Argentine general election, 1963

Argentine general election, 1963
Argentina
July 7, 1963
 
Nominee Arturo Illia Oscar Alende Pedro Aramburu
Party UCRP UCRI UDELPA
Home state Córdoba Buenos Aires Córdoba
Running mate Carlos Perette Celestino Gelsi Horacio Thedy
Electoral vote 270 86 74
Popular vote 2,441,064 1,593,002 1,346,342
Percentage 25.2% 16.4% 13.9%
President before election

José María Guido
UCRI

 Elected President

Arturo Illia
UCRP

The Argentine general election of 1963 was held on 7 July. Voters chose both the President and their legislators; with a turnout of 85.6%, resulting in the election of Arturo Illia as President of Argentina.

Background

The spectre of military intervention so much in evidence after the election of Arturo Frondizi in 1958 became reality following his coerced March 29, 1962, resignation. His UCRI candidates had done well; but the evening's big surprise, Andrés Framini's election as Governor of Buenos Aires Province (one of ten Peronists to win gubernatorial polls that night), proved unacceptable to the armed forces.[1] An array of political leaders had been lobbying the military against Frondizi, as well: centrist UCRP leader Ricardo Balbín (whom Frondizi defeated on a splinter ticket in 1958) and conservative economist Álvaro Alsogaray (whom Frondizi sidestepped in favor of pro-industry economist Rogelio Julio Frigerio) both openly celebrated the president's unceremonious exit.[2]

A military adjutant watches over interim President Guido, an unwitting metaphor as Army factions wrestled for control of his puppet regime.

The matter of Frondizi's successor, itself, became a subject of contention within the armed forces. The two opposing camps defined themselves as either "Blues" ((Spanish) Azules, at pains to maintain a patina of legality over the destabilizing intervention) or "Reds" ((Spanish) Colorados, lacking any compunction against imposing a prolonged and repressive dictatorship). The stalemate lasted merely a day because most of the Army High Command were "Blues," whose preference of a "legal" solution to the vacuum was supported by most of the press and the Argentine public,[2] then enjoying Latin America's widest access to the media.[3] Relying on constitutional guidelines, they named the reluctant Senate President José María Guido Head of State.[2]

Guido, a moderate senator from then-remote Río Negro Province, had been elected on Frondizi's 's UCRI ticket. His prompt resignation from the UCRI and annulment of the March 18 mid-term elections did not immediately dispel the threat of a coup attempt, however, and mutinies in April and August resulted in the appointment of Army General Juan Carlos Onganía (who successfully rebelled against his "Red" superiors) as Head of the Military Joint Chiefs. The more stable military panorama was overshadowed by economic worries.[2] Following a brief period of robust growth led by industrial production, President Guido's economic team, led by Alsogaray, imposed a fresh devaluation and austerity measures such as strict credit controls and even the payment of state salaries with nearly-worthless bonds. GDP fell by 4% in 1962-63 and unemployment rose to nearly 9%.[4]

The Radical Civic Union (UCR) was again divided between the Intransigent (UCRI) and more conservative Popular (UCRP) factions as they convened in March 1963. The UCRP nominated former Córdoba Province Vice-Governor Arturo Illia, a country doctor fondly remembered for his work in the Public Health Committee in Congress; Balbín, who still led the UCRP, opted out of the nomination at the party's March 10 convention believing that a less anti-Peronist choice would give the UCRP a critical advantage over the rival UCRI.[2]

The UCRI, as they had done in 1958, initially hoped to secure the exiled Juan Perón's endorsement who, from Madrid, still directly controlled a fifth of the Argentine electorate. Permitted to field local and Lower House candidates (but still banned from either the Senate or the Presidency) Peronist voters, like in 1962, rallied behind the UP and six other parties. Their intention to run in the less-than-free elections was itself in defiance of Perón, however, who refused to endorse "neo-Peronist" candidates and instead called for blank ballots. Alejandro Leloir, who had fallen out with fellow neo-Peronists as well as Perón, ran for President independently on the Three Flags ticket; named for the "three Peronist flags" of sovereignty, independence, and social justice, this became the only Peronist ticket allowed on the presidential ballot in 1963.[5]

