American Israel Public Affairs Committee

American Israel Public Affairs Committee
Founded January 3, 1963 (1963-01-03)[1]
53-0217164[2]
Legal status 501(c)(4) organization
Headquarters Washington, D.C., United States[2]
Coordinates 38°54′02″N 77°00′53″W / 38.9004676°N 77.0146576°W / 38.9004676; -77.0146576Coordinates: 38°54′02″N 77°00′53″W / 38.9004676°N 77.0146576°W / 38.9004676; -77.0146576
Robert A. Cohen[2]
Michael Kassen[2]
Howard Kohr[2]
Subsidiaries 251 Massachusetts Avenue LLC,
American Israel Educational Foundation,
AIPAC-AIEF Israel RA[2]
Revenue (2014)
$77,709,827[2]
Expenses (2014) $69,267,598[2]
Endowment $258,533[2]
Employees (2013)
396[2]
Volunteers (2013)
60[2]
Slogan America's Pro-Israel Lobby[2]
Mission To strengthen, protect, and promote the United States-Israel relationship in ways that enhance the security of Israel and the United States.[2]
Website www.aipac.org
American Israel Education Foundation
Founded 1990
52-1623781
Legal status 501(c)(3) organization
Lee Rosenberg
Richard Fishman
Revenue (2014)
$55,234,555
Expenses (2014) $50,266,476
Endowment $24,527,692
Employees (2013)
0
Volunteers (2013)
39
Mission To provide education and information about the relationship between the United States and Israel

The American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC /ˈeɪpæk/ AY-pak) is a lobbying group that advocates pro-Israel policies to the Congress and Executive Branch of the United States. The current President of AIPAC is Lillian Pinkus.[3]

One of several pro-Israel lobbying organizations in the U.S.,[4] AIPAC states that it has more than 100,000 members,[5] seventeen regional offices, and "a vast pool of donors."[6] California Congressman Brad Sherman has called AIPAC "the single most important organization in promoting the U.S.-Israel alliance."[7] In addition, the organization has been called one of the most powerful lobbying groups in the United States.[6] The group does not raise funds for political candidates itself, but its members raise money for candidates through PACs AIPAC helped establish and by other means.[6]

Its critics have stated it acts as an agent of the Israeli government with a "stranglehold" on the United States Congress with its power and influence.[8] The group has been accused of being strongly allied with the Likud party of Israel, and the Republican Party in the US, but an AIPAC spokesman has called this a "malicious mischaracterization."[6] The Washington Post described the perceived differences between AIPAC and J Street: "While both groups call themselves bipartisan, AIPAC has won support from an overwhelming majority of Republican Jews, while J Street is presenting itself as an alternative for Democrats who have grown uncomfortable with both Netanyahu’s policies and the conservatives’ flocking to AIPAC."[9]

AIPAC, on the other hand, describes itself as a bipartisan organization,[10] and bills it lobbies for in Congress are always jointly sponsored by both a Democrat and Republican.[11] AIPAC's supporters claim its bipartisan nature can be seen at its yearly policy conference, which in 2016 included both major parties' nominees—Democrat Hillary Clinton and Republican Donald Trump—as well as high ranking Democrats, including Vice President Joe Biden, and high-ranking Republicans, including Speaker of the House Paul Ryan.

History

The American Israel Public Affairs Committee was founded in 1951 by Isaiah L. "Si" Kenen.[12] Kenen originally ran the American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs as a lobbying division of the American Zionist Council. Before that, Kenen was an employee of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. According to journalist Connie Bruck, AIPAC was incorporated in 1963[13] and headed by Kenen until his retirement in 1974. Kenen was "an old-fashioned liberal" according to former AIPAC volunteer journalist M.J. Rosenberg, who did not seek to win support by donating to campaigns or otherwise influencing elections, but was willing to "play with the hand that is dealt us."[13]

Michael Oren writes in his book, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present, "Though founded in 1953, AIPAC had only now in the mid-70s, achieved the financial and political clout necessary to sway congressional opinion. Confronted with opposition from both houses of Congress, United States President Gerald Ford rescinded his 'reassessment.'"[14] George Lenczowski notes a similar, mid-1970s, timeframe for the rise of AIPAC power. "It [the Carter Presidency] also coincides with the militant emergence of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as a major force in shaping American policy toward the Middle East."[15] He further notes that this period also coincides with a major shift in Israeli government policies related to the election of Menachem Begin in Israel.

