2007 Boston Mooninite panic

2007 Boston Mooninite panic

An LED display resembling the cartoon character Ignignokt from Aqua Teen Hunger Force giving the middle finger as seen in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Identical devices throughout the community were removed by the Boston Police Department and the Boston Fire Department on January 31, 2007.
Date January 31, 2007
Attack type
 Scare

The 2007 Boston Mooninite panic occurred on Wednesday, January 31, 2007, after the Boston Police Department and the Boston Fire Department mistakenly identified battery-powered LED placards resembling two "Mooninite" characters from the Adult Swim animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force as improvised explosive devices.[1][2] Placed throughout Boston, Massachusetts, and the surrounding cities of Cambridge and Somerville, these devices were part of a guerrilla marketing advertising campaign for Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters, a film based on Aqua Teen Hunger Force.[2]

The incident led to controversy and criticism from a number of media sources, including The Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times, Fox News, The San Francisco Chronicle, New York Times, CNN and The Boston Herald, some of which ridiculed the city's response to the devices as disproportionate and indicative of a generation gap between city officials and the younger residents of Boston, whom the ads were targeted at. Several sources noted that the hundreds of officers in the Boston police department or city emergency planning office on scene were unable to identify the figure depicted for several hours until a younger staffer at Mayor Thomas Menino's office saw the media coverage and recognized the figures as cartoon characters from the TV show. After the devices were removed, the Boston Police Department stated in their defense that the ad devices shared "some characteristics with improvised explosive devices," which they said included an "identifiable power source, a circuit board with exposed wiring, and electrical tape." Investigators were not mollified by the discovery that the devices were not explosive in nature, stating they still intended to determine "if this event was a hoax or something else entirely." Although city prosecutors eventually concluded there was no ill intent involved in the placing of the ads, the city continues to refer to the event as a "bomb hoax" (implying intent) rather than a "bomb scare."[3][4][5]

Reflecting back on the incident years later, various academics and media sources have characterized the reaction to the marketing campaign as a form of social panic.[6][7] Author Gregory Bergman wrote in his 2008 book BizzWords that the devices were basically a self-made form of the children's toy Lite-Brite.[8] Computer security expert Bruce Schneier wrote in his 2009 book Schneier on Security that Boston officials were "ridiculed" for their overreaction to the incident.[9] In his 2009 book Secret Agents, historian and communication professor Jeremy Packer discussed a phenomenon in culture called the "panic discourse" and described the incident as a "spectacular instance of this panic".[6] In a 2012 article The Boston Phoenix called the incident the "Great Mooninite Panic of 2007".[7] A 2013 publication by WGBH News wrote that the majority of Boston youth thought that arresting two men who placed devices, Peter "Zebbler" Berdovsky and Sean Stevens, was not warranted.[10]

Planning

In November 2006, Boston area artist Zebbler (aka Peter Berdovsky) met John (aka VJ Aiwaz) in New York City. John worked for a marketing organization named Interference, Inc., and asked Berdovsky if he would be interested in working on a promotional project. Berdovsky agreed and enlisted the help of Sean Stevens for the project. Interference shipped Berdovsky 40 electronic signs. Adrienne Yee of Interference e-mailed him a list of suggested locations and a list of things not to do. According to police, the suggested locations for the devices included "train stations, overpasses, hip/trendy areas and high traffic/high visibility areas." The signs were to be put up discreetly overnight. They were to be paid $300 each for their assistance.

Berdovsky, Stevens, and Dana Seaver put up 20 magnetic lights in the middle of January. They dubbed the activity "Boston Mission 1." While Stevens and Berdovsky put up the lights, Seaver recorded the activity on video and sent a copy to Interference. On the night of January 29, 2007, in what was called "Boston Mission 2," 18 more magnetic lights were put in place. This included one under Interstate 93 at Sullivan Square in Charlestown.[11][12]

Devices

The devices were not lit until the afternoon.

The devices closely resembled the Night Writer promoted by the Graffiti Research Lab in early 2006.[13] The devices were promotional electronic placards for the forthcoming Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters. Each device, measuring about 1 by 1.5 feet,[2] consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with black soldermask, light-emitting diodes, and other electronic components soldered to it, including numerous resistors, a few capacitors, and at least one integrated circuit package. At the bottom was a pack of four Publix brand D-cell batteries, with magnets attached to the back so the devices could be easily mounted on any ferromagnetic surface. The batteries were originally covered in black tape to blend in with the black PCB.

The LED lights were arranged to represent the Mooninite characters displaying the middle finger.[14][15] Two variants were manufactured with the LEDs arranged in pixelated likenesses of Ignignokt and Err, Mooninite characters from Aqua Teen Hunger Force. Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley said the device "had a very sinister appearance. It had a battery behind it, and wires."[16] Others compared the displays to the Lite-Brite electric toy in appearance.[16]

Subsequent scare

On January 31, 2007, at 8:05 a.m., a passenger spotted one of the devices on a stanchion that supports an elevated section of Interstate 93 (I-93), above Sullivan Station and told a policeman with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) of its presence.[3] At 9 a.m., the Boston Police Department bomb squad received a phone call from the MBTA requesting assistance in identifying the device.[17] Authorities responded with what the Boston Globe described as "[an] army of emergency vehicles" at the scene, including police cruisers, fire trucks, ambulances, and the Boston Police Department bomb squad. Also present were live TV crews, large crowd of onlookers, and helicopters circling overhead.[3] Peter Berdovsky, who had placed the device, went to the scene and video recorded the situation. Berdovsky recognized the device with which the police were dealing, but made no attempt to inform the police at the scene. Berdovsky returned to his apartment and contacted Interference, the company who had hired him to place the lights. He was told by Interference that they would handle informing the police and that he should personally say nothing about the situation.[18]

During the preliminary investigation at the site, police found that the device shared "some characteristics with improvised explosive devices." These characteristics included an identifiable power source, circuit board with exposed wiring, and electrical tape. After the initial assessment, Boston police shut down the northbound side of I-93 and parts of the public transportation system. Just after 10 a.m., the bomb squad used a small explosive filled with water to destroy the device as a precaution. MBTA Transit police Lieutenant Salvatore Venturelli told the media at the scene, "This is a perfect example of our passengers taking part in homeland security." He refused to describe the object in detail because of the ongoing investigation, responding only that "It's not consistent with equipment that would be there normally." Investigators were trying to determine "if it was a hoax or something else entirely," according to Venturelli.[3][4] Northbound I-93 reopened to traffic at about 10:05 a.m. By 10:21 a.m. it was determined to be "some sort of hoax device," according to a police timeline of the events.[17]

At 12:54 p.m., Boston police received a call identifying another device located at the intersection of Stuart and Charles Street.[17] At 1:11 p.m. the Massachusetts State Police requested assistance from the bomb squad with devices found under the Longfellow and Boston University bridges.[17] Both bridges were closed as a precaution, and the Coast Guard closed the river to boat traffic.[19][20]

At 1:26 p.m., friends of Peter Berdovsky received an e-mail from him, which alleged that five hours into the scare, an Interference Inc. executive requested Berdovsky "keep everything on the dl."[11] Travis Vautour, a friend of Berdovsky, stated: "We received an e-mail in the early afternoon from Peter that asked the community that he's a part of to keep any information we had on the down low and that was instructed to him by whoever his boss was."[21] Two hours later, Interference notified their client, Cartoon Network.[11] Between 2 and 3 p.m., a police analyst identified the image on the devices as an Aqua Teen Hunger Force cartoon character, and police concluded the incident was a publicity stunt.[2] Turner Broadcasting System issued a statement concerning the event at around 4:30 p.m.[2] Portions of the Turner statement read:

"We regret that they were mistakenly thought to pose any danger. The packages in question are magnetic lights that pose no danger. They are part of an outdoor marketing campaign in 10 cities in support of Adult Swim's animated television show Aqua Teen Hunger Force. They have been in place for two to three weeks in Boston, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Seattle, Portland, Austin, San Francisco, and Philadelphia. Parent company Turner Broadcasting is in contact with local and federal law enforcement on the exact locations of the billboards. We regret that they were mistakenly thought to pose any danger."[22]

