Çiçek Hatun

Çiçek Hatun چیچک خاتون
Empress dowager of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure	3 May 1481 - 3 May 1898
Empress consort of the Ottoman Empire
Tenure	1459 - 3 May 1481
Died	3 May 1498 Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate (present day Egypt)
Burial	Cairo
Spouse	Mehmed the Conqueror
Issue	Şehzade Cem
Full name Turkish: Çiçek Hatun English: Chichak Khatun Ottoman Turkish: چیچک خاتون‎
House	House of Osman (by marriage)
Religion	Sunni Islam

Çiçek Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: چیچک خاتون‎; died 3 May 1498) was the Empress consort of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror of the Ottoman Empire. She was the mother of Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne.

Early years

Born into a Turkish family,^[1] Çiçek Hatun was the sister of Ali Bey.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]} She married Mehmed at Constantinople and gave birth to her only son Cem on 22 December 1459.^[1] According to Turkish tradition, all princes were expected to work as provincial governors as a part of their training. After the death of Cem's older brother in 1474, Şehzade Mustafa, he was assigned as the governor of Konya and Çiçek accompanied him.^[9]

Exile

After Cem's first defeat in the succession war following his father's death in 1481, the prince, Çiçek Hatun, and the rest of his household took refuge with the Mamluk Sultan in Cairo.^[2][10] Of all the members of Cem's household, Çiçek Hatun was his most devoted ally. Gedik Ahmed Pasha, who had been a tutor to Cem, failed to supple the prince with the support he confidently accepted his challenge to the enthronement of his older brother Bayezid.^[11] Although Cem was deserted by his tutor, he was well served by his mother Çiçek Hatun.^[12]

Cem's imprisonment

After a second defeat of Cem by Bayezid in 1482, Cem fled to Rhodes, where he was received by, Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem and a zealous opponent of the Ottoman Empire.^[13] later on, D'Aubusson concluded a peace treaty with Bayezid, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity. He promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 35,000 ducats for his maintenance. Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes.^[14]

In Egypt, Çiçek Hatun, was urging the Sultan through his wife to free and bring her son to Egypt.^[15][16] Th letters carried by a certain Nicolas de Nicosie revealed that Cem had been communicating with his mother.^[17] Çiçek Hatun's efforts to bring her son to Egypt and use her influence in the Mamluk court by urging Qaitbay to help her in this attempt were brought to Bayezid's attention through intelligence reports from Cairo.^[18] D'Aubusson used Cem to control Çiçek Hatun and Qaitbay and to wield from them twenty thousand gold pieces by pretending to bring Cem to Egypt.^[19]

Çiçek struggled on Cem's behalf for years and served as his principal ally in his efforts to free himself from the European captivity he encountered after his defeat by his brother.^[12]

Death

She died on 3 May 1498^[20] of Plague and was buried in Cairo.^[2] Cem's corpse, however, was returned from Naples, where he died, and buried in the tomb of his elder brother, Mustafa.^[21]

Portrayal

Çiçek Hatun is played by Gamze Özçelik in the 2013 Turkish serie Fatih.

References

1. Babinger 1992, p. 173.
2. Uluçay 1985, p. 41.
3. Süreyya 1969, p. 140.
4. Cem 2004, p. 88.
5. Tektaş 2004, p. 63.
6. Yılmaz 1996, p. 14.
7. Baysun 1946, p. 11.
8. Sakaoğlu 2007, p. 57.
9. Peirce 1993, p. 47.
10. Har-El 1995, p. 105.
11. Peirce 1993, p. 47-8.
12. Peirce 1993, p. 48.
13. Har-El 1995, p. 112.
14. Har-El 1995, p. 117.
15. Yurdusev 2016, p. 83.
16. Journal 1979, p. 219.
17. Har-El 1995, p. 120.
18. Har-El 1995, p. 121.
19. Har-El 1995, p. 129.
20. Sakaoğlu 2008, p. 157.
21. Peirce 1993, p. 50.

Bibliography

Franz Babinger (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01078-6. M. Çağatay Uluçay (1985). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-195-08677-5. Mehmet Süreyya Bey (1969). Osmanlı devletinde kim kimdi, Volume 1. Küğ Yayını. ISBN 978-9-004-12106-5. A. Yurdusev (January 28, 2016). Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional?. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-55443-6. Journal of Turkish Studies. Harvard University Printing Office. 1979. ISBN 978-0-230-55443-6.

Hasan Cem (2004). Osmanlı tarihinde katledilen şehzadeler. Geçit Kitabevi. ISBN 978-9-757-69989-7. Nazım Tektaş (2004). Harem'den taşanlar. Çatı. ISBN 978-9-758-84502-6. Muammer Yılmaz (1996). Cem Sultan. Springer. Cavid Baysun (1946). Cem Sultan: hayati ve ṣiirleri. Ahmet Halit Kitabevi. ISBN 978-0-230-55443-6. Necdet Sakaoğlu (2007). Famous Ottoman Women. Avea. Shai Har-El (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-10180-7.