Women in aviation

The United States Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot, Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell.
The United States Air Force's first African American female fighter pilot, Shawna Rochelle Kimbrell.

Women have been involved in aviation from the beginnings of both lighter-than air travel and as airplanes, helicopters and space travel were developed. Women pilots were also called "aviatrices" (singular: "aviatrix"). Women have been flying powered aircraft since 1908, however most, prior to 1970, were restricted to working privately or in support roles in the aviation industry.[1] Aviation also allowed women to "travel alone on unprecedented journeys."[2] Women who have been successful in various aviation fields have served as mentors to younger women, helping them along in their careers.[3]

Women's participation in the field of aviation has increased over the years. In the United States, in 1930, there were around 200 women pilots but in five years there were more than 700.[4] Women of Aviation Worldwide Week has reported that after 1980, the increase in gender parity for women pilots in the United States has been stagnant.[5] Women flying commercial airlines in India make up 11.6% of all pilots, significantly further ahead than the global number of women airline pilots which is 3%.[6]

History

The first woman known to fly was Élisabeth Thible, who was a passenger in an untethered hot air balloon, which flew above Lyon, France in 1784.[7] Four years later, Jeanne Labrosse became the first woman to fly solo in a balloon and would become the first woman to parachute, as well.[8][9] In June 1903, Aida de Acosta, an American woman vacationing in Paris, convinced Alberto Santos-Dumont, pioneer of dirigibles to allow her to pilot his airship, becoming probably the first woman to pilot an aircraft.[10]

Wilbur and Katharine Wright seated in the Wright Model A Flyer with Orville Wright standing nearby. This was Katharine's first time flying. Her skirt is tied with a string.

The first machine-powered flight was accomplished by the Wright Brothers on December 17, 1903. Both brothers felt that it was important to recognize the contributions of Katherine Wright to their work.[11] She found teachers who could help with the Wright's flying experiments.[12] Katherine, while she didn't fly with her brothers until later in 1909,[11] knew "everything about the working of their machines."[13] Katherine supported them financially, giving them her savings and also supported them emotionally.[14] When Orville Wright was injured in 1908, Katherine moved close to the hospital to take care of him.[15] Later, after the Wright brothers patented their aircraft in 1906, she worked as their executive secretary.[12] In 1909, she flew to Europe to become the social manager for her brothers.[12] Her brother were very introverted and relied on Katherine to help promote their work.[16] Katherine was considered the "silent partner" of the Wright Brothers by The World Magazine.[13] The Saint Louis Post-Dispatch called her the "inspiration of her brothers in their experiments."[17]

Starting 1906, another inventor of aircraft, Emma Lilian Todd began designing her own airplanes.[18] Todd first started studying dirigibles before she moved onto designing airplanes.[19] Todd's first plane flew in 1910 and was piloted by Didier Masson.[18] A woman who was an early parachutist, Georgia "Tiny" Broadwick started working with barnstormer, Charles Broadwick at age 15 in 1908.[20][21] She made her first jump in 1908, and in 1913, became the first woman to jump from an aircraft.[21][20] Broadwick, in 1914, was also the person who gave the first demonstrations of parachute jumping to the United States government.[21] When she retired in 1922, she had completed 1,100 jumps.[20]

1910 decade

Early pioneers include French Raymonde de Laroche, the world's first licensed female pilot on March 8, 1910.[11][9] Seven other French women followed her, earning pilot's licenses within the next year.[22] One of these, Marie Marvingt, 3rd Frenchwoman licensed for airplanes,[23] but first French woman balloonist licensed in 1901,[24] became the first woman to fly in combat completing bombing raids over Germany.[25][26] Marvingt tried to get the government to outfit air ambulances prior to the war and became the world first certified Flight Nurse.[26] Hélène Dutrieu became the first woman pilot in Belgium, obtaining the 27th license issued in her country in 1910 and the second female licensed in Europe.[27][28] Later that same year, she became the first woman to fly with a passenger.[9] In 1910, even before she earned her pilot's license, Lilian Bland a British woman living in Northern Ireland, designed and flew a glider in Belfast.[29]