Some devices had been up for two weeks in the cities listed before the Boston incident occurred, although no permits were ever secured for the devices' installation.[22] The marketing company responsible for the campaign, Interference, Inc., made no comment on the situation and their website was down (restored as of February 3, 2007).[23] Berdovsky and Stevens, the individuals hired by Interference to install the signs, were arrested by Boston police during the evening of January 31, and charged with violating Chapter 266: Section 102A½ of the General Laws of Massachusetts, which states that it is illegal to display a "hoax device" with the motive to cause citizens to feel threatened, unsafe, and concerned.[14][24] Both were held at the State Police South Boston barracks overnight and were released on $2,500 bail from the Charlestown Division of Boston Municipal Court the following morning.

Reactions

Lite-Brite and a Mooninite display
Lite-Brite (without black paper) spelling "hello"
A Lite-Brite (without black paper) spelling "hello"
Close-up of one of the LED displays while being lit
Close-up of one of the LED displays resembling Ignignokt while being lit
Lite-Brite children's toy (left) and Mooninite display (right)

The Boston Globe stated that the "marketing gambit exposes a wide generation gap," quoting one 29-year-old blogger as writing "Repeat after me, authorities. L-E-D. Not I-E-D. Get it?"[25] The Globe's Brainiac blog was quick to credit bloggers such as Todd Vanderlin and Brian Stuart for being among the first to report on the ad's origin.[26] The Brainiac blog earned praise from other media outlets for their timely coverage of events, even as the paper continued to report on simply "suspicious objects".[27]

Los Angeles Times editorials derided the reaction of Boston's officials, remarking, "Emergency personnel and anti-terrorism squads shut down more than a dozen highways, transit stations and other locations across the city Wednesday after receiving reports about multiple suspicious devices. The slender, placemat-sized items had dozens of colored lights, exposed wires and circuitry, and were powered by a row of D batteries wrapped in black tape. In other words, they looked like an upscale version of Hasbro's Lite-Brite, a toy for artistic grade schoolers."[28] Bruce Schneier, a computer security expert and writer on contemporary security issues, summed up the incident as a "non-terrorist embarrassment in Boston".[29]

The Boston Herald stated that part of the reaction in the response could be blamed on two packages that did not blink. According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis, phony pipe bombs were also discovered that day, one inside Tufts-New England Medical Center at 1 p.m. A security guard described "an agitated white male" fleeing saying, "God is warning you that today is going to be a sad day." The Herald went on to characterize the placement of the devices as a "coordinated hoax." Davis also mentioned other incidents of the day that may have influenced the reaction, including a Washington, D.C. metro stop being shut down due to a suspected package, and fumes emanating from a package at a post office in New York City, resulting in four people being treated there. "It was almost like we had a kind of perfect storm of circumstances falling into place," Davis said.[30]

Err advertisement located in Los Angeles

The advertising magazine Brandweek said that the incident, which it labeled a fiasco, would cause marketers to "steer clear of guerrilla tactics until the controversy around the Aqua Teen Hunger Force stunt-turned-bomb-scare in Boston dies down." It further said the incident "will no doubt be followed by a reassessment of the potential price of what used to be known as a low-cost method to generate buzz."[31]

According to Fox News, fans of Aqua Teen Hunger Force mocked Boston officials during the press conference of Berdovsky and Stevens, calling the arrests an overreaction, while holding signs supporting the actions of the two. These signs had slogans such as "Free Peter" and "1-31-07 Never Forget," satirizing Mayor Tom Menino's mentions of 9/11.[32] Other local Boston residents were quoted by local papers. "We all thought it was pretty funny," said one student. "The majority of us recognize the difference between a bomb and a Lite-Brite," said another.[33] One resident said that the police response was "silly and insane," and that "we're the laughingstock."[34] Something Positive, a webcomic written and drawn by Waltham resident R. K. Milholland, also weighed in on the issue.[35] Bloggers on a Boston LiveJournal community commented on channel 4 footage of the first device being exploded and clearly identified it as a "Mooninite," reacting in disbelief.[36]

