they controlled Cambridge studies almost as completely as the logicians had done in the Middle Ages."[22] In early nineteenth century Cambridge "the discipline of mathematics was at the very heart".[23] Newtonian mathematics teaching as exemplified by "Cambridge traditionalists" such as Lax and his generation began to wane as the Georgian era drew to a close.[24] In 1817 George Peacock successfully introduced the new French mathematics (such as Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph Louis Lagrange) into the Senate House Examinations. Peacock reported to Herschel, "The introduction of d's into the papers excited much remark. Wood, Vince, Lax & Milner were very angry & threatened to protest against [the infiltration of] French mathematics."[25] For the traditionalists the struggle was more than one of intellectual difference as for them, "Newton's rational mechanics, fluxions, and experimental philosophy were an excellent antidote against materialism and atheism."[26] However, from 1816 to 1824 Lax continued to sit on the Peacock-led board that established Cambridge Observatory.[27]

Lax did encounter some criticism during his tenure. Whilst at the university he "never, as far as is known, delivered a single lecture", despite his chair's bequest that the holder deliver forty lectures each year, although his predecessor had not given any lectures either.[28][29] The excuse was made that there was already an astronomical chair at Cambridge established before the Lowndean that already gave lectures.[16] By the 1820s it was no longer acceptable to consider chairs as sinecures, and Lax received criticism from a living descendent of the original benefactor, Thomas Lowndes, for being remiss in his duties.[16] His successor to the Lowndean chair George Peacock promised "to do his duty in a less lax manner than his predecessor", and although he struggled to get anyone to attend his lectures on pure mathematics, his lectures on practical astronomy were well attended.[24] However, Peacock's translation as Dean of Ely three years later meant that he was largely absent from his chair, which he was severely criticised for retaining.[30][31]

Fellow of the Royal Society

Somerset House in 1836, where the Royal Society met in Lax's time.

Lax was admitted a Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 April 1796. He was nominated by the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne, Anthony Shepherd, Richard Farmer and William Wales.[32] However, due to an enmity of the President Joseph Banks, friends of Charles Hutton and Maskelyne, such as Lax, Samuel Vince and Thomas Mudge, frequently saw their submissions for publications overlooked.[33] If any of them submitted papers to the Society:

they had the honour of having them carefully lodged in the archives of the Society, where the world in general, or even the members of the Society, would derive no more benefit from them than if they were deposited at the centre of the earth.[34]

Lax delivered two papers to the Royal Society which were published in Philosophical Transactions. In 1799 he delivered A Method of finding the Latitude of a place, by Means of two Altitudes of the Sun and the Time elapsed betwixt the Observations, described as containing "several valuable remarks", but criticised as "a subject of no great importance" by the Philosophical Magazine.[35][36] In his 1809 work On A Method of Examining the Divisions of Astronomical Instruments Lax wrote that no instrument was to be trusted without "previous examination".[37] This argument had an influence on scientists such as Henry Cavendish and was described as an "ingenious...examination" in the Edinburgh Encyclopedia.[38][39] However the method described by Lax "though very ingenious, requires great labour and time, and is inferior in accuracy and efficiency to that which was adopted by Mr. Troughton for tabulating the errors of the primary divisions of circular instruments."[36] It was also criticised for "greatly resembl[ing]" a method first explicated by the Duke of Chaulnes.[40] In 1807 Lax delivered Remarks on a Supposed Error in the Elements of Euclid to the Royal Society, however it was not published in Philosophical Transactions, but was eventually published independently. In it Lax defended the Greek mathematician against a charge levied at him by Georges-Louis Le Sage in 1756. Lax's defence was applauded by the British Critic as 'perfectly sound'.[41] Lax also espoused the worth of Euclid's Elements in the work, which he considered to reflect "the highest honour upon the human intellect".[42]

Board of Longitude

Lax was elected to the Board of Longitude after he was nominated to the Lowndean chair in 1795, and remained on the board until it was dissolved in 1828.[43][44] The Board was a governmental body charged with administering a scheme of prizes intended to encourage innovators to solve the problem of finding longitude at sea, which was vital for accurate navigation. Lax published a set of tables for use with the Nautical Almanac for finding latitude and longitude; these were published by the Board of Longitude in 1821, and whilst they were not considered to be of much practical use for seamen, they were described by The Nautical Magazine as a "very meritorious attempt to solve the problems of nautical astronomy by one uniform system."[45][46] In 1821, the Board awarded Lax £1050 for his tables, which were intended to replace Nevil Maskelyne's Requisite Tables.[47] However, the extraordinarily accurate chronometers of John Harrison were generally available from the 1820s onwards, rendering the lunar distance method, which Lax had used to create the tables, immaterial. Meanwhile, Edward Sabine criticised errors in Lax's work.[48]