In 1980, Thomas Dine became the executive director of AIPAC, and developed its grassroots campaign. By the late 1980s, AIPAC's board of directors was "dominated" by four successful businessmen—Mayer (Bubba) Mitchell, Edward Levy, Robert Asher, and Larry Weinberg.[16]

In 2005, Lawrence Franklin, a Pentagon analyst pleaded guilty to espionage charges of passing US government secrets to AIPAC policy director Steven Rosen and AIPAC senior Iran analyst Keith Weissman, in what is known as the AIPAC espionage scandal. Rosen and Weissman were later fired by AIPAC.[17] In 2009, charges against the former AIPAC employees were dropped.[18]

Aims, activities, successes

AIPAC's stated purpose is to lobby the Congress of the United States on issues and legislation related to Israel. AIPAC regularly meets with members of Congress and holds events where it can share its views. AIPAC is not a political action committee, and does not directly donate to campaign contributions.

Generating support among policymakers

Thomas Dine developed a network to influence every member of congress. The "vital core" of AIPAC membership—American Jews[19]—made up less than 3% of the US population and were concentrated in only nine states.[20] But while AIPAC would not be able to deliver significant numbers of Jewish voters to most elected officials, it could deliver campaign contributions.

AIPAC created "caucuses" in every congressional district, with staffers organizing any Jews living there. Campaign contributions were bundled and distributed to districts and where they would do some good. According to journalist Connie Bruck, by the end of the 1980s there were "dozens" of Political Action Committees with no formal relation to AIPAC, but whose leader was often a member.[20] The Wall Street Journal reports that in 1987 at least 51 of 80 pro-Israel PACs were operated by AIPAC officials.[21][22] The Washington Post states that AIPAC's

"web site, which details how members of Congress voted on AIPAC's key issues, and the AIPAC Insider, a glossy periodical that handicaps close political races, are scrutinized by thousands of potential donors. Pro-Israel interests have contributed $56.8 million in individual, group, and soft money donations to federal candidates and party committees since 1990, according to the non-partisan Center for Responsive Politics. Between the 2000 and the 2004 elections, the 50 members of AIPAC's board donated an average of $72,000 each to campaigns and political action committees."[23]

According to Dine, in the 1980s and 1990s, contributions from AIPAC members often constituted "roughly 10 to 15% of a typical congressional campaign budget".[6]

AIPAC influences lawmakers in other ways

According to the Jewish Virtual Library from 1967 to 2012, opinion polls have found sympathy for Israel varying "between 32 and 64 percent, averaging 46 percent", and sympathy for the Arabs oscillating "between 1 and 30 percent and averaged only 12 percent".[30]

AIPAC has supported loyal incumbents (such as Sen. Lowell Weicker) even when opposed by Jewish candidates, and worked to unseat pro-Palestinian representatives (Congressman Paul Findley) or candidates perceived to be unsympathetic to Israel (Senator Charles H. Percy).[6] However, a Jewish incumbent congresswoman, Jan Schakowsky, who had maintained good relations with AIPAC, and been given campaign contributions by its members, was opposed by the group in a 2010 race after she was endorsed by the “antiIsrael,anti -peace” advocacy group J Street.[6]

According to ex-congressman Brian Baird,

"Any member of Congress knows that AIPAC is associated indirectly with significant amounts of campaign spending if you’re with them, and significant amounts against you if you’re not with them.”