Karl Carter of Atlanta-based Guerrilla Tactics Media said fans of the show Aqua Teen Hunger Force would recognize the character and think it was funny, but other people who saw the signs wouldn't get the joke. "This is probably better set up for nightclubs and other sorts of scenarios where the people that are receiving the message, one, would know what it's about, but also two, wouldn't be frightened," he said. "You know, if you put these in certain environments, like public spaces in this post-9/11 sensitivity, then of course you're going to wind up in trouble." Make magazine editor Phillip Torrone said the advertisers should have used better judgment, but called the Mooninite board a "neat electronic project."[37] As reported by Boing Boing, the media and the State of Massachusetts insisted on maintaining the use of the words "bomb hoax" when describing the event, despite Turner Broadcasting Systems' firm contentions that the devices were not intended to resemble bombs and the company had no intent to arouse suspicion or panic in approving the advertising campaign.[38]

The next day, Bax and O'Brien on the Western Massachusetts radio station WAQY weighed in, with John O'Brien saying, "and they [the devices] were also placed in Boston over two weeks ago. I don't think the terrorism officials in Boston are very observant ... Good thing September 11 didn't happen here. We wouldn't have found it until September 20."

On February 27, 2007, just a month after the incident, the Boston police bomb squad responded and detonated another object that they believed to be a bomb, which turned out to be a city-owned traffic counter.[39][40] In the months following the scare, stickers reading, "Don't Panic! This is NOT A BOMB. Do not be afraid. Do not call the police. Stop letting the terrorists win," began to appear on Boston parking meters, ATMs, and other objects in public.[41][42]

On March 18, 2007, at the annual St. Patrick's Day Breakfast in South Boston, jokes were made about the incident by Massachusetts politicians. Tom Menino said it was a good way to obtain a local aid package for the city (referring to the $1 million in "good faith money for homeland security" that Cartoon Network paid the city of Boston to avoid a lawsuit). Congressman Stephen Lynch claimed that the Mooninites were part of a sleeper cell that also included SpongeBob SquarePants and Scrappy-Doo. State Treasurer Timothy P. Cahill held up a picture of a Mooninite with Mitt Romney's face on it, saying "We had to blur out his real feelings about Massachusetts."[43]

Aftermath

Aqua Teen Hunger Force promotional devices were displayed in 10 different cities. This is one of them, identified at the entrance to Peachtree Center MARTA station in Atlanta, Georgia.

On February 5, 2007 state and local agencies came to an agreement with both Turner Broadcasting and Interference, Inc., to pay for costs incurred in the incident. As part of the settlement, which resolves any potential civil or criminal claims against the companies, Turner and Interference agreed to pay $2 million: $1 million to go to the Boston Police Department and $1 million to the Department of Homeland Security. This was in addition to the companies' apologies, which local authorities deemed too little as announced by Dan Conley, district attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts, in a speech on NECN, saying the people who are responsible for this "reckless stunt", are liable for the havoc it caused to both the city and the region.[5]

On February 9, 2007, the week after the commotion occurred, Cartoon Network's general manager and executive vice president, Jim Samples, resigned "in recognition of the gravity of the situation that occurred under my watch", and with the "hope that my decision allows us to put this chapter behind us and get back to our mission of delivering unrivaled original animated entertainment for consumers of all ages".[44] Following Samples's resignation, Stuart Snyder was named his successor.[45] Hayden Bradfield of Yahoo! Voices believes Cartoon Network began to decline in quality after 2007, as a result of Samples's resignation.[46]

In total, ten cities were involved in the marketing campaign, which began two to three weeks before the incident in Boston. The NYPD contacted Interference, Inc., to request a list of 41 locations where the devices were installed.[47] Officers were able to locate and remove only two devices, both located near 33rd Street and West Side Highway at the High Line overpass.[47] The NYPD did not receive any complaints about the devices, according to police spokesman Paul Brown.[47] At 9:30 p.m. on the evening of January 31, the Chicago Police Department received a list of installation locations from Interference, Inc.[48] Police recovered and disposed of 20 of the 35 devices. Police Superintendent Philip Cline admonished those responsible for the campaign, stating, "one of the devices could have easily been mistaken for a bomb and set off enough panic to alarm the entire city."[48] Cline went on to say that, on February 1, he asked Turner Broadcasting to reimburse the city for funds spent on locating and disposing of the devices.[48] Two men were briefly held in connection to the incident.

