Wind hybrid power systems

A hybrid wind and solar power system

Wind hybrid power systems combines wind turbines with other storage and/or generation sources. One of the key issues with wind energy is its intermittent nature. This has led to numerous methods of storing energy.[1][2]

Wind-hydro system

A wind-hydro system generates electric energy combining wind turbines and pumped storage. The combination has been the subject of long-term discussion, and an experimental plant, which also tested wind turbines, was implemented by Nova Scotia Power at its Wreck Cove hydro electric power site in the late 1970s, but was decommissioned within ten years. Since, no other system has been implemented at a single location as of late 2010.[3]

Wind-hydro stations dedicate all, or a significant portion, of their wind power resources to pumping water into pumped storage reservoirs. These reservoirs are an implementation of grid energy storage.

Advantages

Wind and its generation potential is inherently variable. However, when this energy source is used to pump water into reservoirs at an elevation (the principle behind pumped storage), the potential energy of the water is relatively stable and can be used to generate electrical power by releasing it into a hydropower plant when needed.[4] The combination has been described as particularly suited to islands that are not connected to larger grids.[3]

Proposals

During the 1980s, an installation was proposed in the Netherlands.[5] The IJsselmeer would be used as the reservoir, with wind turbines located on its dike.[6] Feasibility studies have been conducted for installations on the island of Ramea (Newfoundland and Labrador) and on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation (South Dakota).[7][8]

An installation at Ikaria Island, Greece, had entered the construction phase as of 2010.[3]

The island of El Hierro is where the first world's first wind-hydro power station is expected to be complete.[9] Current TV called this "a blueprint for a sustainable future on planet Earth". It is designed to cover between 80-100% of the island's power and is set to be operational in 2012.[10]

Wind-hydrogen system

One method of storing wind energy is the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen is subsequently used to generate electricity during periods when demand can not be matched by wind alone. The energy in the stored hydrogen can be converted into electrical power through fuel cell technology or a combustion engine linked to an electrical generator.

Successfully storing hydrogen has many issues which need to be overcome, such as embrittlement of the materials used in the power system.

This technology is being developed in many countries and has even seen a recent IPO of an Australian firm called Wind Hydrogen that looks to commercialise this technology in both Australia and the UK.[11] Essentially Wind Hydrogen offers a source of domestic and vehicular energy for rural communities where current energy transmission costs are prohibitive. Test sites include:

Community Country Wind MW
Ramea, Newfoundland and Labrador[12] Newfoundland, Canada 0.3
Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village[13] PEI, Canada
Lolland[14] Denmark
Bismarck[15] North Dakota, US
Koluel Kaike[16] Santa Cruz, Argentina
Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project (LREP)[17] Scotland
Hunterston Hydrogen Project Scotland
RES2H2[18] Greece 0.50
Unst[19] Scotland 0.03
Utsira[20] Norway 0.60

Wind-diesel system

Wind Diesel system on Ramea in Canada

A wind-diesel hybrid power system combines diesel generators and wind turbines,[21] usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control components, to generate electricity. They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and environmental impact of electrical generation in remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a power grid.[21] Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport.[21]

History

Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialled in a number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of viable sites have been developed with increased reliability and minimized technical support costs in remote communities.

Technology

The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand of the usually variable load. The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long term. Sites such as Mawson Station, Antarctica, as well as Coral Bay and Bremer Bay in Australia have peak wind penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines (e.g. Enercon, Denham, Western Australia), controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), storing energy in a flywheel (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now being converted to wind hydrogen systems such as on Ramea in Canada which is due for completion in 2010.

Communities using wind-diesel hybrids

The following is a, probably incomplete, list of isolated communities utilizing commercial Wind-Diesel hybrid systems with a significant proportion of the energy being derived from wind.