"AIPAC-connected money" amounted to about $200,000 in each of his campaigns for office — “and that’s two hundred thousand going your way, versus the other way: a four-hundred-thousand-dollar swing.”[31]

AIPAC directed campaign contributions—as with many interest groups—came with considerable "tactical input". AIPAC staffers told Baird and other lawmakers ‘No, we don’t say it that way, we say it this way.’ Baird complained "there’s a whole complex semantic code you learn. . . . After a while, you find yourself saying and repeating it as if it were fact.”[6]

Goals

AIPAC strongly supports substantial US aid to Israel. In March 2009, for example AIPAC executive director Howard Kohr appeared before the House Committee on Appropriations' Foreign Operations subcommittee and requested that Israel receive $2.775 billion in military aid in fiscal year 2010, as called for in the 2007 Memorandum of Understanding between the US and Israel that allocates $30 billion in aid for the Jewish state over 10 years. Kohr stated that "American assistance to Israel serves vital U.S. national security interests and advances critical U.S. foreign policy goals." The military hardware Israel must purchase to face the increased threat of terrorism and Islamist radicalism is increasingly expensive due to the recent spike in petroleum prices which have enabled countries such as Iran to augment their military budgets, according to Kohr.[28][32]

AIPAC's stated aims include pressuring the Palestinian Authority to adhere to its commitments to fight terrorism and incitement against the state of Israel, with the eventual goal of creating two states (one Jewish, one Arab) in the territorial holdings of Israel. They also wish to strengthen bilateral relations through shared intelligence and foreign military and economic aid to Israel, condemn the actions of the Iranian government in pursuing nuclear status and questioning the Holocaust, and levy financial restrictions in order to hinder Iran's nuclear development. Also important to the group is to support the United States congress and executive administration in rejecting the UN-backed United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict's paper, commonly referred to as the "Goldstone Report."

AIPAC supports U.S. involvement in the peace process and officially advocates for a two-state solution based on direct negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians. It supports continued U.S. involvement in "negotiations with an acceptance of Israel's need for secure, recognized and defensible borders, with the understanding that Israel must determine its own security requirements." It also has stated support for U.S. support for Palestinian moderates, adding that such support "is more likely to lead to breakthroughs in Israeli-Palestinian negotiations because Israel will be more willing to take risks for peace when its security requirements are being addressed and when the United States is backing its efforts.[33]

Whether AIPAC lobbied for the war in Iraq is disputed. Congressman Jim Moran has stated that AIPAC had been "pushing the [Iraq War] from the beginning".[34] A report in The New Yorker also reported that AIPAC lobbied Congress in favor of the war.[35] However, according to the Jewish News, AIPAC never supported or lobbied for the war in Iraq.[36] According to a columnist in the Washington Post, "Once it was clear that the Bush administration was determined to go to war [in Iraq], AIPAC cheered from the sidelines ...[23] Some observers suggested the official silence owed to concerns that linking Israel to the war[37]

AIPAC's official position on Iran is to encourage a strong diplomatic and economic response coordinated among the United States government, its European allies, Russia, and China.[23]

In 2012 AIPAC called for "crippling" sanctions against Iran in a letter to every member of the US Congress.[38] In line with this approach, AIPAC has lobbied to levy economic embargoes and increase sanctions against Iran (known as the Nuclear Weapon Free Iran Act of 2013).[39] However, according to the New York Times, its effort "stalled after stiff resistance from President Obama."[40][41]

Successes

AIPAC has been compared to firearms, banking, defense, and energy lobbies as "long" being "a feature of politics in Washington." Its promotional literature notes that a reception during its annual policy conference “will be attended by more members of Congress than almost any other event, except for a joint session of Congress or a State of the Union address.”[42] The New York Times has described AIPAC as "a major force in shaping United States policy in the Middle East"[43] that is able to push numerous bills through Congress. "Typically" these "pass by unanimous votes."[40] A House of Representatives resolution condemning the UN Goldstone Report on human rights violations by Israel in Gaza, for example, passed 344 to 36 in 2009.[44][45]

In 1997, Fortune magazine named AIPAC the second-most powerful influence group in Washington, D.C.[46] According to journalist Connie Bruck, AIPAC has been able to "deliver the support of Congress", and prevent any president who wants to negotiate with Israel using "the multibillion-dollar packages of military aid that go to Israel each year" as leverage by passing the funding and taking away this "strongest negotiating chit".[47]

AIPAC advises members of Congress about the issues that face today's Middle East, including the dangers of extremism and terrorism. It was an early supporter of the Counter-Terrorism Act of 1995, which resulted in increased FBI resources being committed to fight terrorism, as well as expanded federal jurisdiction in prosecuting criminal activities related to terrorism.

