Lady Annabel Goldsmith

For other people named Goldsmith, see Goldsmith (disambiguation).
Lady Annabel Goldsmith
Born Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart
(1934-06-11) 11 June 1934
London
Nationality British
Spouse(s) Mark Birley (m. 1954–1975)
Sir James Goldsmith (m. 1978–1997)
Children with Birley:
--Rupert Birley
--Robin Birley
--India Jane Birley
with Goldsmith:
--Jemima Goldsmith
--Zac Goldsmith
--Ben Goldsmith
Parent(s) Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart
Romaine Combe

Lady Annabel Goldsmith (formerly Birley, née Vane-Tempest-Stewart; born 11 June 1934) is an English socialite and the eponym for a celebrated London nightclub of the late 20th century, Annabel's.[1] She was first married for two decades to entrepreneur Mark Birley, the creator of Annabel's, which she helped make a glamorous success as her husband's inaugural members-only Mayfair club. Known in London as a society hostess, during the 1960s and the 1970s, she gained notoriety in gossip columns for her extramarital affair with Anglo-French financier Sir James Goldsmith, who later became her second husband. A descendant and heiress of the Londonderry family, her primary occupation has been as a mother of six children whose births span 25 years. She is also an author and founder of the Democracy Movement, a Eurosceptic political advocacy group. Her son Zac Goldsmith is the former Conservative MP for Richmond Park.

Background and Image

The second of three children, Lady Annabel was born in London into an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family with its roots in Ulster and County Durham. Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart was born the daughter of Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, who later became the 8th Marquess of Londonderry, and Romaine Combe, who was the daughter of Major Boyce Combe, from Surrey. She became Lady Annabel as a young girl in February 1949 when her father became Marquess on the death of his father, the famous Ulster Unionist politician the 7th Marquess of Londonderry.[2] Her mother died of cancer in 1951, but the illness was kept a secret by her parents. She later said, "Cancer was such a taboo then – Mummy didn't even tell her sisters."[3] Subsequently, her father became a chronic alcoholic and died from liver failure at 52 on 17 October 1955. "My father was a really wonderful man but after my mother died, we couldn't talk to him as we had done before. He couldn't face life without her and he turned into Jekyll and Hyde almost overnight", she explained.[4]

She was named after her mother's favourite song, "Miss Annabel Lee", and grew up as a country child at her family's former estates of Mount Stewart, Wynyard Park, and Londonderry House.[1] She was educated at Southover Manor School in Sussex[5] and Cuffy's Tutorial College in Oxford. Awkward and shy in her youth, she was an avid reader, equestrian,[6] and a Girl Guide for the Bullfinch Patrol.[7] She transformed from an unconfident and self-described "skinny, gauche young girl"[1] into a socialite during the 1950s and 1960s.[7] Queen Elizabeth II attended her coming-out ball in 1952.[8] As part of the London social circle, she is known for her sense of humour, down-to-earth personality, and love of children and dogs.[4][7] Though never a drinker, she chain smoked until the age of 40.[7]

Ancestry

Family

Lady Annabel is the mother of Rupert, Robin and India Jane Birley and Jemima, Zac and Ben Goldsmith. She has referred to herself as "an incredible mother, rather a good mistress, but not a very good wife".[6] With six children and five miscarriages,[7] her primary vocation was motherhood, which prompted her to say: "I'm not judgmental about women who work, but I was so besotted with my children I never wanted them out of my sight."[9] She was also considered a mother figure by her nieces, Ladies Cosima and Sophia Vane-Tempest-Stewart,[6] and Diana, Princess of Wales.[1] As the wife and ex-wife of two unfaithful men, she explained her marriage philosophy to the Times in 1987: "I can never understand the wives who really mind, the wives who set such store by fidelity. How extraordinary, and how mad they are. Because, surely, if the man goes out and he comes back, it's not actually doing any harm."[10]

