2015 Greek football scandal

2015 Greek football scandal

Date	2015 (ongoing)
Location	Greece
Also known as	Criminal organization controlling Greek football
Suspect(s)	Evangelos Marinakis, Theodoros Kouridis, Georgios Sarris, Aristidis Stathopoulos, Ioannis Kompotis, Georgios Spanos, Giorgos Arvanitidis, Ioannis Papakonstantinou, Nikos Prountzos, Pafsanias Papanikolaou, Christos Ifantis, Giorgos Douros, Thanasis Briakos, Thanasis Giahos, Ilias Spathas, Alexandros Dimitropoulos, Apostolos Amparkiolis, Giannis Kampaksis, Kostas Ioannidis, Giannis Agkelopoulos, Giorgos Lanaris, Giorgos Vlassis, Maria Anastasaki, Lefteris Zampras, Harilaos Zigogiannis, Ioanna Pantelopoulou
Convictions	ΤΒΑ

The 2015 Greek football scandal emerged on 6 April 2015 when prosecutor Aristidis Korreas' 173-page work was revealed. Telephone tapping operated by the National Intelligence Service of Greece since 2011 has played a significant role in the case.^[1] According to the prosecutor's conclusion, Olympiakos F.C. owner Evangelos Marinakis along with Greek Football Federation members Theodoros Kouridis, and Georgios Sarris are suspected of directing a criminal organization since 2011. The goal behind their scheme was to "absolutely control Greek football's fate by the methods of blackmailing and fraud",^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]} exploiting the self-governing ("autonomy") status of national football federations promoted by FIFA and UEFA. Referees, judges, football directors and chairmen are also involved in the scandal. All defendants deny charges. Olympiakos are the champions of the Greek Superleague at the time.

Prosecutor's conclusion

Organization's beginnings

In the summer of 2011, the Greek football was under the storm of Koriopolis scandal, a massive match-fixing case with many officials involved, including Evangelos Marinakis, the new owner of Olympiakos.

According to the recent prosecutor's conclusion, Evangelos Marinakis, Theodoros Kouridis, Aristidis Stathopoulos, Georgios Sarris and Euboea Football Clubs Association president Ioannis Papakonstantinou later met at Hilton Hotel in Athens in December 2011. The decisions that they came up with after their meeting were to support Sarris' candidation for the presidency of the Greek Football Federation in the upcoming election, aiming to control it, and that Evangelos Marinakis would have a leading role in the organization.^[8]

One of the first actions of the new presidency of HFF was the replacement of the two football prosecutors (Fakos, Antonakakis) with two others (Petropoulos, Karras).^[9] The investigation inside the Federation for the Koriopolis scandal stopped and never resumed ever since.^[10]

In January 2012, Kouridis and Stathopoulos following Marinakis orders, secretly met referee Petros Konstantineas, currently a member of the Hellenic Parliament and a key participant in the fight against football corruption,^[11] and demanded from him to favour Olympiakos against Xanthi at their 22 January 2012 clash.^[12] Konstantineas refused and Olympiakos were defeated by Xanthi.^[13] A month later, according to the prosecutor, Marinakis allegedly ordered unknown people to bomb Konstantineas' bakery, which led to bakery's demolition on 23 February 2012,^[14] an incident that "established Olympiakos' president domination on Greek football".^[15][16]

Expanding activity

Marinakis, Kouridis and Sarris used prepaid mobile phones owned typically by Chinese and Pakistani immigrants so as to communicate avoiding surveillance from the National Intelligence Service of Greece, although they were eventually wiretapped nonetheless. The phone Marinakis used was registered to a Pakistani individual named "Fataul Haque", while Sarris' phone was registered to a Chinese one named "Qianqian Zhang".^[17][18][19]

Korreas' conclusion states that Olympiakos owner's influence expanded to a wider range beyond his own club and that following his interests, various illegallities were committed. Specific referees were ordered so as to favor Platanias F.C., a club that was under Olympiakos' influence, against Panachaiki F.C. in a 2012 Football League play-off match which led to Platanias F.C. promoting to Super League. He intervened in Football League's Disciplinary Committee work in order to evoke favorable decisions for Tyrnavos 2005 F.C. against Niki Volou.^[20] Most important, he managed to influence most of the local Football Clubs Associations across Greece as well as most of the Super League clubs, which out of subordination and financial survival reasons agreed and aided Marinakis' right-hand Giorgos Sarris to become elected as the new president of Greek Football Federation.^[20]

