Borel–Cantelli lemma
In probability theory, the Borel–Cantelli lemma is a theorem about sequences of events. In general, it is a result in measure theory. It is named after Émile Borel and Francesco Paolo Cantelli, who gave statement to the lemma in the first decades of the 20th century.[1][2] A related result, sometimes called the second Borel–Cantelli lemma, is a partial converse of the first Borel–Cantelli lemma. The lemma states that, under certain conditions, an event will have probability of either zero or one. As such, it is the best-known of a class of similar theorems, known as zero-one laws. Other examples include the Kolmogorov 0-1 law and the Hewitt–Savage zero-one law.
Statement of lemma for probability spaces
Let E1,E2,... be a sequence of events in some probability space. The Borel–Cantelli lemma states:[3]
- If the sum of the probabilities of the En is finite
- then the probability that infinitely many of them occur is 0, that is,
Here, "lim sup" denotes limit supremum of the sequence of events, and each event is a set of outcomes. That is, lim sup En is the set of outcomes that occur infinitely many times within the infinite sequence of events (En). Explicitly,
The theorem therefore asserts that if the sum of the probabilities of the events En is finite, then the set of all outcomes that are "repeated" infinitely many times must occur with probability zero. Note that no assumption of independence is required.
Example
Suppose (Xn) is a sequence of random variables with Pr(Xn = 0) = 1/n2 for each n. The probability that Xn = 0 occurs for infinitely many n is equivalent to the probability of the intersection of infinitely many [Xn = 0] events. The intersection of infinitely many such events is a set of outcomes common to all of them. However, the sum ∑Pr(Xn = 0) converges to π2/6 ≈ 1.645 < ∞, and so the Borel–Cantelli Lemma states that the set of outcomes that are common to infinitely many such events occurs with probability zero. Hence, the probability of Xn = 0 occurring for infinitely many n is 0. Almost surely (i.e., with probability 1), Xn is nonzero for all but finitely many n.
Proof [4]
Let denote the indicator function of the event (using Iverson bracket notation). Then, by the linearity of expectation
by hypothesis. This directly implies that
because otherwise
Alternative proof [5]
Let (En) be a sequence of events in some probability space and suppose that the sum of the probabilities of the En is finite. That is suppose:
Now we can examine the series by examining the elements in the series. We can order the sequence such that the smaller the element is, the later it would come in the sequence. That is :
As the series converges, we must have that
Therefore :
Therefore it follows that
General measure spaces
For general measure spaces, the Borel–Cantelli lemma takes the following form:
- then
Converse result
A related result, sometimes called the second Borel–Cantelli lemma, is a partial converse of the first Borel–Cantelli lemma. The lemma states: If the events En are independent and the sum of the probabilities of the En diverges to infinity, then the probability that infinitely many of them occur is 1. That is:
- If and the events are independent, then
The assumption of independence can be weakened to pairwise independence, but in that case the proof is more difficult.
Example
The infinite monkey theorem is a special case of this lemma.
The lemma can be applied to give a covering theorem in Rn. Specifically (Stein 1993, Lemma X.2.1), if Ej is a collection of Lebesgue measurable subsets of a compact set in Rn such that
then there is a sequence Fj of translates
such that
apart from a set of measure zero.
Proof[5]
Suppose that and the events are independent. It is sufficient to show the event that the En's did not occur for infinitely many values of n has probability 0. This is just to say that it is sufficient to show that
Noting that:
it is enough to show: . Since the are independent:
This completes the proof. Alternatively, we can see by taking negative the logarithm of both sides to get:
Since −log(1 − x) ≥ x for all x > 0, the result similarly follows from our assumption that
Counterpart
Another related result is the so-called counterpart of the Borel–Cantelli lemma. It is a counterpart of the Lemma in the sense that it gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the limsup to be 1 by replacing the independence assumption by the completely different assumption that is monotone increasing for sufficiently large indices. This Lemma says:
Let be such that , and let denote the complement of . Then the probability of infinitely many occur (that is, at least one occurs) is one if and only if there exists a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers such that
This simple result can be useful in problems such as for instance those involving hitting probabilities for stochastic process with the choice of the sequence usually being the essence.
See also
References
- ↑ E. Borel, "Les probabilités dénombrables et leurs applications arithmetiques" Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo (2) 27 (1909) pp. 247–271.
- ↑ F.P. Cantelli, "Sulla probabilità come limite della frequenza", Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei 26:1 (1917) pp.39–45.
- ↑ Klenke, Achim (2006). Probability Theory. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-84800-047-6.
- ↑ Tao, Terence. "The strong law of large numbers.".
- 1 2 "Romik, Dan. Probability Theory Lecture Notes, Fall 2009, UC Davis." (PDF).
- Prokhorov, A.V. (2001), "Borel–Cantelli lemma", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
- Feller, William (1961), An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Application, John Wiley & Sons.
- Stein, Elias (1993), Harmonic analysis: Real-variable methods, orthogonality, and oscillatory integrals, Princeton University Press.
- Bruss, F. Thomas (1980), "A counterpart of the Borel Cantelli Lemma", J. Appl. Prob., 17: 1094–1101.
- Durrett, Rick. "Probability: Theory and Examples." Duxbury advanced series, Third Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005.
External links
- Planet Math Proof Refer for a simple proof of the Borel Cantelli Lemma