The 120 Days of Sodom

For the 1975 art film based on this book, see Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom
The 120 Days of Sodom

Vintage edition of 120 Days of Sodom
Author Marquis de Sade
Country France
Language French
Subject Sadism
Genre Erotic fiction, pornography, Political Rebuttal
Publisher Penguin Books (recent English edition)
Publication date
 1904
Published in English
 Unknown
Media type Print (Manuscript)
ISBN 9780141394343 (recent edition)
OCLC 942708954

The 120 Days of Sodom, or the School of Libertinage[1] (Les 120 Journées de Sodome ou l'école du libertinage) is a novel by the French writer and nobleman Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade. Described as both pornographic[2] and erotic,[3] it was written in 1785.[4] It tells the story of four wealthy male libertines who resolve to experience the ultimate sexual gratification in orgies. To do this, they seal themselves away for four months in an inaccessible castle in the heart of the Black Forest, with a harem of 46 victims, mostly young male and female teenagers, and engage four female brothel keepers to tell the stories of their lives and adventures. The women's narratives form an inspiration for the sexual abuse and torture of the victims, which gradually mounts in intensity and ends in their slaughter.

The work went unpublished until the early twentieth century.[5] In recent times it has been translated into many languages, including English, Japanese, Spanish, Russian and German. It remains a highly controversial book, having been banned by some governments[6] due to its explicit nature and themes of sexual violence and extreme cruelty, but remains of significant interest to students and historians.

History

Sade wrote The 120 Days of Sodom in the space of thirty-seven days in 1785 while he was imprisoned in the Bastille. Being short of writing materials and fearing confiscation, he wrote it in tiny writing on a continuous, twelve-metre-long (39.37 feet) roll of paper, made up of individual small pieces of paper smuggled into the prison and glued together. When the Bastille was stormed and looted on July 14, 1789, at the beginning of the French Revolution, Sade believed the work was lost forever and later wrote that he "wept tears of blood" over its loss.[5]

However, the long scroll of paper on which it was written was found hidden in walls of his cell, having escaped the attentions of the looters.[5] It was first published in 1904[5] by the Berlin psychiatrist Iwan Bloch (who used a pseudonym, "Dr. Eugen Dühren", to avoid controversy). It was not until the latter half of the 20th century that it became more widely available in countries such as United Kingdom, the United States and France. The original is located in the Musée des Lettres et Manuscrits, Paris, France. It was purchased from a Swiss collector for €7 Million.[2]

Assessments

Sade described his work as "the most impure tale that has ever been told since the world began."[7] The first publisher of the work, Dr. Bloch, regarded its thorough categorisation of all manner of sexual fetishes as having "scientific importance...to doctors, jurists, and anthropologists." He equated it with Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis. Feminist writer Simone de Beauvoir wrote an essay titled "Must We Burn Sade?", defending The 120 Days of Sodom because of the valuable light it sheds on humanity's darkest side when, in 1955, French authorities planned on destroying it and three other major works by Sade.

Camille Paglia considers Sade's work a "satirical response to Jean-Jacques Rousseau" in particular, and the Enlightenment concept of man's innate goodness in general. Much of the sexual violence in the book draws from the notorious historical cases of Gilles de Rais and Elizabeth Báthory. Gilles Deleuze considers The 120 Days along with the rest of Sade's corpus in conjunction with Sacher-Masoch, remarking, "the work of Sade and Masoch cannot be regarded as pornography; it merits the more exalted title of 'pornology' because its erotic language cannot be reduced to the elementary functions of ordering and describing."[8]

Synopsis

The 120 Days of Sodom is set in a remote medieval castle, high in the mountains and surrounded by forests, detached from the rest of the world, either at the end of Louis XIV's reign or at the beginning of the Régence.

