Academy Award for Best Actress
Academy Award for Best Actress | |
---|---|
Awarded for | Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role |
Country | United States |
Presented by | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) |
First awarded | 1929 (for performance in films released during the 1927/1928 film season) |
Currently held by |
Brie Larson Room (2015) |
Official website |
oscars |
The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role while working within the film industry.
The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise.[1] Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy.[2]
In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories. At that time, all of their work during the qualifying period (as many as three films, in some cases) was listed after the award.[3] However, during the 3rd ceremony held in 1930, only one of those films was cited in each winner's final award, even though each of the acting winners had two films following their names on the ballots.[4]
The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a specific performance in a single film.[3] Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year.[3]
Since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars. Meryl Streep has been nominated on 15 occasions (resulting in two awards). As of the 2016 ceremony, Brie Larson is the most recent winner in this category for her role as Joy "Ma" Newsome in Room.
Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year.[5] For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31.[6] For the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1, 1932 to December 31, 1933.[6] Since the 7th ceremony held in 1935, the period of eligibility became the full previous calendar year from January 1 to December 31.[6]
![Publicity photo of Janet Gaynor for Argentinean Magazine in 1931.](../I/m/Janet_Gaynor_Argentinean_Magazine_AD.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Katharine Hepburn circa 1941.](../I/m/Katharine_Hepburn_promo_pic.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Bette Davis from the 1938 film Jezebel.](../I/m/Bette_Davis_1938.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Luise Rainer in the early 1930s.](../I/m/Rainer-MGM.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Vivien Leigh in 1939.](../I/m/Vivien_Leigh_Scarlet.jpg)
![Photo of Joan Fontaine in 1943.](../I/m/Joan_Fontaine_1942.jpg)
![Photo of Ingrid Bergman in 1945.](../I/m/Ingrid_Bergman_1945.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Olivia de Havilland in 1936.](../I/m/Olivia_de_Havilland_1936.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Audrey Hepburn from 1956.](../I/m/Audrey_Hepburn_1956.jpg)
![Black-and-white photo of Grace Kelly.](../I/m/Grace_Kelly_MGM_photo.jpg)
![Black-and-white publicity photo of Sophia Loren in 1959.](../I/m/Sophia_Loren_-_1959.jpg)
![Photo of Julie Andrews in Sydney, Australia in 2013.](../I/m/Julie_Andrews_Park_Hyatt%2C_Sydney%2C_Australia_2013.jpg)
![Black-and-white publicity photo of Jane Fonda promoting the 1963 film Sunday in New York.](../I/m/Jane_Fonda_Cannes_2014.jpg)
![Photo of Meryl Streep circa 1976 and 1979.](../I/m/Meryl_Streep_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg)
![Black-and-white publicity photo of Shirley MacLaine promoting the film The Apartment.](../I/m/Shirley_MacLaine_-_1960jpg.jpg)
![Photo of Marlee Matlin attending the 2007 Texas Book Festival in Austin, Texas.](../I/m/Marlee_matlan_2007.jpg)
![Photo of Cher attending the Empire Cinema in London.](../I/m/Cher_Empire_Cinema_Cropped.jpg)
![Photo of Jodie Foster attending the premiere of The Brave One in 2007.](../I/m/Jodie_Foster.4783.jpg)
![Photo of actors Jessica Tandy and Hume Cronyn attending the 39th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1987.](../I/m/Jessica_Tandy_and_Hume_Cronyn.jpg)
![Publicity photo of actress Holly Hunter.](../I/m/HollyHunter.jpg)
![Photo of Gwyneth Paltrow attending the Academy Awards in 2012.](../I/m/GwynethPaltrowByRichardYaussi2010.jpg)
![Photo of Hilary Swank attending the Life Ball in 2013.](../I/m/Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_Hilary_Swank_02.jpg)
![Photo of Halle Berry attending San Diego Comic-Con International in 2013.](../I/m/Halle_Berry_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
![Photo of Reese Witherspoon at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.](../I/m/Reese_Witherspoon_at_TIFF_2014.jpg)
![Phooto of Helen Mirren at the Moët British Independent Film Awards in 2014.](../I/m/Helen_Mirren_2014.jpg)
![Photo of Marion Cotillard at the Paris premiere of 'Public Enemies in 2009.](../I/m/Marion_Cotillard_(July_2009)_1_cropped.jpg)
![Photo of Kate Winslet at the 2011 Venice Film Festival.](../I/m/KateWinsletByAndreaRaffin2011.jpg)
![Photo of Sandra Bullock at the premiere of The Heat in 2013.](../I/m/Sandra_Bullock%2C_The_Heat%2C_London%2C_2013_(crop).jpg)
![Photo of Natalie Portman at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011](../I/m/Natalie_Portman_AA_2011.jpg)
![Photo of Jennifer Lawrence at the 2011 Academy Awards.](../I/m/Jennifer_Lawrence_at_San_Diego_Comic-Con_2015.jpg)
![Photo of actress Cate Blanchett at the 2011 Sydney Film Festival.](../I/m/Cate_Blanchett_2011.jpg)