As a scientific member of the Board, Lax was one of eighteen men who were, according to Edmund Dews, "ultimately responsible for the form and contents of the Nautical Almanac. It would have been difficult in these years to select another group equally eminent in their field."[49] Lax was notable for his strong attendance record at the quarterly meetings, not missing a single meeting between 1822 – 25, a record equalled by only three other members, although non-attendance of meetings would have resulted in his not being paid his annual salary of £100.[49] In 1828 Lax appended An easy method of correcting the lunar distance, on account of the spheroidal figure of the earth to the Nautical Almanac. After the Board was dissolved in 1828 Lax unsuccessfully attempted to convince George Biddell Airy to aid in a campaign for its restoration.[50] In 1834 a new edition of his nautical tables was published posthumously.[1] Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor later concluded that all of Lax's works were "of value to the art of navigation".[51]

Personal life

St Ippolyts Church

On 28 February 1801 Lax was granted the livings as vicar of Marsworth, Buckinghamshire and squarson of Great Wymondley with St Ippolyts near Hitchin, Hertfordshire "after some years of teaching work".[52] He lived at St Ippolyts where he erected a private observatory which he had transported from Cambridge and had originally belonged to Isaac Newton.[1][53] Charles Hutton's 1815 list of England's 20 most notable private observatories (excluding the KIng's private observatory) included Professor Lax's.[54][55] Lax spent the last thirty years of his life occupied with "studies and pursuits connected with the advancement of astronomy."[56]

When he arrived at St Ippolyts Lax had trees planted in the vicarage grounds in the form of his initials "W L".[57] That same year he created a park opposite to the vicarage similar to The Backs of Cambridge, built a replica of Trinity College Bridge, dammed the stream and opened springs to form a lake which was used for ice skating in the winter.[57] In September 1801 he married Margaret Cradock (11 June 1776 – 20 January 1854) at the church in Gilling West in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Margaret was the eldest daughter of Sheldon Cradock of Hartforth who was the lord of the manor of Lax's home village of Ravensworth.[58][59][60] Lax was a proposer of Robert Woodhouse, Henry Coddington, Herbert Marsh and John Bell for Royal Society fellowship, the latter being one of Lax's closest friends, and he was a keen supporter of George Biddell Airy throughout Airy's career.[5][5][61][62][63][64] Lax was a chief supporter of the Whig John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly's parliamentary bid.[65] In 1824 Lax purchased a coat of arms for himself.[66]

His brother Thomas Lax (1770 – 1 Apr 1851) lived in Ravensworth. He was a gentleman farmer who became a record holding breeder of shorthorn cattle and at one point was credited with the best shorthorn herd in the country. He was "unquestionably a great breeder".[67] He also acted as Chief Constable of the wapentake of Gilling West. The Kirkby Ravensworth parish church has a memorial dedicated to Thomas Lax, as well as a memorial dedicated to the mother of the two brothers.