The prosecutor's conclusion goes on mentioning that Super League's control was taken using Marinakis' stated power and economic strength.^[21] Olympiakos even maintains a large roster aiming to loan players to weaker clubs, succeeding in that manner to "preserve their influence along the league". Club's officials have been recorded by the National Intelligence Service of Greece of even demanding and eventually managing to place in Panionios' manager position Dimitrios Eleftheropoulos, Olympiacos' former goalkeeper, paying half of his contract salary.^[20]

Expanding violence

Various acts of violence are also included inside the prosecutor's conclusion against referees (Giorgos Daloukas, Dimitris Kyrkos etc.), journalists and others. In a separate case, launched in July 2011, Marinakis is accused also of instigation and facilitating acts of violence.^[22] According to telephone recordings, Marinakis, along with the president of second-division club Ilioupoli, Giorgos Tsakogiannis, and others, cooperated so that a group of hardcore Olympiakos fans would travel on March 13, 2011 to a third division match and provoke riots to bring about a penalty. The prosecutor’s report says that "Tsakogiannis informed [Ioannis] Papadopoulos that he had made arrangements and Evangelos Marinakis was aware of the plan for Olympiakos fans to cause riots".^[22]

In one of the recorded conversations, the ex-board member of Olympiakos Emilios Kotsonis (currently imprisoned for a case of a ship with two tonnes heroin, which was caught by the Greek authorities with the help of the US Drug Enforcement Administration^[23]) refers to the severe crowd violence during a derby match of Panathinaikos against Olympiakos (2011–12 season), for which Panathinaikos was docked three points and punished €212.000 as fine, saying that Golden Dawn was behind the incident.^[24]

Consequent state

Sarris, Kouridis and Stathopoulos along with their colleagues and former referees Briakos and Douros, compiled the referees' charts for the 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons of Greek Leagues, including referees of their utmost trust, such as Ioannidis, Amparkiolis and Kampaksis, who were used in crucial games in favor of the organization's interests. Among others, they refereed the match of Apollon Smyrni F.C. against Panionios, being ordered to favour Panionios, as well as the match of Levadiakos F.C. against Panetolikos F.C., being ordered to favour Levadiakos.^[25] Levadiakos' owner Giannis Kompotis, having acquaintances among the organization's circle, regularly benefit from them.

Concluding, the prosecutor points up that Marinakis managed to currently dominate Greek football using his power and subsequent alliances and that furthermore, taking advantage of the situation, Olympiakos have been winning the Greek Super League each season since 2011, an achievement that automatically gives the club the income reward of around €20 million per year out of UEFA's market pool^[25] resulting from their subsequent participation in the UEFA Champions League Group Phase.^[26] In one of the recorded conversations, the UEFA's Deputy General Secretary, Theodore Theodoridis, partner of Michel Platini and son of vice-president of Olympiakos Savvas Theodoridis, is heard to provide help to Marinakis. Theodoridis is appearing to be the person who is responsible for the good relations between Platini and the various Football Federations ensuring his reelection.^[27]

According to the Greek sports-site sdna.gr the Greek Federation has copied the code of FIFA Ethics Committee, but removing all the rules referring to punishments of officials, aiming to self-protection. The Federation still refuses to send its articles of association to the Greek General Secretary of Sports.^[28]

Other testimonies and statements

In 2014, Stamatis Vellis, ex-president of Apollon Smyrni, testified to the district attorney that the fate of his team depended on actions of corrupted members of the Hellenic Football Federation, naming a number of officials currently accused, and for that reason he quit from the presidency of his club and the Greek football.^[29]

In September 2014, Olivier Kapo, a former player of Levadiakos F.C., confirmed the alleged existence of a criminal organization within the Greek football industry, when he stated in the French press that in Greek football, “everything is corrupted [and] mafia-controlled.”^[30]

Ex-player of Panathinaikos, Gordon Schildenfeld’s sensational allegations about corruption in Greek football have caused uproar as he claimed: “I wanted to kill some of the refs in Greece. If I killed as many referees as I wanted you wouldn’t have had too many more in the Greek Superleague to officiate.”^[31]

On 27 May 2015, the President of the Football Union of Thessaly, Anastasios Batziakas (head of a Union which appealed the current presidency of the Hellenic Football Federation due to corruption), testified that his life was threatened by anonymous calls.^[32]

In August 2015, Petros Konstantineas stated that the referees in Greece should be professionals and criticized the situation about Hugh Dallas for getting paid without having any jurisdiction. He described also the Football Federation as a company who "pop in and out the Greek courts" and that Syriza "is going to finish the job".^[33]