Community Country Diesel (in MW) Wind (in MW) Population Date Commissioned Wind Penetration (peak) Notes
Mawson Station[22] Antarctica 0.48 0.60 2003 >90%
Ross Island[23] Antarctica 3 1 2009 65%
Bremer Bay[24] Australia 1.28 0.60 240 2005 >90%
Cocos[25] Australia 1.28 0.08 628
Coral Bay Australia 2.24 0.60 2007 93%
Denham[26] Australia 2.61 1.02 600 1998 >70%
Esperance[27] Australia 14.0 5.85 2003
Hopetoun Australia 1.37 0.60 350 2004 >90%
King Island Australia 6.00 2.50 2000 2005 100% Currently (2013) expanding to include 2 MW Diesel-UPS, 3 MW / 1.6 MWh Advanced Lead Acid battery and dynamic load control through smart grid[28]
Rottnest Island[29] Australia 0.64 0.60 2005
Thursday Island, Queensland Australia 0.45 ?
Ramea[30] Canada 2.78 0.40 600 2003 Being converted to Wind Hydrogen
Sal Cape Verde 2.82 0.60 2001 14%
Mindelo Cape Verde 11.20 0.90 14%
Alto Baguales Chile 16.9 2.00 18,703 2002 20% 4.6 MW hydro
Dachen Island[31] China 1.30 0.15 15%
San Cristobal, Galapagos Island[32] Ecuador 2.4 2007 Expanding to cover 100% of island's energy needs by 2015
Berasoli[33] Eritrea 0.08 0.03 Under tender
Rahaita Eritrea 0.08 0.03 Under tender
Heleb Eritrea 0.08 0.03 Under tender
Osmussaar[34] Estonia ? 0.03 2002
Kythnos Greece 2.77 0.31
Lemnos Greece 10.40 1.14
La Désirade Guadeloupe 0.88 0.14 40%
Sagar Island[35] India 0.28 0.50
Marsabit Kenya 0.30 0.15 46%
Frøya Norway 0.05 0.06 100%
Batanes[36] Philippines 1.25 0.18 2004
Flores Island[37] Portugal 0.60 60%
Graciosa Island Portugal 3.56 0.80 60%
Cape Clear Ireland 0.07 0.06 100 1987 70%
Chukotka Russia 0.5 2.5
Fuerteventura Spain 0.15 0.23
Saint Helena[38][39] UK 0.48 1999 - 2009 30%
Foula UK 0.05 0.06 31 70%
Rathlin Island UK 0.26 0.99 100%
Toksook Bay, Alaska[40] United States 1.10 0.30 500 2006
Kasigluk, Alaska[40] United States 1.10 0.30 500 2006
Wales, Alaska[41] United States 0.40 160 2002 100%
St. Paul, Alaska[42] United States 0.30 0.68 100%
Kotzebue, Alaska United States 11.00 1999 35%
Savoonga, Alaska[40] United States 0.20 2008
Tin City, Alaska United States 0.23 2008
Nome, Alaska United States 0.90 2008
Hooper Bay, Alaska[40] United States 0.30 2008

Wind-diesel hybrids at mining sites

Recently, in Northern Canada wind-diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote locations in Lac de Gras and Katinniq, Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik two systems are used to save fuel at mines. There is another system in Argentina.[43]

Wind-compressed air systems

At power stations that use compressed air energy storage (CAES), electrical energy is used to compress air and store it in underground facilities such as caverns or abandoned mines. During later periods of high electrical demand, the air is released to power turbines, generally using supplemental natural gas.[44] Power stations that make significant use of CAES are operational in McIntosh, Alabama, Germany, and Japan.[45] System disadvantages include some energy losses in the CAES process; also, the need for supplemental use of fossil fuels such as natural gas means that these systems do not completely make use of renewable energy.[46]

The Iowa Stored Energy Park, projected to begin commercial operation in 2015, will use wind farms in Iowa as an energy source in conjunction with CAES.[47]

Wind-solar systems

Horizontal axis wind-turbine, combined with a solar panel on a lighting pylon at Weihai, Shandong province, China

Wind-solar building

The Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, will mix solar panel on its windows and several wind turbines at different stories of its structure, allowing this tower to be energy positive.