Death

On 1 December 1834, Lax reported that he had been "of late in a very weak state of health".[68] He died "suddenly" on 28 October 1836 at his home in St Ippolyts.[69] His obituary in The Gentleman's Magazine reported that "his constitution was broken in early life [which] made his last years a period of weakness and suffering, so that his physical strength was unequal to the workings of his active mind. To whatever Professor Lax applied, he made himself completely master of it...[a] most excellent and amiable man."[70] He left behind a widow and two daughters, the eldest Margaret and the younger Marian or Marianne (died 21 June 1873).[71][72] In 1826 Margaret was married to Andrew Amos at St Ippolyts Church, and via that line Lax is the grandfather of Sheldon Amos and the great grandfather of Maurice Amos.[73]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 A. M. Clerke, ‘Lax, William (1761–1836)’, rev. Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 30 April 2012
  2. ↑ "In The Matter Of The Kirby Ravensworth Free Grammar School". Vice-Chancellors' Courts, Saturday, 27 May. The Times (18308). London. 29 May 1843. col F, p. 7.
  3. 1 2 Linehan, Peter (21 April 2011). St John's College Cambridge: A History. Boydell Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-84383-608-7. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 Linehan, Peter (21 April 2011). St John's College Cambridge: A History. Boydell Press. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-1-84383-608-7. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 "The Royal Society. Address of His Royal Highness the President (pp. 141–154)". The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. LX: 146. 1837.
  6. ↑ Royal Astronomical Society (1839). Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 4–6. Priestley and Weale. p. 33. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  7. 1 2 Admissions to Trinity College, Cambridge Edited by W. W. Rouse Ball and J. A. Venn, accessed 8 May 2012
  8. ↑ Linehan, Peter (21 April 2011). St John's College Cambridge: A History. Boydell Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-84383-608-7. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  9. ↑ "LRO, B/A/1/24 (Episcopal Register 1777-85)". Episcopal Register. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  10. ↑ A Cambridge Alumni Database, Cambridge University Library, accessed 8 May 2012
  11. ↑ Country News.. The Times (London, England), Monday, 17 Mar 1788; pg. 3
  12. ↑ Winstanley, Denys Arthur (2009). Unreformed Cambridge: A Study of Certain Aspects of the University in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 350. ISBN 9781108002295.
  13. 1 2 Greg Dening (1 October 1995). The Death of William Gooch. Melbourne University Publish. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-522-84692-8. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  14. ↑ "News." St. James's Chronicle or the British Evening Post [London, England] 13 Oct. 1791 – 15 Oct. 1791: n.p. 17th and 18th Century Burney Collection. Web. 21 January 2013.
  15. ↑ John M. F. Wright (1827). Alma Mater or Seven Years at the University of Cambridge: in Two Volumes. Black, Young and Young. p. 169. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 Thos. Lowndes. (3 May 1821). "To Mr. Brougham, and the gentlemen for the committee for investigating abuses in public charity schools, &c.". The Morning Post (London, England).
  17. ↑ John M. F. Wright (1827). Alma Mater or Seven Years at the University of Cambridge: in Two Volumes. Black, Young and Young. p. 170. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  18. ↑ Walter William Rouse Ball (1908). "Chapters 311-323". A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. Courier Dover Publications. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-486-20630-1. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  19. ↑ John Watkins; Frederic Shoberl (1816). A biographical dictionary of the living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland: comparising literary memoirs and anecdotes of their lives; and a chronological register of their publications, with the number of editions printed; including notices of some foreign writers whose works have been occasionally published in England. Colburn. p. 199. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  20. ↑ George Biddell Airy; Wilfred Airy (24 June 2010). Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-108-00894-5. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  21. ↑ Babbage, Charles (1864). Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. Longman. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  22. ↑ J. P. C. Roach (1959). "The University of Cambridge - The age of Newton and Bentley (1660-1800)". Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  23. ↑ Martha McMackin Garland (13 November 1980). Cambridge Before Darwin: The Ideal of a Liberal Education, 1800-1860. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-521-23319-4. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  24. 1 2 Harvey W. Becher, ‘Peacock, George (1791–1858)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 accessed 25 December 2011
  25. ↑ Kevin C. Knox; Richard Noakes (6 November 2003). From Newton to Hawking: A History of Cambridge University's Lucasian Professors of Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-521-66310-6. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  26. ↑ Kevin C. Knox, ‘Milner, Isaac (1750–1820)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 December 2011
  27. ↑ Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge. 1. CUP Archive. p. 3. GGKEY:RA1CLPY8NJY. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  28. ↑ Martin Garrett (2004). Cambridge: A Cultural and Literary History. Signal Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902669-79-3. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  29. ↑ Walter William Rouse Ball (1889). A history of the study of mathematics at Cambridge. University Press. p. 105. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  30. ↑ Alex D. D. Craik (19 February 2008). Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84800-132-9. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  31. ↑ Doris Mary Cannell (2001). George Green: Mathematician & Physicist, 1793-1841 : the Background to His Life and Work. SIAM. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-89871-463-0. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  32. ↑ "William Lax EC/1796/05 GB 117". The Royal Society. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  33. ↑ John Gascoigne (18 December 2003). Joseph Banks and the English Enlightenment: Useful Knowledge and Polite Culture. Cambridge University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-521-54211-1. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  34. ↑ John White Webster; Daniel Treadwell; John Ware (1826). The Boston journal of philosophy and the arts. Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. p. 416. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  35. ↑ William Henry Overall (1870). The dictionary of chronology, or historical and statistical register. W. Tegg. p. 479. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  36. 1 2 "The Royal Society. Address of His Royal Highness the President (pp. 141–154)". London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. LX: 150. 1837.