The novel takes place over five months, November to March. Four wealthy libertines lock themselves in a castle, the Château de Silling, along with a number of victims and accomplices. (The description of Silling matches Sade's own castle, the Château de Lacoste.) Since they state that the sensations produced by the organs of hearing are the most erotic, they intend to listen to various tales of depravity from four veteran prostitutes, which will inspire them to engage in similar activities with their victims.

It is not a complete novel. Only the first section is written in detail. After that, the remaining three parts are written as a draft, in note form, with Sade's notes to himself still present in most translations. Either at the outset, or during the writing of the work, Sade had evidently decided he would not be able to complete it in full and elected to write out the remaining three-quarters in brief and finish it later.

The story does portray some black humor, and Sade seems almost light-hearted in his introduction, referring to the reader as "friendly reader". In this introduction, he contradicts himself, at one point insisting that one should not be horrified by the 600 passions outlined in the story because everybody has their own tastes, but at the same time going out of his way to warn the reader of the horrors that lie ahead, suggesting that the reader should have doubts about continuing. Consequently, he glorifies as well as vilifies the four main protagonists, alternately declaring them freethinking heroes and debased villains, often in the same passage.

Characters

The four principal characters are incredibly wealthy men, who are libertine, incredibly ruthless, and "...lawless and without religion, whom crime amused, and whose only interest lay in his passions...and had nothing to obey but the imperious decrees of his perfidious lusts." It is no coincidence that they are authority figures in terms of their occupations. Sade despised religion and authority and in many of his works he enjoyed mocking them by portraying priests, bishops, judges and the like as sexual perverts and criminals. They are:

Their accomplices are:

  • Madame Duclos, 48.
  • Madame Champville, 50, partial to have her three-inch clitoris tickled by females; she was a virgin, but her ass was flabby and worn from use, so much so that she felt nothing there.
  • Madame Martaine, 52, especially excited by anal sex; a natural deformity prevented her from having any other kind.
  • Madame Desgranges, 56, pale and emaciated, with dead eyes, whose anus was so enlarged she did not feel anything there, missing one nipple, three fingers, six teeth, and an eye.
  • Hercule, 26
  • Antinoüs, 40
  • Brise-Cul (Break-arse)
  • Bande-au-ciel (Erect-to-the-sky)

The victims are:

The girls:
  • Augustine, 15
  • Fanny, 14
  • Zelmire, 15
  • Sophie, 14
  • Colombe, 13
  • Hébé, 12
  • Rosette, 13
  • Mimi, 12
The boys:
  • Zélamir, 13
  • Cupidon, 13
  • Narcisse, 12
  • Zephyr, 12
  • Celadon, 14
  • Adonis, 15
  • Hyacinthe, 14
  • Giton, 12
  • Marie, 58, who had strangled all 14 of her children, and one of whose buttocks was consumed by an abscess.
  • Louison, 60, stunted, hunchbacked, blind in one eye, and lame.
  • Thérèse, 62, had no hair or teeth. Her ass, which she had never wiped in her whole life, resembled a volcano. All of her orifices stank.
  • Fanchon, 69, short and heavy, with hemorrhoids the size of a fist hanging from her anus. She was usually drunk, vomited constantly, and had fecal incontinence.

There are also several cooks and female servants, those in the latter category later being dragged into the proceedings.

Plot

The novel is set out to a strict timetable. For each of the first four months, November to February, the prostitutes take turns to tell five stories each day, relating to the fetishes of their most interesting clients, and thus totalling 150 stories for each month (in theory at least; Sade made a few mistakes as he was apparently unable to go back and review his work as he went along). These passions are separated into four categories – simple, complex, criminal, and murderous – escalating in complexity and savagery.

It is perhaps significant that Sade was interested in the manner in which sexual fetishes are developed, as are his primary characters, who urge the storytellers to remind them, in later stages, as to what the client in that particular anecdote enjoyed doing in their younger years. There are therefore a number of recurring figures, such as a man who, in the early tales, enjoys pricking women's breasts with pins and, at his reappearance in the tales in the 'murderous passions' category, delights in killing women by raping them atop a bed of nails. At the end of the novel, Sade draws up a list of the characters with a note of those who were killed and when, and also those who survived.