On 2 March 2016, the owner oF PAOK FC, Ivan Savvidis, criticized the Hellenic Football Federation's officials and referees, stating at TV that "he is ashamed to be linked with the Greek football" and asked the resignation of Olympiakos' president, Marinakis, and the Federation's president.^[34] The board of directors of PAOK also asked the resignation of the Federation's president and the expulsion of all the accused persons from the Greek football, such as arbitration with foreign referees from the next season.^[35]

On 18 March 2016, Panathinaikos FC President Giannis Alafouzos sued Mr Marinakis and judges Tziblakis and Poulios for the Koriopolis case.^[36]

Current judicial status

As of June 2015, suspects are being questioned by investigating judge Georgios Andreadis. Andreadis added 10 suspects to the 16 that prosecutor Aristidis Korreas had proposed.^[37] Court council is due to decide who are to put on trial.

Evangelos Marinakis was questioned on 18 June 2015 and he was released on a €200,000 bail. He is also forced to stop being involved in any football activity, as well as he must report to a police station every 15 days.^[38][39]

Koriopolis progress

In July 2015, and after the prosecutor's proposal to the penal justice, it was announced that are going to be tried for the Koriopolis: the players Avraam Papadopoulos, Kostas Mendrinos, the officials Achilleas Beos, Ioannis Kombotis (owner of Levadiakos F.C.), Dimitris Tzelepis (chairman of Panthrakikos F.C.), Giorgos Borovilos (president of Asteras Tripolis), Dimitris Bakos (owner of Asteras Tripolis), Michalis Kountouris (president of amateur Olympiacos CFP and board member of Olympiacos F.C.) and many more.^[40][41] On 5 Steptember 2015, a new conversation recorded by the National Intelligence Service came in the light, with the ex-board member of Olympiakos Emilios Kotsonis asking for a meeting from a judge of the case (Giannis Tziblakis) with Evangelos Marinakis, who was finally cleared for Koriopolis. In the case intervened the Court of Cassation, the supreme court of Greece for civil and criminal law, and the case for Marinakis is going to be examined again.^[42]

Additional suspects

Additional suspects include Veria F.C. Director of Football Giorgos Lanaris and former owner Giorgos Arvanitidis, regarding 6 January 2013 match of Olympiakos F.C. against Veria.^[43] Veria player Nikolaos Georgeas and club's manager Dimitris Kalaitzidis at the time, testified in March 2015 that Lanaris following Arvanitidis orders demanded from Veria players to lose with a 3–0 score, which eventually happened.^[44][45] According to Andreadis, both Marinakis and Arvanitidis had agreed on the match fixing.^[46] Guillermo Pérez, football player of Veria at that time, stated also to the prosecutor that the game was fixed.^[47] However, Veria was judged as innocent for the suspected fixed match against Olympiakos by the appeal committee of the Football Federation.

Atromitos F.C. football director Giannis Agkelopoulos along with club's owner Giorgos Spanos were also questioned by Andreadis on the suspicion of manipulating 4 February 2015 match of Olympiakos against Atromitos, following Panathinaikos F.C. football director Takis Fyssas testimony. Fyssas claimed that Atromitos coach at that time, Ricardo Sá Pinto, had shared with him that Agkelopoulos demanded from the coach not to use Pitu Garcia, Napoleoni, Katsouranis and Kivrakidis for the match in question.^[48] At the questioning, Agkelopoulos and Spanos handed over a letter written by Sa Pinto claiming that the story is not true,^[49] while Fyssas claims the story is known even by Fernando Santos' assistant, Ricardo Santos. Santos confirmed him after talking to the Press, stating that he had informed Fyssas through a text message which then became part of the latter's testimony.^[50][51]

UEFA's reaction

On June 30, 2015, UEFA's General secretary Gianni Infantino stated that Olympiakos will keep their spot in the Champions League for the time,^[52] such as Asteras Tripoli FC. Later, the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed the participation of Olympiakos in the Champions League.^[53]

On 17 June 2015, the English sports-site Inside World Football had revealed that UEFA's integrity officer for the HFF (Dimitris Davakis) didn't state to the UEFA's Ethics and Disciplinary Inspector, Miguel Liétard Fernandez-Palacios, the judicial process and the alleged involvement of Asteras Tripoli in the Greek match-fixing scandal of Koriopolis, regarding their participation in the UEFA Europa League.^[54]