Blanche Scott always claimed to be the first American woman to fly an airplane, but as she was seated when a gust of wind took her up on her brief flight in September 1910, the "accidental" flight went unrecognized.[30] Within two years, she had established herself as a daredevil pilot and was known as the "Tomboy of the Air",[31] competing in air shows and exhibitions, as well as flying circuses.[32][31] On October 13, 1910, Bessica Raiche received a gold medal from the Aeronautical Society of New York, recognizing her as the first American woman to make a solo flight.[33] Harriet Quimby became the USA's first licensed female pilot on August 1, 1911 and the first woman to cross the English Channel by airplane the following year.[34] Thirteen days after Quimby,[35] her friend Matilde E. Moisant an American of French Canadian descent[36] was licensed and began flying in air shows. She broke a world altitude record in 1911.[37]

Within a fortnight, Lidia Zvereva had obtained the first female Russian license[38] and by 1914 she performed the first aerobatic loop made by a woman.[39] Hilda Hewlett became the first British woman to earn a pilot's license on August 29, 1911 and taught her son to fly that same year.[9] In September 1910, Melli Beese became Germany's first woman pilot and[40] the following year began designing her first airplane which was produced in 1913.[41] On October 10, 1911, Božena Laglerová a Czech native of Prague, obtained the first Austrian license for a woman and nine days later secured the second German license for a woman.[42] On 7 December 1910 Jane Herveu, who had previously been involved in automobile racing was licensed in France and began participating in the Femina Cup.[43]

Rosina Ferrario, first female pilot of Italy, earned her license on January 3, 1913 and was as unsuccessful as Marvingt had been to get her government or the Red Cross to allow women to transport wounded soldiers during World War I.[44] Elena Caragiani-Stoenescu, Romania's first woman pilot got the same response from her government about flying for the war effort and turned to journalism.[45] On December 1, 1913, Lyubov Golanchikova signed a contract to become the first female test pilot. She agreed to test "Farman-22" aircraft manufactured in the Chervonskaya airplane workshop of Fedor Fedorovich Tereshchenko[46] Katherine Stinson became the first woman air mail pilot, when the United States Postal Service contracted her to fly mail from Chicago to New York City in 1918.[47] The following year, Ruth Law flew the first official U.S. air mail to the Philippines.[48]

Women were also involved in teaching others how to fly. Hilda Hewlett and Gustave Blondeau teamed up in 1910 to start the first flying school in England, The Hewlett-Blondeau School.[49] The school had only one plane with which to instruct students and was open for two years.[50] Charlotte Möhring, the second German woman to earn a pilot's license, worked as a manager of a flying school in 1913.[51]

1920s decade

Both men and women after World War I were able to purchase "surplus and decommissioned planes."[52] Wanting to fly, but with little demand after the war, pilots purchased the planes and went from town to town offering rides. Creating attractions to bring in crowds, these daredevils performed stunts, loops and began wing walking to attract more customers. The aerialists and pilots formed flying circuses sending promoters ahead of them to hang posters promoting their dangerous feats.[53]

In 1920, Phoebe Fairgrave, later Omlie, at the age of eighteen determined to make her aviation career as a stuntwoman.[54][55] By 1921, she had broken the world parachute drop record[54] and worked as a wing walker for the Fox Moving Picture Company's The Perils of Pauline series. By 1927, Omlie earned the first transport pilots license and airplane mechanics license issued to a woman.[56] Another stuntwoman, Ethel Dare had perfected walking from one plane to another by 1920,[57] the first woman to perform the feat.[53]