Annabel's and the Birleys

On 10 March 1954, at the age of 19, she married businessman Mark Birley at the Caxton Hall register office in London. Birley famously paid tribute to her by naming in her honour his renowned nightclub, Annabel's, which opened on 4 June 1963 and was run by Birley for more than forty years. During the 1960s, Lady Annabel was a constant presence at Annabel's, known as one of the grandest nightclubs of the sixties and seventies, where she entertained guests ranging from Ted and Robert F. Kennedy to Frank Sinatra, Prince Charles, Richard Nixon, and Muhammad Ali.[1][11] "I used to be there every night, even when I had three small children to take to school the next day. It was like a second home to me", she recalled.[12]

She raised her three children with Birley at Pelham cottage. Her eldest son Rupert, who was born on 20 August 1955, studied at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1986, he disappeared off the coast of Togo in West Africa,[13] where he was presumed drowned.[14] "There really is nothing worse than losing a child – and there is something special about your first-born", she said, adding that, "Because I was so young when Rupert was born ... we were more like good friends than mother and son."[3] Her second son Robin (b. 19 February 1958) is a businessman, whose face was disfigured as a child when he was mauled by a tigress at John Aspinall's private zoo. Having let him go near the pregnant tigress, Lady Annabel said, "It was my own fault. I was, am, angry with myself."[3] Her first daughter India Jane (b. 14 January 1961), the granddaughter of society portrait painter Sir Oswald Birley, is an artist.

The Birleys separated in 1972 and later divorced in 1975 after the birth of her second child with James Goldsmith.[15] "Our breakup was because of Mark's infidelities, not because I fell in love with Jimmy", she told Vanity Fair writer Maureen Orth after Birley's death. Revealing that Birley had numerous other girlfriends from the beginning of their relationship,[16] she added: "I think he was absolutely incapable of being faithful. He was a serial adulterer. Like a butterfly, he had to seduce every woman.[17] Despite their divorce, the two remained best friends and soulmates, talking to each other every day and holidaying together until Birley's death in August 2007.[11][16] Birley said they were "the true loves of each other's lives".[6]

Goldsmith affair and remarriage

In 1964, she embarked on a decade-long extramarital affair with the entrepreneur Sir James Goldsmith, a member of the prominent Goldsmith family. Attracted by his flashiness, she said, she was "Mad about Jimmy. Loved Mark desperately."[18] Though both she and Goldsmith, who was then married to his second wife Ginette Lery, believed that the affair would be a passing fling, it soon gained her notoriety in London's gossip columns as a modern mistress. For years, she repeatedly refused Goldsmith's suggestion of starting a family, stating, "I didn't want to hurt Mark any more than I had."[18] She was eventually coaxed into having his children by their mutual friend John Aspinall, an estranged former friend of Mark Birley who introduced her to Goldsmith.[19]

While still legally married to Birley, she gave birth to Jemima (b. 30 January 1974), who later married Pakistani cricketer Imran Khan; and Zac (b. 20 January 1975), who is the ex-husband of writer Sheherazade Ventura-Bentley.[15] Her last child Ben Goldsmith was born on 28 October 1980 at 46, after two consecutive miscarriages. The children were raised in Ormeley Lodge in Ham, London. The half-Jewish and half-Catholic Goldsmith was an occasional presence in their lives as he divided time between three families.[20][21] In 1978, Goldsmith and Lady Annabel married solely to legitimise their children.[6] "We didn't marry as a great act of passion. More to make sure that the children's name would be Goldsmith when they went to school", she explained.[22]

Goldsmith moved to New York with his new mistress Laure Boulay, Comtesse de la Meurthe in 1981 and spent the last years of his life mostly in France and Mexico. He became known for quoting Sacha Guitry's words, "If you marry your mistress you create a job vacancy." Often wrongly credited with the quote, Goldsmith admitted, "I quoted him at dinner, and it was pinned on me. I don't mind. ... I just don't want to claim what's not mine."[23] On his infidelities, Lady Annabel revealed that, despite her aversion to any form of confrontation,[24] "I did feel jealous. I used to scream at him."[18] In 1997, she and her youngest three children inherited a portion of Goldsmith's wealth, estimated varyingly at £1.6[25] or between $1.7–$2.4[26] billion.