Fewer than twenty devices were found in Seattle and neither the Seattle Police Department nor the King County Sheriff's Office received 9-1-1 calls regarding them.[49] King County Sheriff's spokesman John Urquhart stated, "To us, they're so obviously not suspicious ... We don't consider them dangerous.[49] In this day and age, whenever anything remotely suspicious shows up, people get concerned —and that's good. However, people don't need to be concerned about this. These are cartoon characters giving the finger."[50]

Interference, Inc., hired two people to distribute twenty devices throughout Philadelphia on January 11.[51] One of these was Ryan, a 24-year-old from Fishtown, who claimed that he was promised $300 for installing the devices, only 18 of which were actually functional.[51] Following the scare in Boston, the Philadelphia Police Department recovered three of the 18 devices. Joe Grace, spokesman for Philadelphia Mayor John F. Street, was quoted as saying, "We think it was a stupid, regrettable, irresponsible stunt by Turner. We do not take kindly to it."[51] A cease-and-desist letter was sent to Turner, threatening fines for violating zoning codes.[52]

No devices were retrieved in Los Angeles and Lieutenant Paul Vernon of the Los Angeles Police Department stated that "no one perceived them as a threat."[53] The many Los Angeles signs were up for over two weeks before the Boston scare without incident. Police Sergeant Brian Schmautz stated that officers in Portland had not been dispatched to remove the devices, and did not plan to unless they were found on municipal property. He added, "At this point, we wouldn't even begin an investigation, because there's no reason to believe a crime has occurred."[16] A device was placed in inside 11th Ave. Liquor on Hawthorne Boulevard in Portland, where it remains. San Francisco Police Sergeant Neville Gittens said that Interference, Inc. was removing them, except for one found by art gallery owner Jamie Alexander, who reportedly "thought it was cool" and had it taken down after it ceased to function.[54]

Berdovsky and Stevens were arrested on the day of the incident and charged with placing a hoax device to incite panic, a felony charge that carries a five-year maximum sentence, and one count of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor.[24] Both pleaded not guilty to the two charges and were later released on a $2,500 cash bond.[11] At their arraignment, Assistant Attorney General John Grossman claimed that the two were trying to "get attention by causing fear and unrest that there was a bomb in that location."[55] Michael Rich, the lawyer representing both men, disputed Grossman's claim, asserting that even a VCR could be found to fit the description of a bomb-like device.[55] Judge Leary said that it would be necessary for the prosecution to demonstrate an intent on the part of the suspects to cause a panic. The judge continued, "It appears the suspects had no such intent ... but the question should be discussed in a later hearing."[56] After making bail, Berdovsky and Stevens appeared for a live press conference. As Rich had advised them not to discuss the case, they spent the entire conference discussing and inviting press questions about hair styles of the 1970s, and ignoring any questions relating to the bomb scare.[57]

On March 1, 2007, Senator Edward Kennedy, D-MA, introduced S.735, "The Terrorist Hoax Improvements Act of 2007." It would amend

the federal criminal code to: (1) extend the prohibition against conveying false information and hoaxes to any federal crime of terrorism; (2) increase maximum prison terms for hoaxes involving a member of the Armed Forces during war; (3) allow a civil remedy for damages resulting from hoaxes perpetrated by an individual who later fails to provide accurate information to investigating authorities about the actual nature of the incident; and (4) extend the prohibition against mailing threatening communications to include corporations or governmental entities (as well as individuals).[58][59]

The bill never came to a vote.[60]