  37. ↑ Lax, William (1809). "On A Method of Examining the Divisions of Astronomical Instruments". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The Royal Society. 99: 232–245. Bibcode:1809RSPT...99..232L. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0016. JSTOR 107263.
  38. ↑ Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish: The Experimental Life. Bucknell University Press,U.S. ISBN 978-0838754450.
  39. ↑ Brewster, David. The Edinburgh Encyclopædia. p. 834.
  40. ↑ Charles Tomlinson (1852). Cyclopædia of useful arts, mechanical and chemical, manufactures, mining, and engineering. G. Virtue. p. 795. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  41. ↑ The British critic. Printed for F. and C. Rivington. 1809. p. 303. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  42. ↑ William Lax (1807). Remarks on a supposed error in the Elements of Euclid. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  43. ↑ The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the Year ... order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 1800. p. 13. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
  44. ↑ Wood, Alexander (2011). Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773-1829. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0521263764.
  45. ↑ The Nautical magazine: a journal of papers on subjects connected with maritime affairs. Brown, Son and Ferguson. 1832. p. 256. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  46. ↑ "in pages 896–899 of Review of The Practice of Navigational and Nautical Astronomy by H. Raper". The Nautical Magazine. 9: 897. 1840.
  47. ↑ Papers of the Board of Longitude : Confirmed minutes of the Board of Longitude, 1802-1823 : 2:369
  48. ↑ Edward Sabine (1825). An account of experiments to determine the figure of the earth: by means of the pendulum vibrating seconds in different latitudes, as well as on various other subjects of philosophical inquiry. J. Murray. p. 398. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  49. 1 2 Wood, Alexander (2011). Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773-1829. Cambridge University Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-0521263764.
  50. ↑ George Biddell Airy; Wilfred Airy (24 June 2010). Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-108-00894-5. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  51. ↑ Eva Germaine Rimington Taylor; Institute of Navigation (1966). The mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England, 1714-1840. Cambridge U.P. for the Institute of Navigation. p. 316. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  52. ↑ "Lax, William (1761 – 1836)" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  53. ↑ Anderson, S. J. (1981). "The Reverend William Lax and a Supposed Observatory of Newton's (Letter to the editor)". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 92 (December). Bibcode:1981JBAA...92...42A.
  54. ↑ Hutton, Charles (1815). "English observatories (private)". A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary. vol. 2. p. 129.
  55. ↑ Evans, L. (1 July 1816). "letter of Mr. Evans on the Woolwich Observatory". The Monthly Magazine. 41 (285): 483–484. Evans pointed out 2 mistakes in Hutton's statements concerning private observatories.
  56. ↑ Royal Society (Great Britain) (1837). Proceedings of the Royal Society. The Society. p. 438. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  57. 1 2 Hertfordshire Federation of Women's Institutes. The Hertfordshire Village Book. Countryside Books. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  58. ↑ Dugdale, William. Dugdale's Visitation of Yorkshire, with additions. 3. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  59. ↑ "Marriages". The European Magazine, and London Review. Philological Society. 40: 238. September 1801.
  60. ↑ Books Group; General Books (March 2010). The Gentleman's Magazine. 71. General Books LLC. p. 859. ISBN 978-1-154-26102-8. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  61. ↑ "Woodhouse, Robert EC/1802/08". GB 117. The Royal Society. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  62. ↑ "Coddington, Henry EC/1829/07". GB 117. The Royal Society. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
  63. ↑ "Marsh, Herbert, Bishop of Peterborough EC/1800/13". GB 117. The Royal Society. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  64. ↑ George Biddell Airy; Wilfred Airy (24 June 2010). Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00894-5. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  65. ↑ Romilly's Cambridge Diary 1832-42. CUP Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:UL0P398HGG3. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  66. ↑ Berry, William (1828). Encyclopaedia heraldica or complete dictionary of heraldry. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 537. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  67. ↑ Sinclair, James (1907). History of Shorthorn cattle. p. 208. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  68. ↑ Tables to be used with the Nautical almanac for finding the latitude and longitude at sea, 1834. by Lax, William
  69. ↑ "Obituary". The Champion (No. 8). London: Richard Cobbett. 6 November 1836.
  70. ↑ The Gentleman's magazine. F. Jefferies. 1837. p. 656. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  71. ↑ "Marriages". The Spectator. 12: 329. 1839.
  72. ↑ "Cambridge". The Bury and Norwich Post, and Suffolk Herald (4749). 1 July 1873. p. 7.
  73. ↑ Thomas S. Legg, ‘Amos, Andrew (1791–1860)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 accessed 27 November 2011

Further reading

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