According to the Telegraph, UEFA did not respond to a request to confirm whether Infantino’s deputy, Theodore Theodoridis, had recused himself from any discussions or decisions about the handling of the Olympiakos case, because of the relationship of Theodoridis’s father, Savvas, vice-president of Olympiakos, and Theodoridis Jnr.^[55]

Accusations

Accused	Position	Accusations	Status
Evangelos Marinakis	Olympiacos F.C. owner and president	Involved in and directing a criminal organization Aiding and abetting blackmailing Aiding and abetting explosion Aiding and abetting bribery Fraud (all felony crimes)	Banned from any football activity Released on a €200.000 bail Forced to report to a police station every 15 days
Theodoros Kouridis	Former HFF counsel	Constituting and directing a criminal organization Fraud Blackmailing Bribery (all felony crimes)	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity Released on a €50.000 bail
Georgios Sarris	Former HFF and Referee Committee president	Constituting and directing a criminal organization Fraud Blackmailing Bribery (all felony crimes)	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity Released on a €50.000 bail
Aristidis Stathopoulos	HFF board of directors member	Constituting a criminal organization Fraud Blackmailing (all felony crimes)	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity
Ioannis Kompotis	Levadiakos F.C. owner	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Giorgos Spanos	Atromitos F.C. owner	Bribery
Giorgos Arvanitidis	Former Veria F.C. owner	Bribery	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity
Ioannis Papakonstantinou	HFF board of directors member	Involved in a criminal organization Blackmailing	Forbidden from leaving Greece
Nikos Prountzos	HFF board of directors member	Bribery
Pafsanias Papanikolaou	HFF executive	Bribery
Hristos Ifantis	HFF substitute general manager	Bribery
Giorgos Douros	Former Referee Committee substitute president	Involved in a criminal organization Fraud Blackmailing Bribery	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity
Thanasis Briakos	Former Referee Committee member	Involved in a criminal organization Fraud Blackmailing Bribery	Forbidden from leaving Greece Banned from any football activity
Thanasis Giahos	Referee	Bribery
Ilias Spathas	Referee	Bribery
Alexandros Dimitropoulos	Referee	Bribery	Forbidden from leaving Greece
Apostolos Amparkiolis	Referee	Bribery	Banned from being a referee
Giannis Kampaksis	Referee	Bribery	Banned from being a referee
Kostas Ioannidis	Referee	Bribery	Banned from being a referee
Giannis Agkelopoulos	Atromitos F.C. Director of Football	Bribery
Giorgos Lanaris	Veria F.C. Director of Football	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Giorgos Vlassis	HFF Referee Court member	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Maria Anastasaki	HFF Appeal Court member	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Lefteris Zampras	Former Football League Disciplinary Committee president	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Harilaos Zigogiannis	Former Football League Disciplinary Committee member	Bribery	Banned from any football activity
Ioanna Pantelopoulou	Football League Disciplinary Committee member	Bribery	Banned from any football activity

^[56]