![Photo of actress Julianne Moore at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.](../I/m/Julianne_Moore_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)
![Photo of actress Brie Larson at Scott Pilgrim vs. the World premiere in London on 18 August 2010.](../I/m/Brie_Larson_cropped.jpg)
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Indicates the winner |
* | Indicates posthumous nominee |
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Multiple wins and nominations
The following individuals received two or more Best Actress awards: |
The following individuals received four or more Best Actress nominations: |
Age superlatives
Record | Actress | Film | Age (in years) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oldest winner | Jessica Tandy | Driving Miss Daisy | 80 | [98] |
Oldest nominee | Emmanuelle Riva | Amour | 85 | [98] |
Youngest winner | Marlee Matlin | Children of a Lesser God | 21 | [98] |
Youngest nominee | Quvenzhané Wallis | Beasts of the Southern Wild | 9 | [98] |
See also
- Critics’ Choice Movie Award for Best Actress
- Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
- BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
Notes
- A1 2 : Rules at the time of the first three ceremonies allowed for a performer to receive a single nomination which could honor their work in more than one film. Greta Garbo and Norma Shearer were both nominated for two different roles in the same category. Current Academy rules forbid this from happening. No official reason was ever given as to why Shearer won the award for only one of the two films she was listed for.[99]
- B^ : Bette Davis's performance in Of Human Bondage was not nominated for an Oscar.[100] Several influential people at the time campaigned to have her name included on the list, so for that year (and the following year also) the Academy relaxed its rules and allowed a write-in vote.[101] Technically this meant that any performance was eligible to win the award, regardless of whether they were an official nominee or not. While the Academy does not officially recognize this as a nomination for Davis,[102][103] they have included her in the list of nominees for the 1935 ceremony on their official website.[16]
- C1 2 : Both Katharine Hepburn and Barbra Streisand received the exact number of votes resulting in both actresses receiving the award, according to Academy rules.[104]
References
- ↑ "Rule One: Award Definitions" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 1. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ "Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 8-7. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- 1 2 3 Levy 2003, p. 56
- ↑ Dirks, Tim. "1929–38 Academy Awards Winners and History". Filmsite. Rainbow Media. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ Crouse 2005, p. 257
- 1 2 3 Levy 2003, p. 52
- ↑ King, Susan (March 28, 2011). "The Academy to fete Sophia Loren". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
- ↑ Crouse 2005, p. 88
- ↑ "The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 2nd Academy Awards (1930) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ Thise 2008, p. 235
- ↑ "The 3rd Academy Awards (1931) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 4th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 5th Academy Awards (1933) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 6th Academy Awards (1934) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- 1 2 "The 7th Academy Awards (1935) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 21st Academy Awards (1949) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 42nd Academy Awards (1970) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 53rd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 80th Academy Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 83rd Academy Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved August 27, 2013.
- ↑ "The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ↑ "The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved January 15, 2015.
- ↑ "The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved January 14, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "Oldest/Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved December 28, 2014.
- ↑ Rooney, David (November 25, 2003). "On the double-bubble". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1002
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1045
- ↑ Levy 2003, p. 51
- ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 65
- ↑ Levy 2003, p. 116
Bibliography
- Crouse, Richard (2005). Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3.
- Levy, Emanuel (2003), All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-82641-452-6
- Thise, Mark (2008), Hollywood Winners & Loseres A to Z, New York, United States: Limelight Editions, ISBN 978-0-87910-351-4
- Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996), Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.), New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-34540-053-6, OCLC 779680732
External links
- Oscars.org (official Academy site)
- The Academy Awards Database (official site)
- Oscar.com (official ceremony promotional site)
- Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees