Yazoo stream

Yazoo Stream[1]

A Yazoo stream is a geologic and hydrologic term for any tributary stream that runs parallel to, and within the floodplain of a larger river for considerable distance, before eventually joining it. This is especially the characteristic when such a stream is forced to flow along the base of the main river's natural levee.[2] Where the two meet is known as a 'belated' confluence or a 'deferred' junction. The name is derived from a now vanished Native American tribe, the Yazoo Indians.[3] The Choctaw word is translated to "River of Death" because of the strong flows under its bank full stage.[4]

Examples of Yazoo streams

Montana and Jordan Creeks[5]

Yazoo River

Runs parallel to the Mississippi River for 280 km (170 mi) before converging,[6] being constrained from doing so upstream by the river's natural and man-made levees.

Montana and Jordan creeks

Montana Creek, bankfull stage [7]

Important salmonoid fish habitat and large spruce forests inhabit these streams which flow into the Mendehall River in Alaska.[5]

Tributaries of the Wakarusa River

Yazoo streams here drain the back swamps of the Wakarusa River Valley.[8]

Formation

Natural levees

Over time, the main river flows through the landscape, widening a valley and creating a floodplain. Sediment accumulates and creates a natural levee. Tributaries that want to enter the main channel are not allowed because of this levee. Instead, the water then enters the back swamps, or form a yazoo stream.[9] Because yazoo streams are separated from the main river by natural levees, they flow and meander (streams and rivers rarely flow in straight lines) parallel to the main stream channel or river on the floodplain for a considerable distance. These series of smooth bends or curves flows with a slight gradient, usually south, and is normally blocked from entering by a natural levee[10] along the larger stream. A yazoo stream will join the major river where it will eventually break through the natural levees and flow into the larger waterway at its belated confluence.

Glaciers

Mendenhall Glacier[11]

Yazoo stream formation can also be influenced by glacial processes. An example is the formation of the Montana Creek valley during the recent Little Ice Age. The Mendenhall Glacier carved out a wide floodplain that is domed in the center. High valley walls due to tectonic uplift and glacial outwash (the natural levee) create two yazoo streams that parallel the Mendenhall River.[5]

Flooding and human influence

Floods are a major driving force for yazoo streams. In the Yazoo Basin, settlers were faced with high waters for most of the year, making it hard for building homes and maintaining agriculture. A few man-made levees were built to improve conditions. In 1927, large floods ravished the area, allowing Congress to take action into building dams and more levees to reduce the risk of floods.[12]

Of course human influence has damaged the natural order of things. Human alteration within wetlands and streams have resulted in a decrease in ecological functions and associated benefits to society. Miles of streams are in poor condition with high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Yazoo streams have been altered through intense agricultural activities and flood control measures. Low water, excessive sedimentation, and the accumulation of pesticides such as DDT are the consequences of human disturbances.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Life Cycle". www.jsu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  2. ↑ Robert L Bates, Julia A Jackson, ed. Dictionary of Geological Terms: Third Edition, p. 568, American Geological Institute (1984).
  3. ↑ "Definition of "yazoo" by Emily Hiestand: Home Ground". test.ourhomeground.com. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  4. ↑ Johnson's Univeral Cyclopædia: A Scientific and Popular Treasury of Useful Knowledge. A.J. Johnson. 1890-01-01.
  5. 1 2 3 "The City and Borough of Juneau". www.juneau.org. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  6. ↑ Yazoo River, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2006
  7. ↑ "National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service". water.weather.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  8. ↑ Vepraskas, Michael J.; Craft, Christopher B. (2015-11-25). Wetland Soils: Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439898000.
  9. ↑ "Meander Formation and Features of Meandering Streams". www.indiana.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  10. ↑ "Floodplain - The shape of the land, Forces and changes, Spotlight on famous forms, For More Information". www.scienceclarified.com. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  11. ↑ "The City and Borough of Juneau". Retrieved 2015-11-28.
  12. ↑ "Proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries: Volume II". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
  13. ↑ Berkowitz, Jacob Franklin (2013-06-30). "Incorporating Science-Based Approaches into the Rapid Assessment of Wetlands and Streams: Validation, Restoration Trajectory, and Method Development". etd.lsu.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-29.
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