Bergen School (art)

Portrait of Jan Toorop, by John Rädecker, Museum Kranenburgh, Bergen (NH)

The Bergen School (Dutch: Bergense School) was a movement in Dutch painting which manifested itself between 1915 and 1925. It is characterised by an expressionist style, influenced by cubism and showing a preference for darker colours. The participating artists lived and worked in or near the artist's village Bergen in the province of Noord-Holland.

Origin

A considerable number of artists had already been living or working in Bergen before; thus the village had become known as an 'artist colony'. A majority of painters belonging to the group lived close to each other on the Buerweg, in the neighbourhood Bergen Binnen, which is situated in between Bergen and Bergen aan Zee.

The founders of this movement were the French painter Henri Le Fauconnier and the Dutch painter Piet van Wijngaerdt. They gained many adherents among young painters who agitated against Impressionism, just like Fauvism did in France and Expressionism in Germany. The art theories of the group were largely written down in the magazine 'Het Signaal' (The Signal).

The art historian F.M. Huebner was the first one to write about the Bergense School.^[1]

Characteristics

The works of the Bergense School are characterised by figurative depiction with cubist influences, an expressionist touch and in dark colours.

The artists had a preference for painting Still life and the Human figure. The movement was a first original expression of a Dutch movement later to be named Expressionism. Its name refers to the village where the painters established, as is assumed because of its special light.

Representatives

Among the most celebrated artists belonging to this avantgardist School were Charley Toorop and John Rädecker. In particular the Amsterdam art collector Piet Boendermaker^[2] and C.W.N. Baard contributed to the fame of the Bergense School. Other members of the School are: Else Berg, Gerrit van Blaaderen, Arnout Colnot, Dirk Filarski, Leo Gestel, Jaap Weijand, Frans Huysmans, Harrie Kuyten, Kees Maks, Jaap Sax, Mommie Schwarz, Jan Sluyters, Wim Schumacher, Matthieu Wiegman and Piet Wiegman.

Painters whose works are related to the Bergense School are Jelle Troelstra, Henri ten Holt, Bernard Essers, Henk Chabot^[3] and Thé Lau.

Painters like Karel Colnot, Jaap Min and Henk van den Idsert belong to a later generation, but started their careers under the influence of the Bergense School.

Museum Kranenburgh in Bergen (NH) and the Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar own a considerable number of works by representatives of the Bergense School.

Related movements

Henri Le Fauconnier had already in 1912 become a member of the Amsterdam Moderne Kunstkring (Modern Art Circle), together with Fernand Léger and Piet Mondriaan. A few years after the formation of the Bergense School in Groningen another School was formed in 1917-1918, called De Ploeg. Jan Wiegers was its central figure. De Ploeg also worked in an expressionist style, but its use of colour was much more exuberant. The group was notably influenced by the German Expressionism of Ernst Kirchner and its social outlook was influenced by the upcoming socialism.

1. F.M. Huebner, Die neue Malerei in Holland, Arnhem: Van Loghum Slaterus & Visser 1921.
2. See: Piet Spijk, De Bergense School en Piet Boendermaker. Kunstverzamelaar in Amsterdam en Bergen, Zwolle: Waanders 1997.
3. See: Jaap Bremer et al., De vriendschap : Henk Chabot en Charley Toorop, Rotterdam: Chabot Museum 1999.