On May 11, 2007, prosecutors decided not to pursue criminal charges against Berdovsky and Stevens, in exchange for community service and a public apology. Attorney General Martha Coakley cited the difficulty in proving intent to incite panic on the part of the two men and called the deal "an appropriate and fair resolution." Berdovsky and Stevens completed 80 and 60 hours of community service at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Center in Boston, respectively.[61] The incident prompted opportunists to acquire the promotional devices from other cities and auction them on eBay, with prices ranging from $500 to over $5,000 USD.[62] Other eBay users created merchandise commemorating the event, including T-shirts, stickers, and custom LED signs.[63]

An Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode from season five entitled "Boston" was produced as the series creators' response to the bomb scare, but Adult Swim pulled it to avoid further controversy.[64] The episode has never aired, and has never been formally released to the public legally in any format. However, it was illegally leaked online in January 2015.[65][66] In addition, Ignignokt appears in the Season 5 DVD sleeve, dressed up as Osama Bin Laden.

Historical legacy

Author Gregory Bergman wrote in his 2008 book BizzWords that the devices in question were "essentially homemade Lite-Brites".[8] Bergman concluded: "That this occurred in Boston, home to Harvard, MIT, and other famous schools of learning, is embarrassing."[8] Computer security expert Bruce Schneier wrote in his 2009 book Schneier on Security that Boston officials were "ridiculed" for their overreaction to the incident.[9] Schneier wrote, "Almost no one looked beyond the finger pointing and jeering to discuss exactly why the Boston authorities overreacted so badly. They overreacted because the signs were weird."[9] Schneier characterized this as a form of "Cover Your Ass" security.[9]

In his 2009 book Secret Agents, historian and communication professor Jeremy Packer discussed a phenomenon in culture called the "panic discourse" and described the incident as a "spectacular instance of this panic".[6] Packer stated the discovery of the lightboards prompted "a city government and media panic".[6]

The Boston Phoenix published an article in 2012 looking back on the incident and interviewed Zebbler for his thoughts on its place in history.[7] The Boston Phoenix called the incident the "Great Mooninite Panic of 2007".[7] The publication concluded that the city of Boston was impacted due to the fact that it was "oblivious" to the Mooninite character from popular culture.[7] Zebbler thought that history would not be likely to repeat itself with a similar event, and surmised that marketing agencies would instead be more apt to first contact law enforcement to get permission for such an event.[7]

Six years after the incident, WGBH News published an article reflecting on law enforcement reaction to the marketing campaign.[10] WGBH summarized that the overall assessment of the government's response to the incident was critical, observing: "What was the fallout from the scare? Both local and national media outlets derided Boston Law enforcement for failing to recognize a PR stunt gone wrong. Many young Bostonians felt the arrest of Zebbler and Stevens was an overreaction."[10] The article quoted a student who pointed out the vast proportion of individuals were successfully able to determine the difference between a Lite-Brite children's toy and a bomb.[10]

WGBH requested a comment in 2013 from Zebbler to reflect back on the incident, and he stated he thought the overreaction by the government was a greater symptom of the American culture during that time period.[10] Zebbler said he would take part in a subsequent guerilla marketing event if there was a benevolent motivation behind it.[10]

The city of Boston hired Zebbler for its 2014 New Year's celebrations to create a light show—and paid him US$50,000 for his services.[67] Zebbler said he felt it was an honor to be selected and help bring unity to the city.[67] Zebbler's light show production was the centerpiece of the 2014 Boston First Night event held in Copley Square.[68] When interviewed by the Boston Herald about the choice of Zebbler for the 2014 First Night, Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino said, "We're a forgiving city."[69] Attorney General Martha Coakley also felt that paying Zebbler for the light production in 2014 was a good choice.[69] Coakley went on to defend the actions of law enforcement from 2007: "This was several years ago now. Those two young men had been hired by a company to do some guerrilla advertising. At the time, particularly in its proximity to 9/11, I think the City and Boston Police were very concerned. I think we responded appropriately at the time, but I think we also saw the company immediately make compensation to the City of Boston and to the Boston Police for the efforts involved."[69]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Byron, Katy; Kelley, Rob (February 9, 2007). "Cartoon Network boss quits over bomb scare". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Smalley, Suzanne; Mishra, Raja (February 1, 2007). "Froth, fear, and fury". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ellement, John R.; Ryan, Andrew (January 31, 2007). "Bomb squad removes suspicious object that closed I-93 north". Posted by the Boston Globe City & Region Desk. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  4. 1 2 "'Suspicious' Package Not Bomb, Police Say WCVB-TV". WCVB-TV. wyff4.com. January 31, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  5. 1 2 "Turner, 2nd firm to pay $2 million over scare". MSNBC. Associated Press. February 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Packer, Jeremy (2009). Secret Agents. Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 144–145, 158. ISBN 978-0820486697.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thompson, Barry (January 31, 2012). "Remembering the Great Mooninite Panic of 2007". The Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 Bergman, Gregory (2008). BizzWords. Adams Media. p. 163. ISBN 1598694723.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Schneier, Bruce (2009). "CYA Security". Schneier on Security. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0470505625.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapin, Kinne (January 31, 2013). "The Mooninite Invasion of Boston, 6 Years Later". WGBH News. WGBH. Archived from the original on July 31, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Levenson, Michael; Mishra, Raja (February 2, 2007). "Turner Broadcasting accepts blame, promises restitution". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  12. ↑ Levenson, Michael; Mishra, Raja; Cramer, Maria (February 1, 2007). "Turner Broadcasting accepts full responsibility for scare". The Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
  13. ↑ Night Writer Archived February 22, 2011, at WebCite
  14. 1 2 "Arrest Made In Boston's Hoax Device Incident". CBS Corporation. January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  15. ↑ Jamy Pombo (January 31, 2007). "TV Network Takes Responsibility For 'Hoax Devices'". ABC. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 Lothian, Dan; Fran Fifis; Deborah Feyerick (February 1, 2007). "Two plead not guilty to Boston hoax charges". CNN. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Ed (February 2, 2007). "Message From The Police Commissioner". BPDNews.com. Boston Police Department. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  18. ↑ Man in Boston Scare Videotaped Police: Defendant in Boston marketing stunt scare videotaped police response, attorney says Feb. 6, 2007 Archived March 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ "Man held after ad campaign triggers Boston bomb scare". CNN. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Security alert shuts Boston's Charles River". Reuters. January 31, 2007.
  21. ↑ Silverstein, Jonathan (February 2, 2007). "As Boston Reeled, Was Artist Asked to Keep Quiet?". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  22. 1 2 Powell, Shirley (January 31, 2007). "Statement from Turner Broadcasting Co.". CNN. TBS Corporate Communications. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  23. ↑ "Movie News – "Hunger Force" Ad Campaign Causes Boston Bomb Scare". Archived from the original on February 22, 2011.
  24. 1 2 "Possession, transportation, use or placement of hoax devices". The General Laws of Massachusetts (Chapter 266: Section 102A1/2). Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
  25. ↑ Levenson, Michael; Cramer, Maria (February 1, 2007). "Marketing gambit exposes a wide generation gap". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  26. ↑ Glenn, Joshua (January 31, 2007). "Attack of the Mooninites!". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  27. ↑ Reilly, Adam (February 7, 2007). "Mooninite media mash-up". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Full of beans". Los Angeles Times. February 3, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  29. ↑ Schneier on Security: Non-Terrorist Embarrassment in Boston February 1, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  30. ↑ Gelzinis, Peter (February 2, 2007). "PRANKS A LOT! ; Phony threat escalated real danger in hoax (Archives)". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2008.