Present

She resides in Ormeley Lodge, a 6-acre (2.4 ha) Georgian mansion on the edge of Richmond Park, with two Grand Basset Griffon Vendéens, Daisy and Lily,[27] and three Norfolk terriers, Barney, Boris and Bindy.[28] In 2003, she remarked on her children's varied marital patterns by observing, "All my children with James marry young and breed, and my children with Mark do the opposite."[16] Lady Annabel has twelve grandchildren.[15] She spends part of each year at her 250-acre (1.0 km2) organic farm in the hills above Benahavís[29] and has a 1930s holiday home by the seaside in Bognor Regis, West Sussex.[30][31] Asked about her regrets in life, in 2004, she confessed wishing that she had, instead of marrying twice, been "a one-man woman".[9][32] "I wouldn't recommend anyone to do what I've done. To marry someone and grow old with them must be much better", she said.[18]

Activism and philanthropy

Lady Annabel is president of the Richmond Park branch of The Royal Society of St George, a patriotic outreach society aimed to motivate youth.[33] She is a donor and supporter of the Countryside Alliance,[34] an environmental charity called The Soil Association, and African Solutions to African Problems (ASAP), which works to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on orphans and vulnerable children in South Africa.[35] As an animal lover, she is also one of the patrons of the Dogs Trust[36] and a supporter of the Battersea Dogs & Cats Home,[37] along with being Vice-President of the British Show Pony Society.[38] She had early interest in journalism but declined a low-level position at the Daily Mail at age 19 to get married instead.[6] She has since contributed opinion editorials to national newspapers such as the Sunday Times,[39] the Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph,[29][40] among others.[41][42]

Inspired by Hungarian Premier Imre Nagy's radio address during the Hungarian Revolution, in November 1956, she and Mark Birley volunteered with the Save the Children organisation in Vienna. She organised charitable donations and travelled daily to look after refugees who crossed the Austrian border into the frontier town of Andau.[6] In May 1997, she campaigned with her second husband in Putney, the constituency unsuccessfully contested by Goldsmith for his Referendum Party.[29][43] She continued to support her husband's ideas, like the single currency referendum, after his death as part of the Referendum Movement, which was headed by Paul Sykes and Lord McAlpine and of which she became honorary President.[39][44]

In January 1999, she launched the Democracy Movement, of which she was President[29] and her son Robin was chairman until 2004.[45] Starting from 12 January 2001, the organisation launched a £500,000 advertising and leafleting campaign to expose the parliamentary votes of pro-Brussels candidates in 120 "target" seats before the May general elections.[46] The Democracy Movement released two million pamphlets carrying gloom-ridden headlines about a European state and published full page local newspaper advertisements in the constituencies of 70 Labour MPs, 35 Liberal Democrats, six Conservatives and three Scottish National Party candidates.[47] Describing the campaign as an effort "in memory of Jimmy", she said:

“ I'm not anti-European – my husband was half European and my children are a quarter French. I just don't want to be governed by Brussels, and I don't think people want to give up their sovereignty. Jimmy used to describe it as sitting at the top of the mountain watching a train crash – that was like us heading for the European superstate.[48] ”

On 17 December 2007, she testified at the inquest into the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, where she denied the perception that the princess was in love with and/or pregnant by Dodi Fayed.[49][50] "She was in love with Hasnat Khan. I felt she was still on the rebound from Hasnat Khan... She might have been having a wonderful time with him, I'm sure, but I thought her remark that she needed marriage like a rash meant that she was not serious about it", Lady Annabel told the jury.[51] She also participated in a demonstration outside Downing Street in November 2007 to protest against President Pervez Musharraf's imposition of a state of emergency in Pakistan.[52]