Bessie Coleman was the first African American woman to become a licensed airplane pilot in 1921.[58] The following year, Japan's first woman pilot Tadashi Hyodo earned her license.[59] Kwon Ki-ok of Korea became the first female licensee of that country in 1925 and after World War II, became instrumental in helping establish the Republic of Korea Air Force.[60][61] German Marga von Etzdorf was the first woman to fly for an airline when she began co-piloting for Lufthansa in 1927[62] and piloting solo on commercial Junkers F13 on 1 February 1928.[63]

In the late 1920s, women continued to compete in air races and record-breaking contests related to flying.[64] In 1929, Pancho Barnes moved to Hollywood to work as the first woman stunt pilot. Besides working on such films as Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels (1930),[65] she also founded the Associated Motion Pictures Pilots Union in 1931.[66]

Marie Marvingt of France, who had first proposed a the idea of using airplanes as ambulances in 1912 continued to promote her idea successfully in the 1920s.[67] During the French colonial wars, Marvingt evacuated injured military personnel with Aviation Sanitaire, a flying ambulance service.

[68]

1930s decade

Aviator with Junkers Junior sports plane, circa 1935.

The 1929 stock market crash and ensuing depression, coupled with more stringent safety regulations, caused many of the flying circuses and barnstorming circuits to fold.[53]

In the 1930s, options for women pilots in the United States were limited mainly to sales, marketing, racing and barnstorming and being an instructor pilot.[69] Women continued to break records. American Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic (1932).[11] Earhart became a public favorite among aviators of the time.[70] Earhart also urged the public to encourage and enable young women to become airplane pilots themselves.[71] In 1936 and 1937, she taught students at Purdue University which was "one of the few U.S. colleges to offer aviation classes to women".[72]

In 1930, Ellen Church, a pilot and nurse, who was unable to secure work flying proposed to airline executives that women be allowed to act as hostesses on planes. She was hired on a three-month trial basis by Boeing Air Transport and selected the first seven flight attendants for airlines, requiring them to be under 115 pounds, nurses and unmarried.[73][74]

Women pilots who escorted the landing of Amy Johnson in Sydney on 4 June 1930, at the end of the first England to Australia flight by a woman. Photo presented to the National Library of Australia by Miss Meg Skelton (on left).

In the prestigious Bendix Race in 1936, women not only took first place, but also second and fifth.[75]

Sarla Thakral was first Indian woman to fly. Born in 1914, she earned an aviation pilot license in 1936 at the age of 21 and flew a Gypsy Moth solo. She had a four-year-old daughter. After obtaining the initial license, she persevered on and completed one thousand hours of flying in the aircraft owned by the Lahore Flying Club. Her husband P. D. Sharma whom she married at 16 and comes from a family which had 9 pilots encouraged her to achieve it.[76][77]

1940s decade

As World War II began, women became involved in combat. In 1939, Jacqueline Cochran wrote to the first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, about using women pilots in the military.[78] Later, Nancy Harkness Love also made a similar request to the US Army, however both women's ideas were put on hold until 1942.[78] General Henry Arnold on September 14, 1942, put Cochran in charge of a new program called the Army Air Forces Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD).[78] By August 5, 1943, the WFTD was merged with the WAFS to form the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP).[78] The WASPs supported the military in various ways, flying new planes from factories to Army Air Force bases, worked as test pilots, worked as flying chauffeurs and helped tow targets for antiarcraft gunnery practice.[79] The WASPS never gained full military benefits, the organization was disbanded in December 1944. WASPS finally earned veteran status retroactively in 1979.[79] Besides working as women pilots, American women also started working as air traffic controllers during WWII.[80]

The Air Transport Auxiliary, a British civilian operation during World War II, had scores of female pilots, under the command of Pauline Gower. Valérie André, a neurosurgeon and member of the French army, became the first woman to fly a helicopter in combat, while serving in Indochina (1945).[81]