  31. ↑ "Guerrilla Marketing Arena Soiled By 'Aqua Teen' Fiasco". Brandweek. February 5, 2007. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  32. ↑ Suspects Refuse to Answer Questions on Botched 'Aqua Teen' Marketing Scheme February 2, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  33. ↑ Blown out of proportion Feb 2, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  34. ↑ Many young Bostonians think city overreacted: ‘We’re the laughingstock,’ resident says after cartoon signs prompt scare Feb 1, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  35. ↑ Milholland, R. K. (February 1, 2007). "Something Positive for February 1, 2007". Something Positive. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  36. ↑ "MBTA Blows Up Mooninite". January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2007.
  37. ↑ Boston stunt creates PR buzz saw instead of buzz February 5, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  38. ↑ State of Massachusetts insists on calling ATHF ads "hoax devices" February 2, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  39. ↑ "Police Blow Up Suspicious Device In Boston". WBZ-TV. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008.
  40. ↑ "Boston police blow up traffic counter chained to lightpost". Boing Boing. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
  41. ↑ Begbie, Rod. "This is NOT A BOMB". Flickr. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  42. ↑ Doctorow, Cory (February 1, 2007). "Stickers: This is engineering, not bomb-making". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  43. ↑ live CW56 broadcast of the St. Patrick's Day Breakfast, March 18, 2007
  44. ↑ Weber, Harry R. (February 10, 2007). "Cartoon Network Head Resigns After Scare". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  45. ↑ Romano, Allison (October 21, 2007). "Stuart Snyder: The Perfect Combination". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
  46. ↑ The Decline in Animation and Cartoons - Yahoo Voices - voices.yahoo.com
  47. 1 2 3 Toosi, Nathal (February 1, 2007). "Boston publicity stunt sets off activity in New York". Daily News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  48. 1 2 3 Fitzsimmons, Emma Graves (February 2, 2007). "Cops not laughing at signs". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company.
  49. 1 2 Harrell, Debera (February 1, 2007). "Cartoon Network publicity stunt sparks panic in Boston – but not here". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  50. ↑ "'Aqua Teen' appeared in nine cities, only Boston panicked". azcentral.com. Associated Press. February 2, 2007.
  51. 1 2 3 Maykuth, Andrew (February 2, 2007). "Cartoon caper shows up here, but nobody's laughing". Philadelphia Inquirer.
  52. ↑ "Police: Phila. had 56 devices like Boston's panic-causers". Philadelphia Inquirer. Associated Press. February 1, 2007.
  53. ↑ Blankstein, Andrew (February 1, 2007). "Devices placed in Boston also intended for L.A.". LA Times.
  54. ↑ Bulwa, Demian (February 1, 2007). "Calmer reaction in S.F. – 'I thought it was cool'". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2007.
  55. 1 2 Serrano, Alfonso (February 1, 2007). "Publicity Stunt Suspects Released". CBS News. CBS News / Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  56. ↑ "Two plead not guilty to Boston hoax charges". CNN. February 2, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007.
  57. ↑ "Boston Bomb Scare Press Conference". Archived from the original on February 23, 2011.
  58. ↑ THOMAS, Terrorist Hoax Improvements Act of 2007, United States Senate, S.735 2007, retrieved May 8, 2007"Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
  59. ↑ Cheng, Jaqui, Mooninites, meet the Terrorist Hoax Improvements Act, ars technica, May 8, 2007, retrieved May 8, 2007 Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  60. ↑ S. 735 [110th]: Terrorist Hoax Improvements Act of 2007 (GovTrack.us) Archived February 23, 2011, at WebCite
  61. ↑ "Pair Charged In Marketing Stunt Reach Plea Deal". WBZTV.com. CBS Broadcasting. Associated Press. May 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
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  63. ↑ Marotta, Michael (February 2, 2007). "Mooninite moneymaker: T-shirts, LED displays hit eBay". Boston Herald. GateHouse Media.
  64. ↑ "Exclusive Interview With Meatwad, Er, Dave Willis, Of 'Aqua Teen Hunger Force'". Starpulse.com. December 15, 2008. Archived from the original on February 23, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
  65. ↑ Gonzales, Dave. "Banned Aqua Teen Hunger Force Boston episode leaks online". Geek.com. Geek. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  66. ↑ Staff, Interrobang. "Banned Aqua Teen Hunger Force Episode Finally Sees The Light Of Day". Interrobang.com. Interrobang. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  67. 1 2 Rousseau, Morgan (November 20, 2013). "Zebbler: Mooninite scare artist selected to stage $50,000 First Night centerpiece". Metro.us. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  68. ↑ Woodman, Tenley (November 20, 2013). "Artist from 2007 bomb scare headlining First Night". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  69. 1 2 3 Battenfeld, Joe (November 20, 2013). "Menino defends hire of bomb scare artist for First Night". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2015.

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