Books

In March 2004, Weidenfeld & Nicolson published her memoirs Annabel: An Unconventional Life, which recounted her life from a pre-World War II aristocratic childhood and her glamorous social circle of the 1960s to her current status as an active grandmother.[9] The book was serialised in The Mail on Sunday.[53] On the promotion tour, she gave numerous interviews and participated in a discussion with historian Andrew Roberts at the annual Cheltenham Festival of Literature in April 2004.[54] A Daily Telegraph profile observed that, "What seems to have kept Annabel afloat is her almost naive ability to let bygones be bygones".[24] Claudia FitzHerbert's review in the same newspaper denounced the autobiography as "woodenly hilarious" and "disappointingly vague".[55]

David Chapman, reviewing the book for the Newsquest Media Group Newspapers, concluded, "This is a decidedly funny memoir that includes the scrapes and japes of nob culture."[56] Lorne Jackson of the Sunday Mercury was totally dismissive of what he called "a dull memoir", stating: "This could have all been explained in one page, possibly two if the type was particularly large."[57] The Sunday Times commented that, "Annabel comes across as a decent woman ... but her writing is flat, with a few too many clumsy constructions, and her story lacks drama, even when terrible things happen to her."[58] Biographer Selena Hastings called it "a well-ordered, decently written book,"[59] while the Evening Standard wrote, "Goldsmith herself comes across as fun and warm, a good sport, if sometimes strangely submissive and a little overfond of her own breasts."[60] Annabel became a No.1 London best-seller for non-fiction.[61] Nationally, the memoirs reached the top ten non-fiction best-sellers in England, fluctuating from No. 7[62] to No. 4[63] and then No. 6.[64][65]

She followed her autobiography, two years later in September 2006, by ghost-writing her pet dog Copper's autobiography in the name of Copper: A Dog's Life. Her daughter India Jane illustrated the book. Copper was originally bought by the Goldsmiths as a reward to their daughter Jemima for passing her Common Entrance Examination, but he remained in Lady Annabel's care for most of his life and had an adventurous time in Richmond. "Amid tough competition, he was probably the greatest character I ever knew", she told The Daily Telegraph.[62] The mongrel, who died in 1998, was famed for travelling by bus, chasing joggers and visiting a Richmond pub, the Dysart Arms. Upon the release of the book, Lady Annabel declared, "My late husband and Copper had a lot in common", and then elaborated that, "Jimmy was not at all a doggy person, yet he was intrigued by Copper. I think he recognised that same free spirit in him. They certainly both had an eye for the ladies!"[66]

Her literary efforts originated after the experience, according to her, of a life-defining moment on 29 December 2000.[3] She, her son Benjamin, daughter Jemima and her two sons, plus her niece Lady Cosima Somerset and her two children were travelling to Kenya, when a passenger on their British Airways plane stormed into the cockpit and tried to seize the controls.[67] The autopilot on the flight to Nairobi became temporarily disengaged and the jumbo was knocked off course, abruptly diving and plunging 17,000 feet (5,200 m) below. "Nobody on that plane thought, 'am I going to die?'" she later recalled. "They all thought, 'we are going to die'. It was horrible, horrible."[3] This near-death incident has been credited by Lady Annabel as the catalyst for her writings. "I had always thought that I would write a book", she claimed, "but writing my memoirs didn't really come into my head until after that flight." In the introduction to Annabel, she wrote:

“ Shortly after the accident, with an awareness of how close my children and their children came to being denied their future, an understanding of the fragility of my own hold on life and a profound appreciation for my own past, I decided to write this book.[6] ”

Her third book, No Invitation Required: The Pelham Cottage Years, was released in November 2009. The book is composed of "intimate and perceptive essays [and] pen-portraits of some of the extraordinary figures that entered the Birley and Goldsmith circles – among them, Lord Lambton, Patrick Plunket, John Aspinall, Geoffrey Keating, Lord Lucan, Dominic Elwes and Claus von Bulow."[68]