Unlike other countries fighting in WWII, the Soviet Union created an all-woman combat flight unit, the 599th Night Bomber Regiment or the Night Witches. This group of the Soviet Air Forces, flew harassment bombing and precision bombing missions from 1942 to the end of the World War II.[82] The organization was first formed by Joseph Stalin on October 8, 1941 and all of the women were volunteers.[83] The Night Witches flew 30,000 missions and "dumped 23,000 tons of bombs on the German invaders."[83] The Soviets also had the only women to be considered flying aces. Lydia Litvyak was credited with different numbers of kills from various sources, but in 1990, the tally was given as 12 solo kills and 3 shared kills.[84] Yekaterina Budanova fought combat missions over Saratov and Stalingrad and was credited with 11 kills.[84]

In 1948, Isabella Ribeiro de Cabral, who became Isabella de Freitas the following year, became the first woman pilot of Trinidad and Tobago.[85] It would be another forty years, in 1988, before the first Trinidadian woman, Wendy Yawching became a captain.[86][87] China has trained more than 500 female pilots since 1951. Large numbers have been trained to fly China's most advanced combat jets, including the J-10.[88]

1950s decade

Women continued to break records and fly during the 1950s. Jacqueline Cochrane became the first woman to break the sound barrier in 1953.[89] Cochrane wanted to not only be the first woman to set a record, she wanted to be the first person to do so and by June of 1953, she was the holder of "all but one of the principal world airplane speed records for straightaway and closed-course flight."[90]

During the Korean War, former WASPs were asked to join active duty in the Air Force.[91]

Organizations were formed, such as the Australia Women's Pilot's Association (AWPA).[92] Another organization was the Whirly-Girls, started by Jean Ross Howard Phelan in 1955 for women helicopter pilots.[93][94] She started the group as an informal network, but later became formalized in order to better help the members keep in touch.[95]

Pakistan modeled its air force on the British Royal Air Force during the late 1950s. This allowed for more women to become involved in the military in Pakistan.[96]

1970s decade

Until the 1970s, aviation had been a traditionally male occupation in the United States. Commerce Department regulations virtually required pilots to have flown in the military to acquire sufficient flight hours, and until the 1970s, the U.S. Air Force and Navy barred women from flying[97] and they were routinely denied work in commercial piloting.[98] The military did not open fighter jet flights to women until 1993.[99] Women eventually began to enter U.S. major commercial aviation in the 1970s and 1980s, with 1973 seeing the first female pilot at a major U.S. airline, American Airlines, and 1986 seeing the first female captain at a major U.S. airline.[100] In the 1970s, women were again, for the first time since WWII, permitted to fly in the United States Armed Forces, beginning with the Navy and the Army in 1974, and then the Air Force in 1976.[101] By the mid-1970s, women were predicting that there would be a large increase in female pilots because of the women's liberation movement.[102]

Louise Sacchi (1913–1997) was the first international woman ferry pilot who flew planes across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over 340 times, more than any other non-airline pilot.[103] In 1971 she set a speed record by flying a single-engine land plane from New York to London in 17 hours and 10 minutes, a record that still stands today.[103][104][105][106] Sacchi was the first woman to win the Godfrey L. Cabot Award for distinguished service to aviation.[103][107][108]

In 1979, a Jamaican, Maria Ziadie-Haddad, became one of the first women in the Western Hemisphere to become a commercial jet airline pilot when she was hired by Air Jamaica as a Boeing 727 second officer.[109]

Barbara Harmer was the first qualified female Concorde pilot in 1993.

Flight Lt. Harita Kaur Deol (1972 - December 25, 1996) was a pilot with the Indian Air Force. She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the Indian Air Force. The flight was on 2 September 1994 in an Avro HS-748, when she was 22 years old.[110][111]

Nivedita Bhasin (born 1963) of Indian Airlines became the youngest woman pilot in world civil aviation history to command a commercial jet aircraft on 1 January 1990 at the age of 26. Capt Nivedita Bhasin piloted IC-492 on the Bombay-Aurangabad-Udaipur sector.[112]

