Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Abbreviation AMPAS
Formation May 11, 1927
Type Film organization
Headquarters Beverly Hills, California, United States
Membership
5,783[1]
President
 Cheryl Boone Isaacs
Website www.oscars.org

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.

The roster of the Academy's approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a "closely guarded secret".[2] While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.

In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017.

The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The "Oscars".[3]

History

Headquarters building

The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions[4] and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.[5]

After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.[6] That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.[5] Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".[7][8]

Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.[7] That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.[8] Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.[9]

The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."[10] However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations."[11] One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented.[12] During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.[13] This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Award.

The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.[10][11] In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.[10]

With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.[11]

In 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.[14]

1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,[11] and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."[15] They would remain at that location until 1935, when further growth would cause them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices would move to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library would move to 1455 North Gordon Street.[11]

In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin, which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.[16] Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006, when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation and cinematography.[11]

In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.

In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs,[17] the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy,[18] denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all."[19] When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive." The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.[20]

Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room."[21] Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes."[22] After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership. The Academy says that by 2020 it will double its number of women and minority members.[23]

Galleries and theaters

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California
Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district

The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy’s Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.

Current

Academy Headquarters

The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills houses two galleries that are open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offer changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities.

The building includes two theaters. The first is the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The second theater, known as the Academy Little Theater, is a 67-seat screening facility.

Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study

The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, and the Grants and Nicholl Fellowship programs. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.

Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study

The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.[24]

The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.[25]

Former

Academy Theater in New York

The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International.[26] In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.[27]

Upcoming

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures

The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open in 2017 and will contain over 290,000 square feet of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures will be the world's premier museum devoted to exploring and curating the history and future of the moving image.[28]

Membership

Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or two existing members may sponsor a candidate from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.[29]

New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring as of 2015. The Academy does not publicly disclose its full membership, although press releases have announced the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.[30]

Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.

According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the academy's 43-member board of governors, only six were female; Cheryl Boone Isaacs was the sole person of color on the board.[31]

June 29, 2016 saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color.[32] The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign.[33] Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's insouciance about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to modernize the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences.[34]

Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release.[35]

Academy branches

The 17 branches of the Academy are:

  1. Actors
  2. Casting Directors (created July 31, 2013)[36]
  3. Cinematographers
  4. Costume Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[37]
  5. Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[37]
  6. Directors
  7. Documentary
  8. Executives
  9. Film Editors
  10. Make-up Artists and Hairstylists
  11. Music
  12. Producers
  13. Public Relations
  14. Short Films and Feature Animation
  15. Sound
  16. Visual Effects
  17. Writers

Board of Governors

As of April 2014, the Board of Governors consists of 51 members (governors), consisting of three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013.[37] The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.[36] The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.

Original 36 founders of the Academy

From the original formal banquet hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:[38]

Presidents of the Academy

Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.

# Name Term
1 Douglas Fairbanks 1927–1929
2 William C. deMille 1929–1931
3 M. C. Levee 1931–1932
4 Conrad Nagel 1932–1933
5 J. Theodore Reed 1933–1934
6 Frank Lloyd 1934–1935
7 Frank Capra 1935–1939
8 Walter Wanger
(1st time) 		1939–1941
9 Bette Davis 1941
(resigned after two months)
10 Walter Wanger
(2nd time) 		1941–1945
11 Jean Hersholt 1945–1949
12 Charles Brackett 1949–1955
13 George Seaton 1955–1958
14 George Stevens 1958–1959
15 B. B. Kahane 1959–1960
(died)
16 Valentine Davies 1960–1961
(died)
17 Wendell Corey 1961–1963
18 Arthur Freed 1963–1967
19 Gregory Peck 1967–1970
20 Daniel Taradash 1970–1973
21 Walter Mirisch 1973–1977
22 Howard W. Koch 1977–1979
23 Fay Kanin 1979–1983
24 Gene Allen 1983–1985
25 Robert Wise 1985–1988
26 Richard Kahn 1988–1989
27 Karl Malden 1989–1992
28 Robert Rehme
(1st time) 		1992–1993
29 Arthur Hiller 1993–1997
30 Robert Rehme
(2nd time) 		1997–2001
31 Frank Pierson 2001–2005
32 Sid Ganis 2005–2009
33 Tom Sherak 2009–2012
34 Hawk Koch 2012–2013
35 Cheryl Boone Isaacs 2013–present