AIPAC has also supported the funding of a number of Israeli military projects that have resulted in new additions to the arsenal of the United States Armed Forces. One such outcome is the production of Israel's Arrow anti-missile system at a Boeing plant in Huntsville, Alabama for use by both the United States and Israel. Additionally, the U.S. military has purchased Israeli-made tank armor, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other technologies for use in its operations.

AIPAC also lobbies for financial aid from the United States to Israel, helping to procure up to three billion in aid yearly, making Israel "the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign assistance since World War II."[48] Additionally, the result of AIPAC's efforts include numerous exceptional provisions that are not available to other American allies. According to the Congressional Research Service (CRS), these include providing aid "as all grant cash transfers, not designated for particular projects, and...transferred as a lump sum in the first month of the fiscal year, instead of in periodic increments. Israel is allowed to spend about one quarter of the military aid for the procurement in Israel of defense articles and services, including research and development, rather than in the United States."[49]

The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs has estimated total aid since 1949 at approximately $108 billion.[50]

United States India Political Action Committee (USINPAC) works with and tries to emulate the success of AIPAC, USINPAC sees AIPAC as "Gold Standard in terms of political activism".[51]

Policy Conference

The annual AIPAC Policy Conference is the largest gathering of the pro-Israel movement, and the number of attendees continues to rise. Policy Conference sessions and events take place at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center at Mount Vernon Square in Washington, D.C. and in the neighboring Marriott Marquis Washington, D.C. hotel. Thousands of delegates from all fifty states attend the major event every year to hear politicians and advocates discuss ways of strengthening the U.S.-Israel alliance and the state of Israel.

2014

Over 14,000 delegates attended the 2014 conference, which bills itself as "three of the most important days affecting Israel's future." Speakers including Presidents and Prime Ministers, talk about the importance of the U.S.-Israel relationship.

2016

In 2016, approximately 19,000 delegates attended the AIPAC Policy Conference; approximately 4,000 of those delegates were American students.[7] For the first time in AIPAC's history, the general sessions of Policy Conference were held in Washington, D.C.'s Verizon Center in order to accommodate the large number of delegates. Keynote speakers included Vice President Joe Biden, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Republican presidential hopeful Donald Trump, Governor John Kasich, and Senator Ted Cruz. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who has spoken at AIPAC before in person, addressed Policy Conference via satellite on the final day of the conference. Senator Bernie Sanders chose not to attend the conference.[52]

Prominent officers and supporters

List of Presidents

Other officers

Further information: List of AIPAC officers

Supporters

AIPAC has a wide base of supporters both in and outside of Congress.

American Israel Education Foundation

The American Israel Education Foundation is a "sister organization" of AIPAC,[61] that handles "educational" work, rather than lobbying. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization that conducts educational programs, including sponsoring U.S. legislators on educational trips to Israel.[62]

AIEF trips for U.S. Congressmen occur every two years, becoming "the top spender on Congressional travel" in those years.[63] In Summer, 2011 the foundation sponsored week-long trips by 81 U.S. Congressmen: 55 Republicans and 26 Democrats. They traveled to Israel and the West Bank and visited with Shimon Peres and Binyamin Netanyahu (President and PM of Israel) and Mahmoud Abbas (President of the Palestinian Authority).[64][65] Critics have complained that the trips are propaganda rather than education and do not tell the Palestinian "side of the story".[66] Other educational activities include regular seminars for Congressional staff.[67]

Controversy and criticism

Criticism

One critic, former Congressman Brian Baird, who “had admired Israel since I was a kid,” but became alienated from AIPAC, complained that “When key votes are cast, the question on the House floor, troublingly, is often not ‘What is the right thing to do for the United States of America?’ but ‘How is AIPAC going to score this?’” He cited a 2009 House resolution he opposed condemning the Goldstone Report on civilian deaths. “When we had the vote, I said, ‘We have member after member coming to the floor to vote on a resolution they’ve never read, about a report they’ve never seen, in a place they’ve never been.’”[6] Baird worries that AIPAC members and supporters believe that they're "supporting Israel" when they are "actually backing policies" such as the killing of civilians in Gaza, "that are antithetical to its highest values and, ultimately, destructive for the country.”[6]