Wind-solar lighting

In several parts of China, there are lighting pylons with combinations of solar panels and wind-turbines at their top. This allows space already used for lighting to be used more efficiently with two complementary energy productions units. Most common models use horizontal axis wind-turbines, but now models are appearing with vertical axis wind-turbines, using a helicoidal shaped, twisted-Savonius system.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Solar hybrid power systems
  2. ↑ Hybrid renewable energy system
  3. 1 2 3 "A Wind-Hydro-Pumped Storage Station Leading to High RES Penetration in the Autonomous Island System of Ikaria". IEEE. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  4. ↑ "Stochastic Joint Optimization of Wind Generation and Pumped-Storage Units in an Electricity Market". IEEE. 22 April 2008. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  5. ↑ Bonnier Corporation (April 1983). Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 85, 86. ISSN 0161-7370. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  6. ↑ Erich Hau (2006). Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics. Birkhäuser. pp. 568, 569. ISBN 978-3-540-24240-6. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  7. ↑ "Feasibility Study of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Ramea Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System" (PDF). Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  8. ↑ "Final Report: Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Wind-Pumped Storage Feasibility Study Project" (PDF). United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
  9. ↑ "El Hierro, an island in the wind". Guardian. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  10. ↑ http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/a-blueprint-for-green
  11. ↑ "WHL Energy Limited (WHL)" is an Australian publicly listed company focused on developing and commercializing energy assets including wind energy, solar, biomass and clean fossil fuels. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  12. ↑ "Remote Community Wind-Hydrogen-Diesel Energy Solution" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  13. ↑ "Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  14. ↑ "First Danish Hydrogen Energy Plant Is Operational" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  15. ↑ "North Dakota has first wind-to-hydrogen plant in nation" Renew ND. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  16. ↑ "Clean Patagonian Energy from Wind and Hydrogen" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007
  17. ↑ "Proposals for Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project" Renew ND. Retrieved 2 November 2007 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  18. ↑ "RES2H2 - Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with the Hydrogen Vector" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  19. ↑ "Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) Project Update" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  20. ↑ "Hydro Continues Utsira Project" Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  21. 1 2 3 Wales, Alaska High-Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  22. ↑ http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/publications/pubs/wind-power.pdf
  23. ↑ The Ross Island Wind Energy – Stage 1 Project Meridian Official Site
  24. ↑ wind-australia-wa
  25. ↑ http://www.pcorp.com.au/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=50
  26. ↑ Renewable Energy Commercialisation in Australia - Wind Projects - Advanced high-penetration wind-diesel power system
  27. ↑ Fed: Govt announces $5 m for wind farm | Article from AAP General News (Australia) | HighBeam Research
  28. ↑ King Island Renewable Energy Integration Project
  29. ↑ World of Energy
  30. ↑ untitled
  31. ↑ Isolated Systems with Wind Power An Implementation Guideline
  32. ↑
  33. ↑ wind4africa - Expression of Interest: Wind Energy Applications in Eritrea
  34. ↑ IngentaConnect New Wind-Diesel System on Osmussaare
  35. ↑ Untitled Document
  36. ↑ Clean Air Initiative: Asia
  37. ↑ Powercorp Alaska: News and Events
  38. ↑
  39. ↑
  40. 1 2 3 4 Alaska Village Electric Cooperative
  41. ↑ EnergyStorm - Wales, Alaska High Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System: Theory of Operation
  42. ↑ http://www.aidea.org/aea/EnergyPolicyTaskForce/Flowers01-30-04AnchAK.pdf
  43. ↑ "Database: Solar & wind systems in the mining industry". Th-Energy.net. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  44. ↑ "Bottled Wind Could Be as Constant as Coal". Wired. March 9, 2010. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  45. ↑ Sio-Iong Ao; Len Gelman (29 June 2011). Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 978-94-007-1191-4. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  46. ↑ "Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage" (PDF). Boise State University. p. 2. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  47. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Iowa Stored Energy Project. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
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