Current administration of the Academy

Academy Officers 2015–2016[17]
Board of Governors 2013–2014[37][39]
Governor Branch
Apted, MichaelMichael Apted Documentary
Bailey, JohnJohn Bailey Cinematographers
Barron, CraigCraig Barron Visual Effects
Begley, Jr., EdEd Begley, Jr. Actors
Behlmer, CurtCurt Behlmer Sound
Bening, AnnetteAnnette Bening Actors
Bigelow, KathrynKathryn Bigelow Directors
Bissell, JimJim Bissell Designers
Blondell, KathrynKathryn Blondell Makeup Artists and Hairstylists
Bloom, JonJon Bloom Short Films and Feature Animation
Boone Isaacs, CherylCheryl Boone Isaacs Public Relations
Carter, RickRick Carter Designers
Cholodenko, LisaLisa Cholodenko Directors
Condon, BillBill Condon Writers
Cook, DickDick Cook Executives
Corso, BillBill Corso Makeup Artists and Hairstylists
Crudo, RichardRichard Crudo Cinematographers
Edlund, RichardRichard Edlund Visual Effects
Engelman, LeonardLeonard Engelman Makeup Artists and Hairstylists
Epstein, RobRob Epstein Documentary
Fox, CharlesCharles Fox Music
Friedman, RobRob Friedman Public Relations
Gibney, AlexAlex Gibney Documentary
Goldblatt, MarkMark Goldblatt Film Editors
Hall, DonDon Hall Sound
Hamilton, ArthurArthur Hamilton Music
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Actors
Hurd, Gale AnneGale Anne Hurd Producers
Johnson, MarkMark Johnson Producers
Kennedy, KathleenKathleen Kennedy Producers
Kennedy, LoraLora Kennedy Casting Directors
Klingman, LynzeeLynzee Klingman Film Editors
Knoll, JohnJohn Knoll Visual Effects
Kroyer, BillBill Kroyer Short Films and Feature Animation
Kurland, JeffreyJeffrey Kurland Costume Designers
Lasseter, JohnJohn Lasseter Short Films and Feature Animation
Makovsky, JudiannaJudianna Makovsky Costume Designers
Mann, MichaelMichael Mann Directors
Millan, ScottScott Millan Sound
Nadoolman, DeborahDeborah Nadoolman Costume Designers
Newman, DavidDavid Newman Music
Pascal, AmyAmy Pascal Executives
Pascale, JanJan Pascale Designers
Rehme, RobertRobert Rehme Executives
Robinson, Phil AldenPhil Alden Robinson Writers
Rubin, DavidDavid Rubin Casting Directors
Spinotti, DanteDante Spinotti Cinematographers
Swicord, RobinRobin Swicord Writers
Telsey, BernardBernard Telsey Casting Directors
Tronick, MichaelMichael Tronick Film Editors
Utley, NancyNancy Utley Public Relations

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Oscars complicated counting of Best Picture ballots explained". Goldderby.com. December 18, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  2. ↑ Unmasking Oscar: Academy voters are overwhelmingly white and male John Horn, Nicole Sperling and Doug Smith, The LA Times, February 19, 2012
  3. ↑ ^ Pond, Steve (February 19, 2013). "AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' – Now It's Just 'The Oscars'". The Wrap. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  4. ↑ It all started when the original Hollywood mogul wanted to build a beach house David Thomson, Vanity Fair, February 21, 2014
  5. 1 2 Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 2
  6. ↑ Levy, Emanuel. And The Winner Is.... New York: Ungar Publishing, 1987 pg. 1
  7. 1 2 Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 8.
  8. 1 2 "History of the Academy: How It Began". Oscars.org.
  9. ↑ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 9.
  10. 1 2 3 Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 10.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of the Academy". Oscar.org.
  12. ↑ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 15.
  13. ↑ Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 3
  14. ↑ Staff. "USC School of Cinematic Arts: History". cinema.usc.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
  15. ↑ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 12.
  16. ↑ "Motion Picture Credits Database". Oscars.org.
  17. 1 2 "board of governors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Cheryl Boone Isaacs elected first African-American head of Oscars". Goldderby.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  19. ↑ Academy Awards President Cheryl Boone Isaacs Responds After ‘Oscars So White’ Snubs On Twitter Tyler McCarthy, international Business Times, January 17, 2015
  20. ↑ Oscar nominations uproar raises the question: Did racial bias, conscious or not, come into play? The LA Times, January 23, 2016
  21. ↑ Another Oscar Year, Another All-White Ballot Cara B Buckley, The New York Times, January 15, 2016
  22. ↑ Boone, Cheryl; Isaacs (January 18, 2016). "STATEMENT FROM ACADEMY PRESIDENT CHERYL BOONE ISAACS". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  23. ↑ Academy Promises 'Historic' Changes to Diversify Membership Daniel Kreps, RollingStone, Jan 23, 2016
  24. ↑ "About the Library". Oscars.org. AMPAS. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  25. ↑ "The Beverly Hills Waterworks Building, now known as the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  26. ↑ Lester, Ahren. "HARMAN's JBL loudspeakers installed at New York's Academy Theater". Audio Pro International. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
  27. ↑ Feinberg, Scott (July 10, 2015). "Academy Forced Out of Longtime Theater Venue in New York". The Hollywood Reporter. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  28. ↑ The Academy Museum. Oscars.org. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Academy Membership". March 16, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Oscar voters aren't always who you might think". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
  31. ↑ "Oscar voters overwhelmingly white, male". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Academy's diverse new class includes Idris Elba, America Ferrera". June 29, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Meet April Reign, the Activist Who Created OscarsSoWhite". February 27, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Updates on the film academy's 2016 class: An exclusive club gets much bigger after OscarsSoWhite". June 29, 2016.
  35. ↑ Hammond, Pete (March 26, 2012). "Oscar Voters Last To See 'Hunger Games'?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  36. 1 2 "The Academy Creates Branch For Casting Directors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Oscars shockeroo: Alex Gibney beats incumbent Michael Moore for board seat". Goldderby.com. July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  38. ↑ "History of the Academy: Original 36 founders of the Academy Actors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences website. 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  39. ↑ "Academy Names 2013–2014 Board of Governors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.

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