A criticism of AIPAC's proposal for tougher sanctions on Iran is that the primary incentive P5+1 negotiators can give Iran to stop its nuclear program is reduction in the sanctions that have harmed Iran's economy. By imposing even harsher sanctions on Iran, AIPAC takes this chip away. According to a "senior" Obama Administration official, the administration told AIPAC leadership that its tougher sanctions on Iran "would blow up the negotiations -- the Iranians would walk away from the table." The official asked them, "Why do you know better than we do what strengthens our hand? Nobody involved in the diplomacy thinks that."[13] A former congressional staffer complained to journalist Connie Bruck, “What was striking was how strident the message was", from AIPAC. "‘How could you not pass a resolution that tells the President what the outcome of the negotiations has to be?’ ”[68]

Protesters at AIPAC conference in Washington, DC, May 2005

AIPAC has been criticized as being unrepresentative of American Jews who support Israel and supportive only of right-wing Israeli policy and viewpoints. A PEW center poll found that only 38% of American Jews believe that the Israeli government is sincerely pursuing peace; 44% believe that the construction of new settlements damages Israel's national security.[69][70]

Among the best-known critical works about AIPAC is The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, by University of Chicago professor John Mearsheimer and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government professor Stephen Walt. In the working paper and resulting book they accuse AIPAC of being "the most powerful and best known" component of a larger pro-Israel lobby that distorts American foreign policy. They write:[71]

AIPAC's success is due to its ability to reward legislators and congressional candidates who support its agenda, and to punish those who challenge it. ... AIPAC makes sure that its friends get strong financial support from the myriad pro-Israel PACs. Those seen as hostile to Israel, on the other hand, can be sure that AIPAC will direct campaign contributions to their political opponents. ... The bottom line is that AIPAC, which is a de facto agent for a foreign government, has a stranglehold on the U.S. Congress. Open debate about U.S. policy towards Israel does not occur there, even though that policy has important consequences for the entire world.

AIPAC has also been the subject of criticism by prominent politicians including former Representative Dave Obey of Wisconsin,[72] former Senator Mike Gravel,[73] and former Representative Cynthia McKinney.[74]

Democratic Congressman Jim Moran from Northern Virginia has been a vocal critic of AIPAC, causing national controversy in 2007 and drawing criticism from some Jewish groups after he told California Jewish magazine Tikkun that AIPAC had been "pushing the [Iraq War] from the beginning", and that "I don't think they represent the mainstream of American Jewish thinking at all, but because they are so well organized, and their members are extraordinarily powerful – most of them are quite wealthy – they have been able to exert power."[34][75] AIPAC's membership has been described as "overwhelmingly Democratic" by one conservative columnist (Jennifer Rubin).[76]

Controversies

Former Senator William Fulbright, in the 1970s, and former senior CIA official Victor Marchetti, in the 1980s, contended that AIPAC should have registered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA).[77] FARA requires those who receive funds or act on behalf of a foreign government to register as a foreign agent. However, AIPAC states that the organization is a registered American lobbying group, funded by private donations, and maintains it receives "no financial assistance" from Israel or any other foreign group.[78]

In 2006, Representative Betty McCollum (DFL) of Minnesota demanded an apology from AIPAC, claiming an AIPAC representative had described her vote against the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006 as "support for terrorists." McCollum stated that AIPAC representatives would not be allowed in her office until she received a written apology for the comment.[79] AIPAC disputed McCollum's claim, and McCollum has since declared the incident over.[80]

Steiner resignation

In 1992, AIPAC president David Steiner was forced to resign after he was recorded boasting about his political influence in obtaining aid for Israel. Steiner also claimed that he had

met with (then Bush U.S. Secretary of State) Jim Baker and I cut a deal with him. I got, besides the $3 billion, you know they're looking for the Jewish votes, and I'll tell him whatever he wants to hear ... Besides the $10 billion in loan guarantees which was a fabulous thing, $3 billion in foreign, in military aid, and I got almost a billion dollars in other goodies that people don't even know about.[81]

Steiner also claimed to be "negotiating" with the incoming Clinton administration over who Clinton would appoint as Secretary of State and Secretary of the National Security Agency. Steiner stated that AIPAC had "a dozen people in [the Clinton] campaign, in the headquarters... in Little Rock, and they're all going to get big jobs."[81]