Bibliography

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Langley, William (10 June 2007). "First lady of the night". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
  2. ↑ "The Marquess of Londonderry: The 9th Marquess of Londonderry, who has died aged 74, was an unconventional aristocrat who suffered more than his fair share of misfortune and heartbreak". The Telegraph. 20 June 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Berridge, Vanessa. "Portrait of a Lady". The Lady. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
  4. 1 2 "My glittering life". Newsquest Media Group Newspapers. 24 March 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  5. ↑ Annabel Goldsmith, No Invitation Required (2008), Chapter 1: Pelham Cottage
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Goldsmith, Annabel (2004). Annabel: An Unconventional Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Bridgstock, Graham (3 October 1995). "I'm a better mother than a wife". The Evening Standard.
  8. ↑ "Queen's Diamond Jubilee: 60 years of fashion hits". Daily Telegraph.
  9. 1 2 3 Gerard, Jasper (10 September 2006). "Many lives of Mistress Goldsmith". The Times. London. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  10. ↑ Attallah, Naim (9 October 1987). "Sex is not a four-letter word – Women Talking". The Times.
  11. 1 2 "Mark Birley". The Daily Telegraph. London. 27 August 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  12. ↑ Farmer, Ben (28 August 2007). "Mark Birley's death fails to halt Annabel's feud". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  13. ↑ Krushelnycky, Askold (22 June 1986). "Birley joins search for son in Togo". The Sunday Times.
  14. ↑ Scott, Caroline (19 September 2004). "Best of Times, Worst of Times: Lady Annabel Goldsmith". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 Lundy, Darryl. "Person Page 20305:Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart". thePeerage.com. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  16. 1 2 3 Cavendish, Lucy (5 September 2003). "Trials, tragedies and loves of a matriarch". The Evening Standard.
  17. ↑ Orth, Maureen (1 February 2008). "Hurly Birley". Vanity Fair. p. 152. ISSN 0733-8899. Retrieved 25 June 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Wansell, Geoffrey (4 November 2000). "Jimmy, me and his mistresses". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  19. ↑ Aitken, Jonathan (2006). Heroes and Contemporaries. London: Continuum Books. ISBN 0-8264-7833-6.
  20. ↑ Ibrahim, Youssef (20 July 1997). "Sir James Goldsmith, Financier, Dies at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  21. ↑ Fenton, Ben (21 July 1997). "International family mourns Goldsmith". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 26 September 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  22. ↑ Wansell, Geoffrey (11 June 2004). "Golden Lady". Daily Mail.
  23. ↑ Riddell, Mary (7 March 1997). "Interview with James Goldsmith". Daily Mirror.
  24. 1 2 Wakefield, Mary (13 March 2004). "'Nothing is worse than bitterness'". The Daily Telegraph.
  25. ↑ Alderson, Andrew (27 July 1997). "Even in death Goldsmith calls the tune.". The Sunday Times.
  26. ↑ Moore, Miles (28 July 1997). "Goodyear raider Goldsmith, 64, dies". Rubber and Plastics.
  27. ↑ "We're so in love: Annabel and the gang". The Sunday Times. London. 9 January 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  28. ↑ Flanagan, Julian (23 September 2006). "My perfect weekend". The Daily Telegraph.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Goldsmith, Annabel (30 May 2001). "What Jimmy taught me about the importance of the pound". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  30. ↑ Kay, Richard (15 February 2006). "Annabel does like to be beside the seaside". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  31. ↑ Praagh, Anna (11 May 2008). "Greetings from the new British seaside". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  32. ↑ Interviewer: David Frost (14 March 2004). "Annabel, an unconventional Life". Breakfast with Frost. BBC. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  33. ↑ "Richmond Park". The Royal Society of St George. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  34. ↑ Carr-Brown, Jonathon (19 September 2004). "Aristocrats and tycoons bankroll foxhunt lobby". The Sunday Times.