Modern day

Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General Walter Natynczyk, Canadian chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6)
Air Traffic Controller 1st Class Erica Banks explains the SPN 43 Radar System to General Walter Natynczyk, Canadian chief of Defense Staff, in the amphibious air traffic control center aboard the amphibious assault ship USS Bonhomme Richard (LHD 6)

Pakistani pilot Ayesha Farooq was the first female fighter pilot for the Pakistani airforce. At least 19 women became pilots in the air force in the decade from 2003.[113]

As of 2010, just over 7% of certified civilian pilots (both private and commercial) in the United States were women.[114] As of July 2014, approximately 5.12% of certified airline or commercial pilots in the United States are women.[115]

Petty Officer 3rd Class Rosalee Burton, operates a training device designed to simulate in-flight pressure changes on aviators. As a Navy traing device man Burton operates, maintains, and teaches about Navy training equipment at the Naval Aerospace Medicine Institute.

In Japan, the first female captain for commercial passenger flights was Ari Fuji, who began flying as captain for JAL Express in July 2010.[116]

India has been very successful at recruiting women to pilot commercial airliners. In 2014, women made up 11.6% of female pilots. The global average was 3%.[6] Women credit the extended family support systems that exist which help them balance family and career.[6]

Sexism

Women often had to work hard to prove themselves as capable as men in the field. Clare Booth Luce wrote, "Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, 'She doesn't have what it takes.' They will say, 'Women don't have what it takes.'"[117] Pioneer aviator, Claude Grahame-White felt that women were not 'temperamentally suited' to handle the controls of an airplane."[118]

During the first National Women's Air Derby in 1929, women flying the race faced "threats of sabotage and headlines that read, 'Race Should Be Stopped.'"[4] Because flying was considered dangerous, many aircraft manufacturers in the late 1920s hired women as sales representatives and flight demonstrators. "The reasoning was that if a woman could fly an airplane, it really could not be that difficult or dangerous."[119][75]

Despite women's participation in airplane aviation from the beginning, in 1986 a spokesperson for the Airline Pilot's Association said that the reason there were only two women Boeing 747 captains at the time was "because women in aviation are a relatively recent phenomenon and everything in the airlines industry is done by seniority."[120] This also ignores the fact that Helen Richey became the first woman to fly a commercial airliner in 1934.[121] She quit that job in ten months because the all-male pilot's union would not admit her and she rarely got to fly.[121]