NY real estate developer Haim Katz told The Washington Times that he taped the conversation because "as someone Jewish, I am concerned when a small group has a disproportionate power. I think that hurts everyone, including Jews. If David Steiner wants to talk about the incredible, disproportionate clout AIPAC has, the public should know about it."[82]

Spying allegations

In April 2005, AIPAC policy director Steven Rosen and AIPAC senior Iran analyst Keith Weissman were fired by AIPAC amid an FBI investigation into whether they passed classified U.S. information received from Lawrence Franklin on to the government of Israel. They were later indicted for illegally conspiring to gather and disclose classified national security information to Israel.[83][84] AIPAC agreed to pay the legal fees for Weissman's defense through appeal if necessary,[85] but charges were subsequently dropped.[86]

In May 2005, the Justice Department announced that Lawrence Anthony Franklin, a U.S. Air Force Reserves colonel working as a Department of Defense analyst at the Pentagon in the office of Douglas Feith, had been arrested and charged by the FBI with providing classified national defense information to Israel. The six-count criminal complaint identified AIPAC by name and described a luncheon meeting in which, allegedly, Franklin disclosed top-secret information to two AIPAC officials.[87][88]

Franklin pleaded guilty to passing government secrets to Rosen and Weissman and revealed for the first time that he also gave classified information directly to an Israeli government official in Washington. On January 20, 2006, he was sentenced to 151 months (almost 13 years) in prison and fined $10,000. As part of the plea agreement, Franklin agreed to cooperate in the larger federal investigation.[89][90] All charges against the former AIPAC employees were dropped in 2009.