  35. ↑ "Donors". African Solutions to African Problems. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  36. ↑ "Annual Review 2005: Going the extra mile" (PDF). Dogs Trust. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  37. ↑ Muir, Kate (20 March 2004). "Today we have come to the place where Annabel first met many friends: Battersea Dogs Home". The Times.
  38. ↑ "Officers and Council officers". British Show Pony Society. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
  39. 1 2 Goldsmith, Annabel (14 December 1997). "Jimmy's legacy: a last chance to save Britain". The Sunday Times.
  40. ↑ Goldsmith, Annabel (3 September 1997). "I will miss her smile". The Daily Telegraph.
  41. ↑ Goldsmith, Annabel (30 December 2000). "Jimmy's dying wish was to give Blair a chance on Europe". The Mail on Sunday.
  42. ↑ Goldsmith, Annabel (4 September 1997). "Diana shouted: I've done my ironing... now can I do yours?". Daily Mirror.
  43. ↑ Payne, Stewart (24 April 1997). "Lesser-spotted Goldsmith pays Putney a flying visit". The Evening Standard.
  44. ↑ Shrimsley, Robert (25 September 1998). "Businessman gives £20m to fight euro". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
  45. ↑ Young, Robin (13 January 2001). "Goldsmith widow takes his mantle". The Times.
  46. ↑ "Goldsmith widow targets Europhiles". BBC. 13 January 2001. Retrieved 21 June 2008.
  47. ↑ Nuki, Paul (18 March 2001). "Goldsmiths launch election blitz against pro-euro MPs". The Sunday Times.
  48. ↑ Sylvester, Rachel (9 January 2001). "'I owe it to Jimmy to keep his dream alive'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  49. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (17 December 2007). "Diana needed marriage to Dodi 'like a rash'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  50. ↑ "'No suggestion' of Diana murder". BBC. 17 December 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  51. ↑ Rayner, Gordon (17 December 2007). "Diana: 'I need Dodi marriage like a rash'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  52. ↑ Lewis, Jason (11 November 2007). "Jemima Khan joins Pakistan protest – and mum Lady Annabel lends a hand". The Mail on Sunday. London. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  53. ↑ Goldsmith, Annabel (7 March 2004). "'I knew you had fallen. I could tell by your eyes'". The Mail on Sunday.
  54. ↑ "Book your seat for literature festival". Newsquest Media Group Newspapers. 24 March 2004.
  55. ↑ FitzHerbert, Claudia (23 March 2004). "When you marry your mistress". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  56. ↑ "The highs and lows of nob culture". Worcesternews. 9 April 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  57. ↑ Jackson, Lorne (9 January 2005). "Lady has little to reveal". Sunday Mercury. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  58. ↑ Silvester, Christopher (14 March 2004). "Review: Memoir: Annabel by Annabel Goldsmith". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  59. ↑ Hastings, Selena (22 March 2004). "Dominant men, dogs and disasters". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 July 2008.
  60. ↑ "Annabel: An unconventional life". The Evening Standard. 10 January 2005.
  61. ↑ "London's Best Sellers". The Evening Standard. 5 April 2004.
  62. 1 2 "Copper-bottomed". The Daily Telegraph. London. 6 April 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  63. ↑ "Books: Bestsellers". The Independent. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  64. ↑ "Books: Bestsellers". The Independent. 9 April 2004.
  65. ↑ "Lady Annabel Goldsmith". Little, Brown Book Group. 21 July 1997. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  66. ↑ Middlehurst, Lester (14 September 2006). "My husband and my dog had a lot in common, says Lady Annabel Goldsmith". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  67. ↑ "BA jet plunges in cockpit struggle". BBC. 29 December 2000. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
  68. ↑ "A Memoir (Hardcover)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
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