Against opposition from former Buenos Aires Governor Oscar Alende, Frondizi and Perón initially agreed on a "National Popular Front," fielding a respected, moderately conservative publisher as the nominee, Vicente Solano Lima. Tricked by a similar move in 1958, the military objected, however, leading to the brutal 1963 Argentine Navy Revolt on April 2, which cost 24 lives and effectively scuttled the Perón-Frondizi front. These incidents led former President Pedro Aramburu run on his UDELPA ticket, thus hoping to provide those most likely to support a military coup a suitable, center-right choice instead. He was also endorsed by the more moderate Democratic Progressive Party, whose leader, Horacio Thedy, ran as Aramburu's running mate; making fears of Perón's return his battle horse, Aramburu's slogan was unequivocal: Vote UDELPA...and HE won't return! [2] Other anti-Peronist conservatives supported former Córdoba Mayor Emilio Olmos and the FNPC.[6]

Hamstrung by Frondizi's open enmity against Alende for the latter's rejection of the ultimately aborted Front, as well as Perón's call for blank ballots, Alende's UCRI was defeated in an upset by Dr. Arturo Illia and the UCRP.[4]

The renewed ban on the participation of Peronist candidates resulted in the highest percentage of blank votes in Argentine electoral history;[4] Leloir's Three Flags ticket received 4 electoral votes.[7]

Candidates for President


Results

President

Party/Electoral Alliance Votes Percentage Electoral
College
People's Radical Civic Union (UCRP) 2,441,064 25.2% 270
Intransigent Radical Civic Union (UCRI) 1,593,002 16.4% 86
Union of the Argentine People (UDELPA)
Democratic Progressive Party		 726,861
619,481		 7.5%
6.4%
UDELPA-PDP alliance 1,346,342 13.9% 74
National Federation of Centrist Parties 499,822 5.1% 11
Christian Democratic Party 434,823 4.5%
Socialist Party 278,856 2.9% 12
Democratic Socialist Party 258,787 2.7%
Democratic Party 185,861 1.9%
Others 613,824 6.3% 8
Positive votes 7,651,985 78.8% 461
Blank and nullified votes 2,058,131 21.2% 15a
Total voters 9,710,116 100.0% 476

aAbstentions.

Argentine Chamber of Deputies

Party/Electoral Alliance Seats Change % of votes
UCRP 73 Decrease1 28.5%
UCRI 40 Decrease69 16.4%
Popular Union and other neo-Peronist parties 16 Increase16 n.a.
UDELPA 14 Increase14 7.5%
PDP 12 Increase12 6.4%
Christian Democratic 7 Increase7 4.5%
Socialist 6 Increase6 2.9%
Democratic Socialist 5 Increase5 2.7%
Democratic
(Mendoza Province)		 4 Increase4 1.9%
Others 15 Increase6 n.a.
Invalid votes 21.2%
Total 192 100.0%

[7][8]

Electoral system: Proportional representation by districts according to the D'Hondt method. Seats are divided among those lists of candidates from parties or electoral alliances that obtain at least 3% of the electoral census or working electoral of the district.

References

  1. ↑ "Todo Argentina: 1962".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Potash, Robert (1996). The Army and Politics in Argentina. Stanford University Press.
  3. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year, 1965: communications.
  4. 1 2 3 "Todo Argentina: 1963".
  5. ↑ McGuire, James (1997). Peronism Without Peron: Unions, Parties, and Democracy in Argentina. Stanford University Press.
  6. ↑ "Murió el ingeniero Emilio Olmos". La Nación.
  7. 1 2 Nohlen, Dieter. Elections in the Americas. Oxford University Press, 2005.
  8. ↑ "Historia Electoral Argentina" (PDF). Ministerio del Interior. p. 119.
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