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "American Israel Public Affairs Committee". Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs. Government of the District of Columbia. Accessed on March 24, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". American Israel Public Affairs Committee. Guidestar. September 30, 2014.
  3. ↑ "www.aipac.org". organization web site
  4. ↑ Why Opposing the Israel Lobby Is No Longer Political Suicide The Nation, 15 July 2014
  5. ↑ AIPAC Web Site Accessed April 18, 2007
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 50–63. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  7. 1 2 Reznik, Ethan (April 27, 2016). Written at Claremont, California. "Webb Canyon Chronicle". Special Report: AIPAC Policy Conference strengthens American-Israel alliance. VIII. The Webb Schools. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  8. ↑ Mearsheimer, John. "The Israel Lobby". The Israel Lobby and the US Foreign Policy. London Review of Books. Retrieved Dec 31, 2013.
  9. ↑ Jeremy Ben-Ami, winning a place at the table for J Street The Washington Post, 26 March 2015
  10. ↑ http://www.aipac.org/About%20AIPAC
  11. ↑ AIPAC: Claims and Facts 101 The Times OF Israel. 12/2/2012
  12. ↑ Bard, Mitchell Geoffrey; Schwartz, Moshe (2005). 1001 Facts Everyone Should Know About Israel. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148. ISBN 0-7425-4357-9. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 53. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  14. ↑ Michael Oren (2007). Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East 1776 to the Present (New York: W.W. Norton & Company) p. 536.
    The infelicitous combination of Ford and Rabin produced the direst crisis in US-Israeli relations since Suez, with Ford pronouncing a "reassessment" of American support for the Jewish state. Rabin responded by mobilizing the American Israel Public Affairs Committee --- AIPAC, the pro-Israel lobby --- against the president. Though founded in 1953, AIPAC had only now in the mid-70s, achieved the financial and political clout necessary to sway congressional opinion. Confronted with opposition from both houses of Congress, Ford rescinded his "reassessment."
  15. ↑ Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Duke University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0-8223-0972-6.
  16. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 53–4. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  17. ↑ Guilty plea entered in Pentagon Spy Case Ynet News. 10/06/05
  18. ↑ Lewis, Neil A.; Johnston, David (May 2, 2009). "U.S. to Drop Spy Case Against Pro-Israel Lobbyists". The New York Times.
  19. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 52 column 3. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  20. 1 2 Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 54 column 1. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  21. ↑ Wall Street Journal, 24 June 1987, p.1
  22. ↑ Thomas, Michael (2007). American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs. Routledge. p. 100.
  23. 1 2 3 A Beautiful Friendship?The Washington Post, July 16, 2006
  24. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 53. Retrieved 9 September 2014. AIPAC representatives tried to match each member of Congress with a contact who shared the congressman’s interests. If a member of Congress rode a Harley-Davidson, AIPAC found a contact who did, too. The goal was to develop people who could get a member of Congress on the phone at a moment’s notice.
  25. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 53. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Soon after taking office, Baird went on a “virtually obligatory” trip to Israel: a freshman ritual in which everything—business-class flights, accommodations at the King David or the Citadel—is paid for by AIPAC’s charitable arm. The tours are carefully curated. “They do have you meet with the Palestinian leaders, in a sort of token process,” Baird said. “But then when you’re done with it they tell you everything the Palestinian leaders said that’s wrong. And, of course, the Palestinians don’t get to have dinner with you at the hotel that night.”
  26. ↑ Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 13, 2006
  27. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 54. Retrieved 9 September 2014. local AIPAC staffers, in the manner of basketball recruiters, befriend some members when they are still serving on the student council. “If you have a dream about running for office, AIPAC calls you,” one House member said. Certainly, it’s a rarity when someone undertakes a campaign for the House or the Senate today without hearing from AIPAC.
  28. 1 2 Usa, Ibp. Jewish Lobby in the United States Handbook: Organization, Operations ... International Business Publications. p. 26.
  29. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 50–63. Retrieved 9 September 2014. In the early days, Howard Berman said, “AIPAC was knocking on an unlocked door.” Most Americans have been favorably disposed toward Israel since its founding, and no other lobby spoke for them on a national scale. Unlike other lobbies—such as the N.R.A., which is opposed by various anti-gun groups—AIPAC did not face a significant and well-funded countervailing force.
  30. ↑ Bard, Mitchell (July 2012). "Congress & the Middle East: The Pro-Israel & Pro-Arab Lobbies". Jewish Viritual LIbrary. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  31. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 58 column 1. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  32. ↑ AIPAC head testifies on Israel aid by Eric Fingerhut, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), March 27, 2009.
  33. ↑ Key Principles of the Peace Process
  34. 1 2 Hearn, Josephine (September 19, 2007). "Dems slam Moran's tying AIPAC to Iraq war". Politico. Archived from the original on April 25, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  35. ↑ Jeffrey Goldberg  (2005-07-04). "Real Insiders". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
  36. ↑ AIPAC meeting wasn't supposed to be partisan, but ..., Jewish News Weekly of Northern California, March 16, 2007.
  37. ↑ For Israel Lobby Group, War Is Topic A, Quietly, Washington Post, April 1, 2003.
  38. ↑ US-Israel group demands "crippling" Iran sanctions March 10, 2010| AFP
  39. ↑ "What We've Accomplished". AIPAC. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