A survey conducted by Mitchell, Krstivics & Vermeulen in 2005 found that many women pilots were either unaware of sexism directed towards them or had experienced any sexism directly.[122] However, many women believe that more women are experiencing prejudice than are admitting it.[122]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Smithsonian Air and Space Museum 2013.
  2. ↑ Dall'Acqua 1986, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Olsen 2016.
  4. 1 2 Gant 2001, pp. 11-12.
  5. ↑ Goyer 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 Sinhal, Saurabh (24 November 2014). "Indian Women Pilots Soar Past Global Average". Times of India. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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  8. ↑ Sinclair 2012, p. 179.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Centennial of Women Pilots 2009.
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  11. 1 2 3 4 Women in Aviation International 2003.
  12. 1 2 3 Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company 2013.
  13. 1 2 The World Magazine 1909.
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  15. ↑ Harrisburg Daily Independent 1908, p. 1.
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  17. ↑ St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1909, p. 6.
  18. 1 2 Remington 2006.
  19. ↑ The New York Times 1909.
  20. 1 2 3 Branson 2010, p. 110-111.
  21. 1 2 3 Parachute History 2001.
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  26. 1 2 Air Ambulance International 2013.
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  56. ↑ Sherman 2008.
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  59. ↑ Nakamura 2000.
  60. ↑ Jang Jin Young 2005.
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  63. ↑ Lufthansa 2013.
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  65. ↑ Gibson 2013, pp. 136-137.
  66. ↑ Centennial of Women Pilots: Barnes 2015.
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  74. ↑ Molotsky 1985.
  75. 1 2 Crouch 2003, p. 308-309.
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  78. 1 2 3 4 "Women Airforce Service Pilots Digital Archive". Gateway to Women's History. Texas Women's University. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  79. 1 2 Martin, Hugo (21 August 1993). "Women Pioneers of Aviation to Be Saluted at Airport Expo". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
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  82. ↑ Garber, Megan (15 July 2013). "Night Witches: The Female Fighter Pilots of World War II". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  83. 1 2 Martin, Douglas (14 July 2013). "Nadezhda Popova, WWII 'Night Witch,' Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  84. 1 2 "The World's Only Female Aces". All About Military. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  85. ↑ Pidduck, Angela (January 29, 2006). "TT's first female pilot". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  86. ↑ "Wendy Yawching". NIHERST. St Augustine, Trinidad: National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  87. ↑ Wallace, Kimberley (October 16, 2015). "The First Female Captain". Port of Spain, Trinidad: Daily Express. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  88. ↑ China's female combat pilots
  89. ↑ Gant, Kelli. "Women in Aviation". Ninety-Nines. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
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  91. ↑ Douglas 2004, p. 133.
  92. ↑ Bridges and Neal-Smith 2014, p. 168.
  93. ↑ "Whirly-Girl History". Whirly-Girls. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  94. ↑ "Whirly-Girls International Digital Archive". Gateway to Women's History. Texas Women's University. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  95. ↑ "Wanted: A Few Good "Whirly-Girls"". Airport Journals. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  96. ↑ Shah, Bina (8 June 2015). "How High Can Pakistan's Air Force Women Fly?". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  97. ↑ Becoming a female pilot: then and now. Usatoday.com (March 1, 2005). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  98. ↑ Turner 2011, p. 55.
  99. ↑ Skogen 2014, p. 16.
  100. ↑ Female Pilots Make History. Aa.com (January 16, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  101. ↑ Military Women Pilots. Userpages.aug.com (March 1, 1991). Retrieved on 2012-05-18.
  102. ↑ "First Ladies of Aviation Seek More Safety". The Index-Journal. 31 August 1974. Retrieved 1 December 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
  103. 1 2 3 "Highlights of Louise Sacchi's Aviation History". The Ninety Nines.
  104. ↑ "For pilots, the sky's the limit". The Christian Science Monitor.
  105. ↑ "History of Aviation and Space World Records". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI).
  106. ↑ "THE HAPPY COMMUTER - Autobiographical Sketches". The Ninety Nines.
  107. ↑ "Louise Sacchi Obit". Wetzel & Son.
  108. ↑ "AOPA's Phil Boyer receives prestigious Cabot Award". AOPA.
  109. ↑ "Profiles of Jamaican Women". Discover Jamaica. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  110. ↑ India: A Reference Annual. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1998. p. 686.
  111. ↑ "Woman IAF flying cadet killed in trainer crash - Indian Express". May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  112. ↑ "Captain Milestone". India Today. Archived from the original on October 25, 2006. Retrieved September 22, 2006.
  113. ↑ Pakistan's first woman combat pilot
  114. ↑ "2010 U.S. Civil Airmen Statistics". Federal Aviation Administration. May 2, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  115. ↑ "Airline Pilots : how many women in The Airman Directory?". GenderGapGrader.com. August 5, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
  116. ↑ First female captain no quitter, Wang Yexing, Kyodo News, reprinted in Japan Times, July 17, 2010
  117. ↑ Gibson 2013, p. 2.
  118. ↑ Crouch 2003, p. 308.
  119. ↑ Bednarek & Bednarek 2003, p. 49.
  120. ↑ Dean, Paul (2 February 1986). "More and More Women Are Finding the Skies Friendly in the Air Force". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  121. 1 2 Holden, Henry M. "Helen Richey: First Female Airline Pilot". Women In Aviation Resource Center. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  122. 1 2 "Women's Work". Flight Safety. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2016.

Bibliography

Further reading

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