See also

• Koriopolis
• 2015 FIFA corruption case

References

1. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 12. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
2. "Greece charges 41 over match-fixing as football scandal deepens". europe.newsweek.com. 27 May 2015.
3. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 159. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
4. "Op-Ed: Greek officials still playing dirty". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
5. "Sixteen reportedly charged in Greek football match-fixing investigation". the Guardian. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
6. "Europe's Football Battlefield". International Policy Digest. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
7. "Marinakis accused for bribery". sdna.gr. 13 May 2015.
8. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 160. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
9. "Εισαγγελέας για τους εισαγγελείς υπάρχει;". Retrieved 23 December 2015.
10. "Ορίστηκαν οι νέοι αθλητικοί εισαγγελείς". Contra.gr. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
11. Member of Parliament.
12. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 161. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
13. Scoda Xanthi – Olympiakos 1–0. 22 January 2012.
14. Τίναξαν στον αέρα το φούρνο του διαιτητή Π. Κωνσταντινέα στην Καλαμάτα (in Greek). 23 February 2012.
15. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 162. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
16. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH (20 August 2014). "Olympiakos muss gewinnen: Korruption in Griechenland". FAZ.NET. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
17. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 94. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
18. Paul Nicholson. "Greek corruption: Olympiacos owner charged in match-fixing ring round-up - Inside World Football". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
19. Paul Nicholson. "Matt Scott: Greek football's tragedy is a lesson for us all - Inside World Football". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
20. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 163. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
21. "Fifa's "Mafia family" just got bigger". http://descrier.co.uk. 15 October 2014. External link in |publisher= (help)
22. "Vangelis Marinakis in fresh trouble". Ekathimerini. July 11, 2011.
23. AP (23 June 2014). "Greek Coast Guard seize over two tons of heroin". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
24. "SPORTSDNA - ΠΟΔΟΣΦΑΙΡΟ - Superleague - Παναθηναϊκός - Χρυσαυγίτες πίσω από τα επεισόδια στο ντέρμπι "αιωνίων"". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
25. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 164. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
26. "Panathinaikos and PAOK set to sue Olympiakos to UEFA". sdna.gr. 13 May 2015.
27. "Olympiakos: Grosses Combines et relations troubles". les cahiers du football. 9 September 2015.
28. "ΕΠΟ: Colpo grosso ατιμωρησίας". sdna.grl. 11 October 2015.
29. X. M. "Καταγγελίες Βελλή!". Η Άποψη. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
30. "Olivier Kapo:" En Grèce, c'est la mafia totale !"" (in French). September 3, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
31. "Platini must fix Greek farce". Retrieved 23 December 2015.
32. Απειλές καταγγέλει ο πρόεδρος που θέλει να ρίξει την ΕΠΟ» (in Greek). sdna.gr. 27 May 2015.
33. soccerplus.gr (25 August 2015). "Κωσταντινέας: "Παρέα που μπαινοβγαίνει στην Ευελπίδων η ΕΠΟ". Retrieved 25 August 2015.
34. sdna.gr (3 March 2016). ""Χείμαρρος" ο Σαββίδης: "Δεν θα κατέβουμε στην Αθήνα, να παραιτηθεί ο Μαρινάκης"!". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
35. contra.gr (3 March 2016). "Η ομάδα δεν θα αγωνιστεί στον επαναληπτικό Κυπέλλου". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
36. Μήνυση στον Άρειο Πάγο από Αλαφούζο για το «Koriopolis»
37. Αυτοί είναι οι 26 κατηγορούμενοι της «εγκληματικής οργάνωσης» (in Greek). Efimerida Syntakton. 29 April 2015.
38. "Olympiakos owner Vangelis Marinakis banned from football over corruption allegations". skysports.com. 18 June 2015.
39. "Owner of Greek champions banned over corruption probe". eurosport.com. 18 June 2015.
40. Paul Nicholson. "Greeks send 85 to trial for match-fixing, but Olympiakos boss clears first round - Inside World Football". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
41. Gazzetta team (30 July 2015). "Απαλλαγή Μαρινάκη, σε δίκη 85 άτομα". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
42. "Παρέμβαση Αρείου Πάγου για το σκάνδαλο "Koriopolis"!". Retrieved 23 December 2015.
43. "Six Veroia players accused of bribery". sdna.gr. 20 May 2015.
44. Το δικαστικό... ντέρμπι της Βέροιας κρίνει τη μάχη της παραμονής (in Greek). Ethnos Newspaper. 10 May 2015.
45. 4η Αγ. ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ – ΒΕΡΟΙΑ 3–0. 20 September 2014.
46. Κατηγορούμενος ο Μαρινάκης για το Ολυμπιακός-Βέροια (in Greek). 12 May 2014.
47. "Ομολογία - βόμβα για το Ολυμπιακός-Βέροια 3-0". Retrieved 23 December 2015.
48. Περάστε κόσμε... (in Greek). Efimerida Syntakton. 21 April 2015.
49. Δήλωσε άγνοια για τις... παρεμβάσεις ο Σα Πίντο (in Greek). 20 April 2015.
50. Φύσσας: «Σκοπός μου ήταν μόνο να μεταφέρω την αλήθεια» (in Greek). 6 May 2015.
51. Ρικάρντο: «Ο Φύσσας δεν λέει ψέματα!» (in Greek). 7 May 2015.
52. "Olympiakos' Champions League spot safe for now despite owner's crime scandal". 30 June 2015.
53. "Match-fixing? Who cares?". 26 August 2015.
54. Paul Nicholson. "Exclusive: UEFA ethics chief clears Greeks in match-fixing scandal for Europa League - Inside World Football". Retrieved 16 August 2015.
55. "Match-fixing case in Greece just adds to sense of Greek chaos". Telegraph.co.uk. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
56. Πόρισμα εισαγγελέα Αριστείδη Κορρέα για την ύπαρξη εγκληματικής οργάνωσης στο ποδόσφαιρο (in Greek). Public Prosecutor's Office of District Court Judges. 3 December 2014. p. 168. Retrieved 6 April 2015.