In the novel it is normal, even routine, to enjoy pedophilic pleasure from interactions with very young children, both male and female. A lot of attention is given to feces, which the men consume as a delicacy. The place designated for shitting is the chapel.

Film adaptations

In the final vignette of L'Age d'Or (1930), the surrealist film directed by Luis Buñuel and written by Buñuel and Salvador Dalí, the intertitle narration tells of an orgy of 120 days of depraved acts—a reference to The 120 Days of Sodom—and tells us that the survivors of the orgy are ready to emerge. From the door of a castle emerges the Duc de Blangis, who is supposed to look like a mythical figure. When a young girl runs out of the castle, the Duc comforts the girl, but then escorts her back inside. A loud scream is then heard and he reemerges with blood on his robes and missing his beard.

In 1975, Pier Paolo Pasolini turned the book into a film, Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma). The film is transposed from 18th-century France to the last days of Mussolini's regime in the Republic of Salò. Salò is commonly listed among the most controversial films ever made.[9][10][11]

Original manuscript

Detail of The 120 Days of Sodom

Viscount Charles de Noailles, whose wife Marie-Laure was a direct descendant of de Sade, bought the manuscript in 1929.[12] It was inherited by their daughter Natalie, who kept it in a drawer on the family estate. She would occasionally bring it out and show it to guests, among them the writer Italo Calvino.[12]

Ms. de Noailles later entrusted the manuscript to a friend, Jean Grouet. In 1982, Grouet betrayed her trust and smuggled the Sodom manuscript into Switzerland, where he sold it to Gérard Nordmann for $60,000.[12] An international legal wrangle ensued, with a French court ordering it to be returned to the Noailles family, only to be overruled in 1998 by a Swiss court that declared it had been bought by the collector in good faith.[2]

Ms. de Noailles filed suit in France, and in 1990 France's highest court ordered the return of the manuscript. Switzerland had not yet signed the UNESCO convention for restitution of stolen cultural objects, so de Noailles had to take the case through the Swiss courts. The Swiss federal court sided with Nordmann, ruling in 1998 that he had bought the manuscript in good faith.[12]

It was first put on display near Geneva in 2004. Gérard Lhéritier, president and founder of Aristophil, a company specializing in rare manuscripts, bought the scroll for 7m Euros, and in 2014 put it on display at his Musée des Lettres et Manuscrits (Museum of Letters and Manuscripts) in Paris.[2][5]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Alternatively The School of Licentiousness
  2. 1 2 3 4 Willsher, Kim (April 3, 2014). "Original Marquis de Sade scroll returns to Paris". Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Sade's 120 Days of Sodom to return to France after two centuries' adventures". RFI. April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  4. ↑ Seaver, Richard and Austryn Wainhouse. Forward. 120 Days of Sodom and Other Writings By Marquis de Sade. Eds. and Trans. Austryn Wainhouse and Richard Seaver. New York: Grove Press, 1966.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Perrottet, Tony (February 2015). "Who Was the Marquis de Sade?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  6. ↑ University of Melbourne (2013). Banned Books in Australia - A Special Collections-Art in the Library Exhibition." "" Retrieved: 12.06.2014
  7. ↑ Sciolino, Elaine. (2013, January 22). It's a Sadistic Story, and France Wants It. The New York Times, pg C1.
  8. ↑ Deleuze, G. 1991. Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty & Venus in Furs. New York, NY.
  9. ↑ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/what-to-watch/most-controversial-movies-ever/
  10. ↑ http://www.watchmojo.com/video/id/11938/
  11. ↑ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Film/SaloOrThe120DaysOfSodom
  12. 1 2 3 4 Sciolino, Elaine. (2013, January 22). It's a Sadistic Story, and France Wants It. The New York Times, pg C5.

References

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