  40. 1 2 LANDLER, MARK (February 3, 2014). "Potent Pro-Israel Group Finds Its Momentum Blunted". New York Times. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  41. ↑ "AIPAC Clarifies Position on Iran Sanctions Bill in Letter to Supporters". www.algemeiner.com. algemeiner.com. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  42. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 50. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  43. ↑ Shipler, David K. (July 6, 1987). "On Middle East Policy, A Major Influence". New York Times.
  44. ↑ "House Vote On Passage: H. Res. 867: Calling on the President and the Secretary of State to". GovTrack. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  45. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 58. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  46. ↑ Jewish News of Greater Phoenix. (November 11, 1998). AIPAC listed 2nd most powerful group on Fortune list.
  47. ↑ Coaster, Lefty (Aug 25, 2014). "The New Yorker looks at AIPAC and its bold opposition to US peace initiatives". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  48. ↑ Sharp, Jeremy M.: "U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel", Introduction, "CRS Report for Congress", Order Code RL33222
  49. ↑ Migdalovitz, Carol: "Israel: Background and Relations with the United States", page 29. "CRS Report for Congress", Order Code RL33476
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  56. ↑ Bruck, Connie (2014-09-01). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  57. ↑ "John McCain - AIPAC PC 2008 Full Speech Part 3". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
  58. ↑ BBC News. "Analysis: America's new Christian Zionists". May 7, 2002
  59. ↑ "REP. PELOSI DELIVERS REMARKS AT THE AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS" (PDF). AIPAC. March 13, 2007.
  60. ↑ http://www.aipac.org/Summit/weil.asp
  61. ↑ Abourezk, Jim (January 26, 2007). "The hidden cost of free congressional trips to Israel". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  62. ↑ "American Israel Education Foundation". Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  63. ↑ Becker, Amanda; Bade, Rachael (Sep 9, 2011). "Members Flock to Israel With Travel Loophole". Roll Call. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  64. ↑ Keinon, Herb (August 8, 2011). "81 Congressmen to Visit Israel in Coming Weeks". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  65. ↑ STEINHAUER, JENNIFER (August 15, 2011). "A Recess Destination With Bipartisan Support: Israel and the West Bank". New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  66. ↑ Abourezk, Jim (January 26, 2007). "The hidden cost of free congressional trips to Israel". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 7 October 2014. These trips are defended as "educational." In reality, as I know from my many colleagues in the House and Senate who participated in them, they offer Israeli propagandists an opportunity to expose members of Congress to only their side of the story. The Israeli narrative of how the nation was created, and Israeli justifications for its brutal policies omit important truths about the Israeli takeover and occupation of the Palestinian territories.
  67. ↑ "Hill Staff". AIPAC. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
  68. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 60. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  69. ↑ "A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS Chapter 5: Connection With and Attitudes Toward Israel". Pew Research, Religion and Public Life Project. Pew. October 1, 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  70. ↑ Bruck, Connie (1 September 2014). "Friends of Israel". The New Yorker: 52. Retrieved 9 September 2014. Today, a growing number of American Jews, though still devoted to Israel, struggle with the lack of progress toward peace with the Palestinians. Many feel that AIPAC does not speak for them. The Pew Center’s survey found that only thirty-eight per cent of American Jews believe that the Israeli government is sincerely pursuing peace; forty-four per cent believe that the construction of new settlements damages Israel’s national security.
  71. ↑ John, Mearshimer; Walt, Stephen (March 2006). "The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy" (PDF). Harvard University.
  72. ↑ Edsall, Thomas B.; Moore, Molly (September 5, 2004). "Pro-Israel Lobby Has Strong Voice". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  73. ↑ "Gravel Discusses Campaign Funding, Relations with Iran". The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. October 1, 2007.
  74. ↑ Cockburn, Alexander (August 21, 2002). "From Cynthia McKinney to Katha Pollitt, to the ILWU to Paul Krugman". CounterPunch. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  75. ↑ Gardner, Amy (September 15, 2007). "Moran Upsets Jewish Groups Again". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  76. ↑ Rubin, Jennifer (June 15, 2011). "AIPAC weighs in: All is not well with the U.S. approach to Israel". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  77. ↑ Ori Nir, Leaders Fear Probe Will Force Pro-Israel Lobby To File as ‘Foreign Agent’, The Jewish Daily Forward, December 31, 2004.
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  79. ↑ McCollum, Betty (June 8, 2006). "A Letter to AIPAC". Vol. 53 no. 10. "New York Review of Books". Retrieved 2008-09-09.
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  82. ↑ AIPAC President Resigns, Sheldon L. Richman, December/January 1992/93, Page 69.
  83. ↑ "2 Senior AIPAC Employees Ousted", Washington Post, April 21, 2005
  84. ↑ Ticker, Bruce. AIPAC Charges Offer Opportunity, Philadelphia Jewish Voice, September 2005. Accessed March 27, 2006.
  85. ↑ AIPAC to pay Weissman's legal fees Jerusalem Post, May 14, 2007.
  86. ↑ Reuters Editorial (May 1, 2009). "U.S. to drop Israel lobbyist spy case". Reuters UK. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  87. ↑ Rozen, Laura and Vest, Jason. Cloak and Swagger, The American Prospect, November 2, 2004. Accessed March 27, 2006.
  88. ↑ " United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, U.S. v. Lawrence Anthony Franklin ",
  89. ↑ "Defense Analyst Guilty in Israeli Espionage Case", Washington Post, Oct. 6, 2005
  90. ↑ Barakat, Matthew. "Ex-Pentagon Analyst Sentenced to 12 Years", Associated Press, January 21, 2006 Accessed May 18, 2007
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